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A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, the exploration of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe.

Overview

A physicist is a scientist who specializes or works in the field of physics.^[1]^[2] The field generally includes two types of physicists: experimental physicists who are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments, and theoretical physicists who employ mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.^[1] Physicists study a wide range of phenomena in many branches of their field, spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made (particle physics), to physical systems, to molecular length scales of chemical and biological interest, to cosmological length scales encompassing the Universe as a whole. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists can also apply their knowledge towards solving real-world problems or developing new technologies (also known as applied physics or engineering physics). Some physicists specialize in sectors outside the science of physics itself, such as engineering.^[3]^[4]^[5]

History

The study and practice of physics is based on an intellectual ladder of discoveries and insights from ancient times to the present. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in ancient Greek culture (for example Euclid, Thales of Miletus, Archimedes and Aristarchus) and Asian culture, as well as the Islamic medieval period (for example the work of Alhazen in the 11th century). The bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the scientific revolution in Europe, starting with the work of Galileo and Kepler in the early 1600s. Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation were formulated in the 17th century, Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism in the 19th century, and quantum mechanics in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding cosmology.

The general field of studying nature, natural philosophy, was divided into many fields in the 19th century when the concept of "science" received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist" among other technical fields and titles.^[6] The term physicist was coined by William Whewell (also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences.^[7]

Education

Many physicist positions require an undergraduate degree in applied physics or a related science or a Master's degree like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.^[8] In a research oriented level, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical astrophysics, atomic physics, molecular physics, biophysics, chemical physics, medical physics, condensed matter physics, cosmology, geophysics, gravitational physics, material science, microelectronics, nuclear physics, optics, radiophysics, electromagnetic field and microwave, particle physics, and plasma physics. Physics students also need training in mathematics (calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, complex analysis, etc.), and also in computer science and programming. For being employed as a physicist a doctoral background may be required for certain positions. Undergraduate students like BSc Mechanical Engineering, BSc Electrical and Computer Engineering, BSc Applied Physics...etc. with physics orientation are chosen as research assistants with faculty members and some may train further as a physicist. ^{[citation needed]}

Honors and awards

The highest honor awarded to physicists is the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. ^{[citation needed]}

Careers

The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, Professors, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or postdocs. As per the American Institute for Physics, some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education.^[9] A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (eg. finance^[10]). ^[11] Job titles for graduate physicists include Agricultural Scientist, Air Traffic Controller, Biophysicist, Computer Programmer, Electrical Engineer, Environmental Analyst, Geophysicist, Medical Physicist, Meteorologist, Oceanographer, Physics Teacher/Professor/Researcher, Physiognomist, Research Scientist, Reactor Physicist, Satellite Missions Analyst, Science Writer, Stratigrapher, Software Engineer, Systems Engineer, Radar Developer, Technical Consultant, etc.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Physics programs typically deal with meta-theories and its laws regarding applied science, hence most undergraduate physicists take up additional careers where their knowledge of physics can be combined with further training in other disciplines, such as computer science, information technology, patent laws, engineering diplomas, animation, teaching, etc. for industry or self-employment. ^{[citation needed]} A typical undergraduate physics program covers essential basic competence required in areas of physics endeavor like astrophysics, laboratory knowledge, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, optics, modern physics, calculus, etc. and also in computer science and programming. ^{[citation needed]} Hence a majority of Physics bachelor degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.^[15]

Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involves research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, computing and software development, etc.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b Rosen, Joe (2009). Encyclopedia of Physics. Infobase Publishing. p. 247.
^ MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY - Simple Definition of physicist: a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics
^ "Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Physics" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
^ "Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
^ "Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising outside of STEM sectors" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
^ Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226089282.
^ Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester University Press - 1989, page 18
^ "Physicist". nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk. National Careers Service, United Kingdom. 7 October 2016.
^ AIP Statistical Research Center. "Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields" (PDF). Retrieved August 21, 2006.
^ "Physicists and the Financial Markets". Financial Times. 18 October 2013.
^ American Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report Physics Doctorates Initial Employment published March 2016.
^ "What can I do with a degree in Physics?" (PDF). Augusta University. 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
^ "Physicist Career Opportunities". Illinois Institute of Technology. 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ "Physics Education, Applied to Engineering". National Academy of Engineering (NAE). 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ "Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
^ "2111 Physicists and astronomers". National Occupational Classification - Canada. 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.

External links

How to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist, Utrecht University
Physicists and Astronomers; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Physicists and Astronomers
Physicist Careers
Careers through Engineering Physics

[Rosen-1] Rosen, Joe (2009). Encyclopedia of Physics. Infobase Publishing. p. 247.

[2] MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY - Simple Definition of physicist: a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics

[3] "Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Physics" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016.

[4] "Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016.

[5] "Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising outside of STEM sectors" (PDF). American Institute for Physics. October 2016.

[Cahan_Natural_Philosophy-6] Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226089282.

[7] Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester University Press - 1989, page 18

[NCS-8] "Physicist". nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk. National Careers Service, United Kingdom. 7 October 2016.

[9] AIP Statistical Research Center. "Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields" (PDF). Retrieved August 21, 2006.

[10] "Physicists and the Financial Markets". Financial Times. 18 October 2013.

[11] American Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report Physics Doctorates Initial Employment published March 2016.

[12] "What can I do with a degree in Physics?" (PDF). Augusta University. 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.

[13] "Physicist Career Opportunities". Illinois Institute of Technology. 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.

[14] "Physics Education, Applied to Engineering". National Academy of Engineering (NAE). 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.

[15] "Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved September 13, 2016.

[NOC2111-16] "2111 Physicists and astronomers". National Occupational Classification - Canada. 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Distinguish2|[[Physician]], a person who practices medicine}}
 [[File:Albert Einstein 1947.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Einstein]], a key theoretical physicist in the 20th century who developed the theory of relativity and parts of early quantum theory]]
-A '''physicist''' is a specialist who has adept conceptual knowledge in [[physical law]]s and experimental understanding of the same.
+A '''physicist''' is a [[scientist]] who has specialized knowledge in the field of [[physics]], the exploration of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe.
 ==Overview==
-A physicist is a [[scientist]] who studies or works in the field of [[physics]].<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Joe|date=2009|title=Encyclopedia of Physics|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HQWNJyRV6kMC&pg=PA247|location= |publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=247|isbn=9780816049745}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/physicist Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Physicist definition]</ref><ref>P. L. Hagelstein, S. D. Senturia, T. P. Orlando. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ARUm4RiA-6gC&pg=PAix ''Introductory Applied Quantum and Statistical Mechanics'']. John Wiley & Sons, 2004, p. ix.</ref> The field generally includes two types of physicists: [[Experimental Physics|experimental physicists]] who are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments, and [[Theoretical Physics|theoretical physicists]] who employ mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.<ref name="Rosen"></ref> Physicists study a wide range of [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] in [[Physics#Research fields|many branches of their field]], spanning all length scales: from [[atom|sub-atomic]] particles of which all ordinary matter is made ([[particle physics]]), to [[physical systems]], to molecular length scales of [[chemistry|chemical]] and [[biology|biological]] interest, to [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] length scales encompassing the [[Universe]] as a whole. Physicists generally are interested in the underlying causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical expressions. The term ''physicist'' was coined by [[William Whewell]] in his 1840 book ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences''.<ref>Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester University Press - 1989, page 18</ref>
+A physicist is a scientist who specializes or works in the field of physics.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Joe|date=2009|title=Encyclopedia of Physics|url= |location= |publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=247|isbn=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/physicist MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY -  Simple Definition of '''physicist''': ''a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics'']</ref> The field generally includes two types of physicists: [[Experimental Physics|experimental physicists]] who are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments, and [[Theoretical Physics|theoretical physicists]] who employ mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.<ref name="Rosen"></ref> Physicists study a wide range of [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] in [[Physics#Research fields|many branches of their field]], spanning all length scales: from [[atom|sub-atomic]] particles of which all ordinary matter is made ([[particle physics]]), to [[physical systems]], to molecular length scales of [[chemistry|chemical]] and [[biology|biological]] interest, to [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] length scales encompassing the [[Universe]] as a whole. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists can also apply their knowledge towards solving real-world problems or developing new technologies (also known as [[applied physics]] or [[engineering physics]]). Some physicists specialize in sectors outside the science of physics itself, such as engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap9.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Physics|last=|first=|date=October 2016|website=|publisher=American Institute for Physics|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering|last=|first=|date=October 2016|website=|publisher=American Institute for Physics|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising outside of STEM sectors|last=|first=|date=October 2016|website=|publisher=American Institute for Physics|access-date=}}</ref>
 ==History==
 {{Main| History of physics}}
 [[File:Hawksbees Electrical Machine by Jean-Antoine Nollet.jpg|thumb|right|In an 18th century experiment in "natural philosophy" (later to be called "physics") English scientist [[Francis Hauksbee]] works with an early electrostatic generator.]]
-Studying the natural world in one form or another has existed throughout the history of mankind. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in ancient Greek culture (for example [[Euclid]], [[Thales of Miletus]], [[Archimedes]] and [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]]) and Asian culture, as well as the Islamic medieval period (for example the work of [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]] in the 11th century). However, the bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the [[scientific revolution]] in Europe, starting with the work of [[Galileo]] and [[Kepler]] in the early 1600s.  [[Newton's laws of motion]] and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] were formulated in the 17th century,  [[Maxwell's equations]] of electromagnetism in the 19th century, and [[quantum mechanics]] in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding [[cosmology]]. The general field of studying nature, [[natural philosophy]], was divided into many fields in the 19th century when the concept of "science" received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist" among other technical fields and titles.<ref name="Cahan Natural Philosophy">{{cite book|editor1-last=Cahan |editor1-first=David|title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science|date=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0226089282}}</ref>
+The study and practice of physics is based on an intellectual ladder of discoveries and insights from ancient times to the present.  Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in ancient Greek culture (for example [[Euclid]], [[Thales of Miletus]], [[Archimedes]] and [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]]) and Asian culture, as well as the Islamic medieval period (for example the work of [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]] in the 11th century). The bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the [[scientific revolution]] in Europe, starting with the work of [[Galileo]] and [[Kepler]] in the early 1600s.  [[Newton's laws of motion]] and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] were formulated in the 17th century, [[Maxwell's equations]] of electromagnetism in the 19th century, and [[quantum mechanics]] in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding [[cosmology]].
+The general field of studying nature, [[natural philosophy]], was divided into many fields in the 19th century when the concept of "science" received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist" among other technical fields and titles.<ref name="Cahan Natural Philosophy">{{cite book|editor1-last=Cahan |editor1-first=David|title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science|date=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0226089282}}</ref> The term ''physicist'' was coined by [[William Whewell]] (also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences''.<ref>Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester University Press - 1989, page 18</ref>
-==Education==
-[[File:Школьники на экскурсии в институте лазерной физики. 03.jpg|thumb||left|Students observing a demonstration at a laser physics institute]]
-Physics is the scientific study of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe. The material a student encounters in physics curriculum's are induction about the discoveries and insights from ancient times to the present, structured in the form of [[liberal arts education]]. Many physicist positions, require an undergraduate degree in applied physics or a related science or a [[Master's degree]] like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.<ref name="NCS">{{cite web |url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/physicist |title=Physicist |author= |date=7 October 2016 |website=nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk |publisher=National Careers Service, United Kingdom|access-date= }}</ref> In a [[doctoral degree|research oriented level]], students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical [[astrophysics]], [[atomic physics]], [[molecular physics]], [[biophysics]], [[chemical physics]], [[medical physics]], [[condensed matter physics]], [[cosmology]], [[geophysics]], [[gravitational physics]], [[material science]], [[microelectronics]], [[nuclear physics]], [[optics]], [[radiophysics]], [[electromagnetic field]] and [[microwave]], [[particle physics]], and [[plasma physics]]. For being employed as a physicist a [[Doctoral]] background may be required for certain positions. Undergraduate students like BSc Mechanical Engineering, BSc Electrical and Computer Engineering, BSc Applied Physics...etc. with physics orientation are chosen as research assistants with faculty members and some may train further as a physicist. {{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
+==Education==
-===Distinction between Physics and Engineering===
-The difference between engineering and physics is as similar to any science field has to do with technology. These distinctions are "real and important".<ref> Walter G Whitman; August Paul Peck. ''Whitman-Peck Physics''. American Book Company, 1946, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA06 p. 06]. OCLC 3247002</ref><ref>Ateneo de Manila University Press. Philippine Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA600 p. 600]</ref> Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while Engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology.<ref>"[http://doi.org/bvpb Relationship between physics and electrical engineering]," in Journal of the A.I.E.E., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 107-108, Feb. 1927.</ref><ref>Puttaswamaiah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkitoDyVWG0C&pg=PA208 ''Future Of Economic Science'']. Oxford and IBH Publishing, 2008, p. 208.</ref><ref>Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Cynthia L. Breazeal. Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots. SPIE Press, 2003. ISBN 9780819448729. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5SZiAKpFwgC&pg=PA190 p. 190]</ref> For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics.<ref>C. Morón, E. Tremps, A. García, J.A. Somolinos (2011) The Physics and its Relation with the Engineering, INTED2011 Proceedings [https://library.iated.org/view/MORON2011THE pp. 5929-5934]. ISBN: 978-84-614-7423-3</ref> Though Physics and Engineering are interrelated it doesn't mean a Physicist is sufficient where an Engineer is required. For this mobility, a physicist to work as an engineer requires additional and relevant specialized training.<ref>R Gazzinelli, R L Moreira, W N Rodrigues. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJLsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 ''Physics and Industrial Development: Bridging the Gap'']. World Scientific, 1997, p. 110.</ref> Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work.<ref>Steve Fuller. Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge, 2012. ISBN 9781136389825. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ScgJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92]</ref> But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of [[engineering physics|technology]] and [[applied physics|applied science]] are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering|last=|first=|date=October 2016|website=|publisher=American Institute for Physics|access-date=}}</ref> Though as an engineer, role of a physicist is limited.<ref name="NOC2111"></ref> Physicists in their field, work in theoretical analysis and experimental research.<ref name="NCS"></ref>
+[[File:Школьники на экскурсии в институте лазерной физики. 03.jpg|thumb||left|Students observing a demonstration at a laser physics institute]]
+Many physicist positions require an undergraduate degree in applied physics or a related science or a [[Master's degree]] like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.<ref name="NCS">{{cite web |url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/physicist |title=Physicist |author= |date=7 October 2016 |website=nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk |publisher=National Careers Service, United Kingdom|access-date= }}</ref> In a [[doctoral degree|research oriented level]], students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical [[astrophysics]], [[atomic physics]], [[molecular physics]], [[biophysics]], [[chemical physics]], [[medical physics]], [[condensed matter physics]], [[cosmology]], [[geophysics]], [[gravitational physics]], [[material science]], [[microelectronics]], [[nuclear physics]], [[optics]], [[radiophysics]], [[electromagnetic field]] and [[microwave]], [[particle physics]], and [[plasma physics]].  Physics students also need training in mathematics ([[calculus]], [[differential equations]], [[linear algebra]], [[complex analysis]], etc.), and also in computer science and programming. For being employed as a physicist a [[doctoral]] background may be required for certain positions. Undergraduate students like BSc Mechanical Engineering, BSc Electrical and Computer Engineering, BSc Applied Physics...etc. with physics orientation are chosen as research assistants with faculty members and some may train further as a physicist. {{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
 ===Honors and awards===
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==Careers==
-The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, [[Professor]]s, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdocs]]. As per the [[American Institute of Physics|American Institute for Physics]], some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education.<ref>{{cite web | author=AIP Statistical Research Center | url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf | title=Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields | accessdate=August 21, 2006}}</ref> A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (eg. [[finance]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8461f5e6-35f5-11e3-952b-00144feab7de |title=Physicists and the Financial Markets|publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2013}}</ref>). <ref>American Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report [https://www.aip.org/statistics/reports/physics-doctorates-initial-employment-0 Physics Doctorates Initial Employment] published March 2016.</ref> Job titles for graduate physicists include Agricultural Scientist, Air Traffic Controller, Biophysicist, Computer Programmer, Electrical Engineer, Environmental Analyst, Geophysicist, Medical Physicist, Meteorologist, Oceanographer, Physics Teacher/Professor/Researcher, Physiognomist, Research Scientist, Reactor Physicist, Satellite Missions Analyst, Science Writer, Stratigrapher, Software Engineer, Technical Consultant...etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf|title=What can I do with a degree in Physics? |last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=Augusta University|access-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco88/2111.htm|title=ISCO 2111 PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS |last=|first=|date=2004|website=|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|access-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref>
+The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, [[Professor]]s, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdocs]]. As per the [[American Institute of Physics|American Institute for Physics]], some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education.<ref>{{cite web | author=AIP Statistical Research Center | url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf | title=Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields | accessdate=August 21, 2006}}</ref> A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (eg. [[finance]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8461f5e6-35f5-11e3-952b-00144feab7de |title=Physicists and the Financial Markets|publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2013}}</ref>). <ref>American Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report [https://www.aip.org/statistics/reports/physics-doctorates-initial-employment-0 Physics Doctorates Initial Employment] published March 2016.</ref> Job titles for graduate physicists include Agricultural Scientist, Air Traffic Controller, Biophysicist, Computer Programmer, Electrical Engineer, Environmental Analyst, Geophysicist, Medical Physicist, Meteorologist, Oceanographer, Physics Teacher/Professor/Researcher, Physiognomist, Research Scientist, Reactor Physicist, Satellite Missions Analyst, Science Writer, Stratigrapher, Software Engineer, [[Systems Engineer]], Radar Developer, Technical Consultant, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf|title=What can I do with a degree in Physics? |last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=Augusta University|access-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.iit.edu/physics/research-technical|title=Physicist Career Opportunities|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.engineergirl.org/cms/6071.aspx|title=Physics Education, Applied to Engineering|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=National Academy of Engineering (NAE)|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>
-Physics programs typically deal with meta-theories and its laws regarding applied science, hence most undergraduate physicists take up additional careers where their knowledge of physics can be combined with further training in other disciplines, such as computer science, information technology, patent laws, engineering diplomas, animation, teaching...etc. for industry or self employment. {{citation needed|date=September 2016}} A typical undergraduate physics program covers essential basic competence required in areas of physics endeavor like [[astrophysics]], laboratory knowledge, [[electricity and magnetism]], [[thermodynamics]], [[optics]], [[modern physics]], [[calculus]], [[computer programming]] and related science...etc. {{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Hence a majority of Physics bachelor degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aip.org/statistics/pie |title=Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined|publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=September 13, 2016}}</ref>
+Physics programs typically deal with meta-theories and its laws regarding applied science, hence most undergraduate physicists take up additional careers where their knowledge of physics can be combined with further training in other disciplines, such as computer science, information technology, patent laws, engineering diplomas, animation, teaching, etc. for industry or self-employment. {{citation needed|date=September 2016}} A typical undergraduate physics program covers essential basic competence required in areas of physics endeavor like [[astrophysics]], laboratory knowledge, [[electricity and magnetism]], [[thermodynamics]], [[optics]], [[modern physics]], [[calculus]], etc. and also in computer science and programming. {{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Hence a majority of Physics bachelor degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aip.org/statistics/pie |title=Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined|publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=September 13, 2016}}</ref>
-Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involves research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, [[computing]] and software development...etc.<ref name="NOC2111">{{Cite web|url=http://www1.gnb.ca/0105/op-pp/opP.aspx?n=2111|title=2111 - Physicists and astronomers|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=National Occupational Classification - Canada|access-date=November 11, 2016}}</ref>
+Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involves research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, [[computing]] and software development, etc.<ref name="NOC2111">{{Cite web|url=http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111|title=2111 Physicists and astronomers|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=National Occupational Classification - Canada|access-date=November 11, 2016}}</ref>
 ==See also==

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925	1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz
1926–1950	1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell
1951–1975	1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000	1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001– present	2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier

v t e Major branches of physics
Divisions	Pure Applied Engineering
Approaches	Experimental Theoretical Computational
Classical	Classical mechanics Newtonian Analytical Celestial Continuum Acoustics Classical electromagnetism Classical optics Ray Wave Thermodynamics Statistical Non-equilibrium
Modern	Relativistic mechanics Special General Nuclear physics Quantum mechanics Particle physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic Molecular Modern optics Condensed matter physics
Interdisciplinary	Astrophysics Atmospheric physics Biophysics Chemical physics Geophysics Materials science Mathematical physics Medical physics Ocean physics Quantum information science
Related	History of physics Nobel Prize in Physics Philosophy of physics Physics education Timeline of physics discoveries

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