Season

This article is about divisions of a year. For a season in organized sports, see Season (sport).

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Fig. 1 This is a diagram of the seasons. Note that, regardless of the time of day (i.e. the Earth's rotation on its axis), the North Pole will be dark, and the South Pole will be illuminated; see also arctic winter. In addition to the density of incident light, the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.

Fig. 2 Another diagram of the seasons As the Earth revolves around the Sun, the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres are opposite.

A season is one of the major divisions of the year. Typically, the year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn (fall), and winter. Some cultures may have a different number of seasons; for instance, some indigenous peoples in Australia's Northern Territory use six seasons.

In tropical and even subtropical regions it is more common to speak of the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season versus the dry season, as the amount of precipitation may vary more drastically than the average temperature.

The seasons are caused ultimately by the fact that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to its orbital plane; it deviates by an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees of arc. Thus, at any given time during the summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun (see Fig. 1). This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. At any given time, regardless of season, the northern and southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons (see Fig. 2 and Seasonality table).

Sunlight with seasons

Climatic effects

In most parts of the world, seasons are marked by changes in the amount of sunlight, which in turn often cause cycles of dormancy in plants and hibernation in animals. In the tropics, there is no noticeable change in the amount of sunlight, but there are still fluctuations in rainfall, producing a similar alternation between fertile and infertile times of the year. The concept of seasonality originated from these changes long before its celestial cause became known.

These fluctuations are more pronounced at higher latitudes. The Equator does not have any noticeable fluctuation at all, while the North Pole and South Pole have extreme fluctuations.

Seasonal weather fluctuations also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water, currents in those oceans, El Niño/ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing winds.

For example, the South Pole is in the middle of the continent of Antarctica, and therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influence of the southern oceans. The North Pole is in the Arctic Ocean, and thus its temperature extremes are buffered by the presence of all that water. The result is that the South Pole is consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during the northern winter.

The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that in the other. Thus, when it is day in the North Pole it is night in the South pole and vice-versa. Moreover, when it is summer in the Northern hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern hemisphere, and vice versa, and when it is spring in the Northern hemisphere it is autumn in the Southern hemisphere, and vice versa.

Curiously, a study of temperature records over the past 300 years (David Thompson, SCIENCE, April 1995) shows that the climatic seasons, and thus the seasonal year, are governed by the anomalistic year rather than the tropical year.

Polar day and night

A common misconception is that, within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the sun rises once in the spring and sets once in the fall; thus, the day and night are erroneously thought to last uninterrupted for 183 calendar days each. This is strictly true only in the immediate region of the poles themselves.

What does happen, is that any point above the 60th parallel will have one period during the summer during which the sun does not set, and one period during the winter during which the sun does not rise. At progressively higher lattitudes, the periods of "midnight sun" (or "midday dark" for the other side of the globe) are progressively longer. For example, at the military and weather station called "Alert" on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island, Canada (about 450 nautical miles from the North Pole), the sun begins to peek above the horizon in mid-April and each day it climbs a bit higher, and stays up a bit longer. However, mid-April is not first light. The sky (as seen from Alert) has been showing twilight, or at least a pre-dawn glow on the horizon for increasing hours each day, for more than a month before that first sliver of sun appears.

In the weeks surrounding June 21, the sun is at its highest, and it appears to circle the sky without ever going below the horizon. Eventually, it does go below the horizon, for progressively longer and longer periods each day until, around the middle of October, it disappears for the last time. For a few more weeks, "day" is marked by decreasing periods of twilight. Eventually, for the weeks surrounding December 21, nothing breaks the darkness. In later winter, the first faint wash of light briefly touches the horizon (for just minutes per day), and then increases in duration and pre-dawn brightness each day until sunrise in April.

Reckoning

The date at which each season begins depends on how it is defined. In the United States, the seasons are considered to begin at the astronomical solstices and equinoxes: these are sometimes known as the "astronomical seasons". By this reckoning, summer begins at summer solstice, winter at winter solstice, spring at the vernal equinox and autumn at the autumnal equinox.

In Britain, the seasons are traditionally considered begin about seven weeks earlier: spring begins on Candlemas, summer on May Day, autumn on Lammas, and winter on All Hallows.

The Irish calendar uses almost the same reckoning; Spring begins on February 1 / Imbolc, Summer on May 1 / Beltane, Autumn on August 1 / Lughnasadh and Winter on November 1 / Samhain

In the Chinese calendar, the seasons are defined so that the solstices and equinoxes occur in the middle of each season.

Mid-Season

In the conventional American calendar, the following dates are considered to be halfway through a season:

• Winter (February 3)
• Spring (May 5 or 6)
• Summer (August 7)
• Fall (November 6)

Seasonality table
Northern Hemisphere		Month	Southern Hemisphere
Traditional	Astronomical		Traditional	Astronomical
Winter	Winter	January	Summer	Summer
Spring		February	Autumn
		March
	Spring	April		Autumn
Summer		May	Winter
		June
	Summer	July		Winter
Autumn		August	Spring
		September
	Autumn	October		Spring
Winter		November	Summer
		December

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In broadcasting, a season is generally a one-year cycle in the production of a television series.