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Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. English, thus, continues to remain the language with most number of translations available of the Kural text.

History of English translations

V. V. S. Aiyar, the first native scholar who made a complete translation of the Kural into English

Following the translation of the Kural text into Latin by Constantius Joseph Beschi in 1730,^[1] Nathaniel Edward Kindersley attempted the first English translation of the Kural text in 1794, translating select couplets in verse. Francis Whyte Ellis attempted the second English translation, who translated only 120 of the 1330 couplets of the Kural text—69 in verse and 51 in prose.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] In 1840, William Henry Drew translated the first book of the Tirukkural in prose. In 1852, he completed the second book, too, in prose. Along with his own English prose translation, his publication contained the original Tamil text, the Tamil commentary by Parimelazhagar and Ramanuja Kavirayar's amplification of the commentary. He thus covered chapters 1 through 63, translating 630 couplets.^[1] John Lazarus, a native missionary, revised Drew's work and completed the remaining portion, beginning from Chapter 64 through Chapter 133. Thus, Drew and Lazarus together made the first complete prose translation of the Tirukkural available in English. Meanwhile, there were two more verse translations made in 1872 and 1873 by Charles E. Gover and Edward Jewitt Robinson, respectively. While Gover translated only select couplets, Robinson translated the first two books of the Kural text. The first complete verse translation and the first complete translation by a single author was achieved in 1886 by George Uglow Pope, whose work brought the Tirukkural to a wider audience of the western world.^[6]

The first English translation by a native scholar (i.e., scholar who is a native speaker of Tamil) was made in 1915 by T. Tirunavukkarasu, who translated 366 couplets into English. The first complete English translation by a native scholar was made the following year by V. V. S. Aiyar, who translated the entire work in prose. Aiyar's work is considered by various scholars, including Czech scholar Kamil Zvelebil, to be the most scholarly of all the English translations made until then, including those by native English scholars.^[7]^[8]

At least 24 complete translations were available in the English language by the end of the twentieth century, by both native and non-native scholars.^[1] By 2014, there were about 57 versions available in English, of which at least 30 were complete.^[9]

Comparison

The following table illustrates two different facets of a subject depicted by two Kural couplets from the same chapter and also their different interpretations by various translators.

Year	Translator	Form	Chapter 26 (The Renunciation of Flesh-Eating)
Year	Translator	Form	Kural 258 (Couplet 26:8)	Kural 260 (Couplet 26:10)
	Original text	Verse	செயிரின் தலைப்பிரிந்த காட்சியார் உண்ணார் உயிரின் தலைப்பிரிந்த ஊன்.	கொல்லான் புலாலை மறுத்தானைக் கைகூப்பி எல்லா உயிருந் தொழும்.
1840–1885	William Henry Drew & John Lazarus	Prose	The wise, who have freed themselves from mental delusion, will not eat the flesh which has been severed from an animal.	All creatures will join their hands together, and worship him who has never taken away life, nor eaten flesh.
1873–1885	Edward Jewitt Robinson	Verse	Whose minds from fleshly lusts are freed Refuse on lifeless flesh to feed.	All life with palm-join'd hands will praise The man who eats not flesh, nor slays.
1886	George Uglow Pope	Verse	Whose souls the vision pure and passionless perceive, Eat not the bodies men of life bereave.	Who slays nought, — flesh rejects — his feet before All living things with clasped hands adore.
1916	V. V. S. Aiyar	Prose	Behold the men who have escaped from the bonds of illusion and ignorance: they eat not the flesh from which life hath flown out.	Behold the man who killeth not and abstaineth from flesh meat: all the world joineth hands to do him reverence.
1942	M. S. Purnalingam Pillai	Prose	Those who are free from blame and have the clear vision will not eat the meat of animals which have lost their life or which are slaughtered.	All living beings will lift both their hands together and worship him who kills not and who rejects meat.
1946	S. M. Michael	Verse	Seers true, men clean never eat a corse, No sin they do dread worse.	To him bows life as god like good Takes least life never for food.
1949	V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar	Prose	Men of clear vision abstain from the flesh of a slaughtered animal.	The whole world folds its hands in prayer to one who kills not and abjures flesh.
1953	A. Chakravarti	Prose	A person free from the erroneous beliefs and equipped with the right faith will not eat flesh obtained from animal bereft of life.	Who slays nought, — flesh rejects — his feet before All living things with clasped hands adore.
1962	K. M. Balasubramaniam	Verse	The men of pure vision quite free from illusion's dark mesh Won't eat at all the carcass that is free from life, called flesh.	The beings all with their own joined palms would worship give To one who shuns the flesh and killeth naught of things which live.
1968	Shuddhananda Bharati	Verse	Whose mind from illusion is freed Refuse on lifeless flesh to feed.	All lives shall lift their palms to him Who eats not flesh nor kills with whim.
1969	G. Vanmikanathan	Prose	Men of wisdom freed from the error (of delusion) will not eat flesh carved out of a creature.	With folded hands all creatures will worship him who does not kill and who has forsworn meat.
1969	Kasturi Srinivasan	Verse	The visionaries, who follow a faultless creed Will not eat bodies, from life freed.	Who will not kill and rejects meat, All living things pray at his feet.
1978	S. N. Sriramadesikan	Prose	The good ones, free from the three kinds of blemishes (desires) and possessed of unalloyed wisdom will hold dead bodies as corpses and will not eat the flesh.	Mankind and celestials will adore a person as the most estimable among men, if he refrains from slaying animals and eating their flesh.
1979	Satguru Sivaya Subramuniya Swami^[10]	Verse	Perceptive souls who have abandoned passion Will not feed on flesh abandoned by life.	All that lives will press palms together in prayerful adoration Of those who refuse to slaughter and savor meat.
1988	K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar	Verse	Those with unclouded minds will desist from Eating killed animal's flesh.	All life offers obeisance to one who Neither kills nor feeds on flesh.
1989	P. S. Sundaram	Verse	The undeluded will not feed on meat Which is but carrion.	All living things will fold their hands and bow To one who refuses meat.
1998	J. Narayanasamy	Prose	Wisdom free from the painful mind of evil will abstain from feeding on flesh.	All life on earth will bow in gratefulness to those who abstain from killing and meat eating.
2000	S. M. Diaz	Verse	Those who have a vision that is not blurred by mental confusion Will not eat the meat of dead carcasses.	Those who refrain from killing animals, and abstain from eating its flesh, Will receive worship with folded hands from all creatures of this world.
2003	V. Padmanabhan	Prose	Persons who are determined not to overlook moral disciplines will not take meat obtained by killing other species.	All living beings shall pay homage, by bowing their heads, to persons who do not harm them for their meat.
2009	V. Murugan	Verse	Men of vision freed of blemishes within Take not to eating the flesh of a lifeless body.	He comes to worship by all living beings with folded hands Who kills not and shuns eating the flesh of the killed.
2009	M. Rajaram	Verse	The undeluded wise will ever avoid meat Which is but the flesh of a lifeless beast.	All living beings on earth will lovingly salute Him who kills not and eats not meat.
2014	S. P. Guruparan	Verse	If one is freed from delusion and has the wisdom spotless He won't eat a body lifeless!!	If one doesn't eat flesh by killing the other living beings He will be worshiped by all the living beings!!
2015	Gopalkrishna Gandhi	Verse	If you wish, as you should, that your soul be liberated Think: this once lived, breathed, moved, till it was beheaded.	Just picture this: all living creatures in thankful gladness throng Clasping hands, in praise of non-killing man, they sing a happy song.

List of translations

Below is a list of English translations of the Tirukkural:^[8]

S.No.	Year	Translator(s)	Title of the Translation	Place of Publication	Form	Coverage	Notes
1	1794	Nathaniel Edward Kindersley	Teroovalluvar Kuddal or The Ocean of Wisdom	London (W. Bulmer and Co.)	Verse	Selections
2	1812/1819	Francis Whyte Ellis	Tirukkural		Verse and Prose	Selections	Translated 120 couplets in all—69 of them in verse and 51 in prose. Second edition published by University of Madras Press in 1955 as Tirukkural Ellis Commentary
3	1840	William Henry Drew	The Cural of Tiruvalluvar (Kural 1-630)	Madurai (American Mission Press)	Prose	Partial	Reprints were in 1852, 1962, and 1988 by Kazhagam (Madras) and Asian Educational Services (AES) (New Delhi)
4	1872	Charles E. Gover	Odes from the Kural (Folksongs of South India)	Madras (Higginbothams)	Verse	Selections	Reprint by Gian Publications (Delhi) in 1981
5	1873	Edward Jewitt Robinson	Tamil Wisdom	London (Paternoster Row)	Verse	Partial	Revised edition in 1885 as Tales and Poems of South India; 1st reprint in 1975 by Kazhakam (Madras) and 2nd in 2000 by TNR (Tanjore)
6	1885	John Lazarus	Tirukkural (Kural 631-1330)	Madras (Murugesa Mudaliar)	Prose	Partial	Reprint in 1988 by AES (New Delhi)
7	1886	George Uglow Pope	The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar	London (Henry Frowde)	Verse	Complete	Reprint in 1980 by AES (New Delhi)
8	1915	T. Thirunavukkarasu	Tirukkural: A Gem for Each Day	Madras (SPCK Press)	Prose	Selections	Translated only 366 couplets
9	1916	V. V. S. Aiyar	The Kural or The Maxims of Tiruvalluvar	Madras (Amudha Nilayam Private Ltd.)	Prose	Complete	Reprints in 1925, 1952, 1961, and 1982 by Tirupparaitturai Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam (Tiruchirapalli)
10	1919	T. P. Meenakshisundaram					Published the 1904 work of K. Vadivelu Chettiar with English renderings.^[11] Republished in 1972-1980 in Madurai as Kural in English with Tamil Text and Parimelazhakar Commentary (3 parts). Recent edition published in 2015 in 2 volumes.
11	1920	S. Sabaratna Mudaliyar	Kural	Madras
12	1926	A. Madhavaiyya	Kural in English	Madras	Verse	Selections	Possibly published earlier in 1923
13	1931	Herbert Arthur Popley	The Sacred Kural or The Tamil Veda of Tiruvalluvar	Calcutta (The Heritage of India Series)	Verse	Selections	Reprint in 1958 by YMCA Publishing House (Calcutta)
14	1933	A. Ranganatha Mudaliar	Tirukkural Mulamum Uraiyum with English Translation	Madras
15	1935	C. Rajagopalachari	Kural, The Great Book of Tiruvalluvar	Madras (Rochouse and Sons Ltd.)	Prose	Selections	Translated only select couplets from Books I and II. Reprints in 1937, 1965, and 1973
16	1942	M. S. Purnalingam Pillai	The Kural in English	Tirunelveli (Sri Kanthimathi Vilasam Press)	Prose	Complete	Reprints in 1999 and 2007 by IITS (Chennai)
17	1946	S. M. Michael	The Sacred Aphorisms of Thiruvalluvar	Nagercoil (The Grace Hut)	Verse	Complete	Reprint in 1968 by M. S. Raja (Sattur)
18	1949	V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar	Tirukkural	Madras (The Adayar Library and Research Centre)	Prose	Complete	Reprints in 1994 and 2000
19	1950	M. R. Rajagopala Aiyangar	Tirukkural	Kumbakonam	Prose	Complete
20	1953	A. Chakravarti	Tirukkural	Madras (The Diocesan Press, Vepery)	Prose	Complete
21	1954	I. D. Thangaswamy	Tirukkural	Madras	Verse	Selections
22	1962	K. M. Balasubramaniam	Tirukkural of Tiruvalluvar	Madras (Manali Lakshmana Mudaliar Specific Endowments)	Verse	Complete
23	1965	T. Muthuswamy	Tirukkural: The Gospel of Mankind	Madurai (Vivekananda Press)	Prose	Partial
24	1967	V. Chinnarajan	The Kural Gems	Udumalpet	Verse	Selections
25	1968	C. R. Soundararajan			Prose	Complete
26	1968	Emmons E. White	The Wisdom of India	New York City (The Pater Pauper)	Verse	Selections	Also published as The Wisdom of the Tamil People in 1976
27	1968	Shuddhananda Bharati	Tirukkural	Madras (Kazhakam)	Verse	Complete	Also published a complete prose version in 1970
28	1969	G. Vanmikanathan	The Tirukkural	Tiruchirapalli (Tirukkural Prachar Sangh)	Prose	Complete
29	1969	Kasturi Srinivasan	Tirukkural	Bombay (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan)	Verse	Complete	Reprints in 1976 and 1983 by Kasthuri Sreenivasan Trust (Coimbatore)
30	1969	A. Gajapathy Nayagar	The Rosary of Gems of Tirukkural	Madras
31	1970	Shuddhananda Bharati	Tirukkural		Prose	Complete
32	1971	T. N. S. Ragavachari	Teachings of Tiruvalluvar's Kural	Madras (Health, June 1966 to October 1971)	Prose	Complete	Reprinted in 1982
33	1975	E. V. Singan	Tirukkural	Singapore (EVS Enterprises)	Prose	Complete	Reprinted in 1982
34	1978	S. N. Sriramadesikan	Tirukkural	Madras (Gangai Puthaka Nilayam)	Prose	Complete	Reprinted in 1991, 1994 and 2006
35	1982	S. M. Diaz	Tirukkural	Coimbatore (Ramananda Adigalar Foundation)	Verse	Complete	Reprinted in 2000
36	1987	P. S. Sundaram	Tiruvalluvar: The Kural	New Delhi (Penguin Books India Limited)	Verse	Complete	Reprinted in 1989, 1991, 1992 and 2000 by International Tamil Language Foundation (Illinois)
37	1987	T. S. Ramalingam Pillai
38	1988	K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar	Tirukkural	Calcutta (M. P. Birla Foundation)	Verse	Complete
39	1991	M. Swaminathan
40	1995	T. R. Kallapiran
41	1995	T. V. G. Ramarathinam	Tirukkural	(Thiyaga Durgam)	Prose	Complete
42	1998	J. Narayanasamy	Tirukkural	Coimbatore	Mixed	Complete	Translated more in prose than in verse. Reprinted in 1999
43	1999	K. Kalia Perumal	Wonders of Tirukkural	Thanjavur (Jayam Publications)	Verse	Complete
44	1999	C. B. Acharya
45	2000	Satguru Sivaya Subramuniya Swami (Ed.)	Tirukkural	New Delhi (Abhinav Publications)	Verse	Partial	Translated only the first two sections, viz. Virtue and Wealth.
46	2001	C. R. Sundar	Book Divine Tirukkural	Chennai (Vignesh Pathippakam)	Verse	Complete
47	2003	V. Padmanabhan	Thirukkural with English Explanation	Chennai (Manimekalai Prasuram)	Prose	Complete
48	2004	O. R. Krishnaswami	The Wisdom of Tirukkural—A Guide to Living	Mumbai (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan)	Prose	Partial	Translated only Books I and II
49	2005	M. D. Jayabalan		Cheyyar (Mavanna Publications)	Verse	Partial	Translated only 321 couplets
50	2006	David Pratap Singh	Tirukkural	Madurai (Master Pathippakam)	Verse	Complete	396 pages
51	2006	S. Ratnakumar	Tirukkural: A Guide to Effective Living	Singapore (Tamils Representative Council [TRC])	Prose	Complete
52	2009	V. Murugan	Thirukkural in English	Chennai (Arivu Pathippagam)	Verse	Complete
53	2009	M. Rajaram	Thirukkural: Pearls of Inspiration	New Delhi (Rupa Publications)	Verse	Complete
54	2014	S. P. Guruparan	Thirukkural: English Translation	Chennai (Mayilavan Padhippagam)	Verse	Complete
55	2015	Gopalkrishna Gandhi	Tiruvalluvar—The Tirukkural: A New English Version	New Delhi (Aleph Book Company)	Verse	Complete
56	2015	R. Venkatachalam	Thirukkural—Translation—Explanation: A Life Skills Coaching Approach	Gurgaon (Partridge Publishing India)	Verse	Complete	Published in 689 pages, with new interpretations given for about 360 couplets.

Less-known translations

The Kural has also been translated numerous times without getting published or reaching the masses. Sri Aurobindo has translated fifteen couplets of the Kural, including all the ten couplets from the opening chapter (in a different order from the original) and five from the second chapter, in 1919 as part of his translations of various other ancient works.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Ramasamy, V. (2001). On Translating Tirukkural (First ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.
^ A stone inscription found on the walls of a well at the Periya palayathamman temple at Royapettai indicates Ellis' regard for Thiruvalluvar. It is one of the 27 wells dug on the orders of Ellis in 1818, when Madras suffered a severe drinking water shortage. In the long inscription Ellis praises Thiruvalluvar and uses a couplet from Thirukkural to explain his actions during the drought. When he was in charge of the Madras treasury and mint, he also issued a gold coin bearing Thiruvalluvar's image. The Tamil inscription on his grave makes note of his commentary of Thirukkural.Mahadevan, Iravatham. "The Golden coin depicting Thiruvalluvar -2". Varalaaru.com (in Tamil). Retrieved 25 June 2010.
^ The original inscription in Tamil written in the Asiriyapa meter and first person perspective: (The Kural he quotes is in Italics)
சயங்கொண்ட தொண்டிய சாணுறு நாடெனும் | ஆழியில் இழைத்த வழகுறு மாமணி | குணகடன் முதலாக குட கடலளவு | நெடுநிலம் தாழ நிமிர்ந்திடு சென்னப் | பட்டணத்து எல்லீசன் என்பவன் யானே | பண்டாரகாரிய பாரம் சுமக்கையில் | புலவர்கள் பெருமான் மயிலையம் பதியான் | தெய்வப் புலமைத் திருவள்ளுவனார் | திருக்குறள் தன்னில் திருவுளம் பற்றிய் | இருபுனலும் வாய்த்த மலையும் வருபுனலும் | வல்லரணும் நாட்டிற் குறுப்பு | என்பதின் பொருளை என்னுள் ஆய்ந்து | ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ சாலிவாகன சகாப்த வரு | ..றாச் செல்லா நின்ற | இங்கிலிசு வரு 1818ம் ஆண்டில் | பிரபவாதி வருக்கு மேற் செல்லா நின்ற | பஹுதான்ய வரு த்தில் வார திதி | நக்ஷத்திர யோக கரணம் பார்த்து | சுப திநத்தி லிதனோ டிருபத்தேழு | துரவு கண்டு புண்ணியாஹவாசநம் | பண்ணுவித்தேன்.
^ Blackburn, Stuart (2006). Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 92–95. ISBN 978-81-7824-149-4.
^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. Brill. p. 3. ISBN 978-90-04-09365-2.
^ Pope, GU (1886). Thirukkural English Translation and Commentary (PDF). W.H. Allen, & Co. p. 160.
^ Zvelevil, K. (1962). Forward. Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar. Translated by K. M. Balasubramaniam. Madras: Manali Lakshmana Mudaliar Specific Endowments. p. 327.
^ ^a ^b Manavalan, A. A. (2010). A Compendium of Tirukkural Translations in English. Vol. 4 vols. Chennai: Central Institute of Classical Tamil. ISBN 978-81-908000-2-0.
^ Thirukural Tamil–English (in Tamil and English) (3 ed.). Chennai: New Century Book House. 2014. pp. xvi, 292. ISBN 978-81-2340-949-8.
^ Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya (1979). "Thirukural" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2017.
^ Kolappan, B. (18 October 2015). "From merchant to Tirukkural scholar". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
^ Sri Aurobindo (1999). "Volume 5: The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo". Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust. Retrieved 12 January 2018.

Published translations

Pope, G. U. (1886). The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar (with Latin Translation By Fr. Beschi) (Original in Tamil with English and Latin Translations). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, pp. i-xxviii, 408
Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami. (1979). Tirukkural: The American English and Modern Tamil Translations of an Ethical Masterpiece. ISBN 978-8-1701-7390-8. Available from http://www.redlotusworld.org/resources/Tirukkural.pdf
Padmanabhan, V. (2003). Thirukkural with English Explanation. Chennai: Manimekalai Prasuram, 280 pp.
Murugan, V. (2009). Thirukkural in English. Chennai: Arivu Pathippagam, xiv + 272 pp.
Guruparan, S. P. (2014). Thirukkural: English Translation. Chennai: Mayilavan Padhippagam, 416 pp.
Venkatachalam, R. (2015). Thirukkural—Translation—Explanation: A Life Skills Coaching Approach. Gurgaon, India: Partridge Publishing India, 689 pp. ISBN 978-1-4828-4290-6.

External links

[OnTranslatingTirukkural-1] Ramasamy, V. (2001). On Translating Tirukkural (First ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.

[2] A stone inscription found on the walls of a well at the Periya palayathamman temple at Royapettai indicates Ellis' regard for Thiruvalluvar. It is one of the 27 wells dug on the orders of Ellis in 1818, when Madras suffered a severe drinking water shortage. In the long inscription Ellis praises Thiruvalluvar and uses a couplet from Thirukkural to explain his actions during the drought. When he was in charge of the Madras treasury and mint, he also issued a gold coin bearing Thiruvalluvar's image. The Tamil inscription on his grave makes note of his commentary of Thirukkural.Mahadevan, Iravatham. "The Golden coin depicting Thiruvalluvar -2". Varalaaru.com (in Tamil). Retrieved 25 June 2010.

[3] The original inscription in Tamil written in the Asiriyapa meter and first person perspective: (The Kural he quotes is in Italics)
சயங்கொண்ட தொண்டிய சாணுறு நாடெனும் | ஆழியில் இழைத்த வழகுறு மாமணி | குணகடன் முதலாக குட கடலளவு | நெடுநிலம் தாழ நிமிர்ந்திடு சென்னப் | பட்டணத்து எல்லீசன் என்பவன் யானே | பண்டாரகாரிய பாரம் சுமக்கையில் | புலவர்கள் பெருமான் மயிலையம் பதியான் | தெய்வப் புலமைத் திருவள்ளுவனார் | திருக்குறள் தன்னில் திருவுளம் பற்றிய் | இருபுனலும் வாய்த்த மலையும் வருபுனலும் | வல்லரணும் நாட்டிற் குறுப்பு | என்பதின் பொருளை என்னுள் ஆய்ந்து | ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ சாலிவாகன சகாப்த வரு | ..றாச் செல்லா நின்ற | இங்கிலிசு வரு 1818ம் ஆண்டில் | பிரபவாதி வருக்கு மேற் செல்லா நின்ற | பஹுதான்ய வரு த்தில் வார திதி | நக்ஷத்திர யோக கரணம் பார்த்து | சுப திநத்தி லிதனோ டிருபத்தேழு | துரவு கண்டு புண்ணியாஹவாசநம் | பண்ணுவித்தேன்.

[blackburn-4] Blackburn, Stuart (2006). Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 92–95. ISBN 978-81-7824-149-4.

[5] Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. Brill. p. 3. ISBN 978-90-04-09365-2.

[6] Pope, GU (1886). Thirukkural English Translation and Commentary (PDF). W.H. Allen, & Co. p. 160.

[7] Zvelevil, K. (1962). Forward. Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar. Translated by K. M. Balasubramaniam. Madras: Manali Lakshmana Mudaliar Specific Endowments. p. 327.

[Manavalan_Compendium-8] Manavalan, A. A. (2010). A Compendium of Tirukkural Translations in English. Vol. 4 vols. Chennai: Central Institute of Classical Tamil. ISBN 978-81-908000-2-0.

[NCBH_Kural-9] Thirukural Tamil–English (in Tamil and English) (3 ed.). Chennai: New Century Book House. 2014. pp. xvi, 292. ISBN 978-81-2340-949-8.

[10] Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya (1979). "Thirukural" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2017.

[MerchantToTirukkural-11] Kolappan, B. (18 October 2015). "From merchant to Tirukkural scholar". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 9 July 2017.

[12] Sri Aurobindo (1999). "Volume 5: The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo". Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust. Retrieved 12 January 2018.

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 * [http://www.valaitamil.com/thirukkural.php Tirukkural in Tamil and English—Valaitamil.com]
 * [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0153.pdf G. U. Pope's English Translation of the Tirukkural]
+* [https://www.thirukkural.net/ta/index.htmml Thirukkural in various languages]
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