Northern and Southern States period: Difference between revisions

Northern and Southern States period
Korean name
Hangul	남북국시대
Hanja	南北國時代
Revised Romanization	Nambukguksidae
McCune–Reischauer	Nambukkuksidae

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The Northern and Southern States period (698–926 CE) is the period in Korean history when Unified Silla and Balhae coexisted in the south and north of the peninsula, respectively.^[1]^[2]

Historiography

The Northern and Southern States period is a historical paradigm that first emerged in 12th century Goryeo dynasty, though the term itself was coined by 18th century Joseon dynasty historian Yu Deukgong, who advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "Northern and Southern States period" to refer to this era.^[3]^[4]^[5] Historically, Balhae's inclusion in Korean history had been a contentious point by medieval Korean scholars during both the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties.^[6]^[7] When Balhae was destroyed by the Liao dynasty, a great portion of the Balhae royalty and aristocracy fled to Goryeo, including Dae Gwang-hyeon, the last crown prince.^[8]^[9] They were granted land and the crown prince was given the family name Wang (왕, 王), the royal family name of the Goryeo dynasty, and included in the royal household by Wang Geon, who was crowned as Taejo of Goryeo. Taejo of Goryeo felt a strong familial kinship with Balhae, calling it his "relative country" and "married country",^[10] and protected the Balhae refugees.^[11]^[12] This was in stark contrast to Later Silla, which had endured a hostile relationship with Balhae.^[13]^[14]

This stark difference between how Silla and Goryeo treated and viewed Balhae defined traditional Korean historiography of Balhae.^[15] During the early Goryeo Dynasty (918-1135), Balhae was seen as a part of Korean history, as Goryeo had derived its legitimacy and state succession from Goguryeo.^[16]^[17]^[18] The Goguryeo ruling class led by Taejo of Goryeo when it founded Goryeo had included Balhae (displaced people from Balhae) because they were of Goguryeo descent.^[19] Since Goryeo's founder Taejo had put forward the succession of Goguryeo, the Goguryeo succession ceremony was the official historical consciousness of Goryeo and operated until the middle of the 12th century.^[20]^[21]^[22]

One such example was the debate Goryeo officials had over whether the King should choose their Korean era name and call themselves Emperors or adopt a Chinese era name and call themselves Kings, so as to not spark China's ire.^[23]^[24] Goryeo officials affiliated with the pro-Buddhist, Goguryeoic Northern faction such as the influential Buddhist Monk Myocheong and others such as Jeong Jisang and Yun Eon-yi cited not only Silla but also Balhae as a basis for the argument that Goryeo monarchs should call themselves emperors and utilize Korean era names.^[25]^[26]

They were opposed by Goryeo official Kim Bu-sik, who led the pro-Confucian, Sillan faction that did not view Balhae as Korean and also rejected Myeocheong's efforts to move the capital to Pyongyang and wage war against the Jurchens to restore Goguryeo's northern territories.^[27]^[28]^[29] Most importantly, Myeocheong and Kim's factions had different notions and understandings of Goryeo's state succession and national consciousness. Although the mainstream, dominant belief held by Goryeo was the aforementioned notion that Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo and that Balhae was Korean, Kim Busik challenged this notion.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Rising tensions between the pro-Buddhist, Goguryeoic Northern Faction led by Myocheong and the pro-Confucian, Sillan Southern Faction led by Kim Bu-sik led to civil war after Kim lanuched a coup and purged Myocheong's supporters.^[33]^[34] After Kim had seized control of the government and put down Myocheong's rebellion against him, he announced the ceremony of Goryeo's succession to Silla by compiling the Samguk Sagi, Korea's first official historical records.^[35]^[36] Within the Samguk Sagi itself, Goryeo is written to have succeeded Silla, and Kim deliberately excluded Balhae from Korean history.^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]

As a result, the historiography of the Northern and Southern period had emerged as early as the 12th century, when these two factions had clashed over the consciousness of the succession of history, whether Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo or Silla.^[41] Because of Kim's victory, Balhae would not be formally included in Goryeo's official history.^[42] Instead, the first inclusion of Balhae in Korean history was in the Jewang ungi, a historical book written in the form of rhyming poetry by Goryeo scholar and court official Lee Seung-hyu in 1287, during the late Goryeo dynasty.^[43]^[44]^[45] According to Myungkyung University Professor Lee Sooyoung, Lee was motivated to write the Jewangungi due to both the internal political turmoil of the Goryeo court as well as the Yuan dynasty's interference in Goryeo politics during Goryeo under Mongol rule.^[44] The Jewangungi is considered important as it is the first history book to record the history of Balhae as Korean history, and has been cited by both North and South Korean scholars.^[46] Additionally, Korean historians have noted that during late Goryeo, Korean historians focused their attention on Balhae, as many works of the era such as the Jewangungi, Samguk Yusa and Goryeo Dogyeong wrote about Balhae.^[47]^[48]^[49]

North Korean scholars—and more recently some in the South—have recently tried to incorporate Balhae history as an integral part of Korean history by challenging the view of Unified Silla (668–935) as the unification of Korea.^[50] According to this narrative, Goryeo was the first unification of Korea, since Balhae still existed while occupying former Goguryeo territory north of the Korean peninsula.^[51] In the 1960s, the North Korean scholar Pak Se-yong advanced arguments that claimed Balhae as "a part of Korean history."^[52] Central to the argument was Balhae's place as "a state founded by people of Koguryŏ" and its territory as "composed of most of the"former territory of Koguryŏ and an expansive, newly acquired portion."^[52] Pak made broader claims on the continuity of Balhae with modern Korea, contending that "bloodline and culture are an important component of the bloodlines and cultural traditions of the Korean race."^[52]

In modern times, based on findings of joint Chinese-North Korean archaeological excavations in the 1960s, Chu Yŏnghŏn advocated for a Korean identity for Balhae in South Korea. These efforts led to the incorporation of Balhae into Korean history as part of the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" based on instances in which the Silla court referred to Balhae as the "northern court."^[52] Acceptance of this new narrative was not immediate. In 1981 a South Korean scholar called the Northern-Southern Dynasties an "interesting new interpretation"^[53] and as late as 1990 there was still no consensus. However, by now the Northern-Southern Dynasties paradigm is widely accepted in South Korean academia. According to Kim Eun Gug, the adoption of this position was necessary to counter Chinese claims on Goguryeo and Balhae as part of Chinese history as well as to provide a model for North and South Korea's unification. Kim openly declared that "We have a national responsibility to develop a response to China’s Northeast Project and its claims that Koguryŏ and Parhae belong to Chinese history."^[54]

Unified Silla

After the unification wars, the Tang Dynasty established territories in the former Goguryeo, and began to administer and establish communities in Baekje. Silla attacked the Chinese in Baekje and northern Korea in 671.

The Tang Dynasty then invaded Silla in 674 but Silla defeated the Tang army in the north. Silla drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula by 676 to achieve unification of most of the Three Kingdoms.

Unified Silla was a golden age of art and culture,^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58] and Buddhism became a large part of Silla culture. Buddhist monasteries such as the Bulguksa are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist influence. State-sponsored art and architecture from this period include Hwangnyongsa Temple, Bunhwangsa Temple, and Seokguram Grotto, a World Heritage Site.

Unified Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia,^[59] and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River.^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63] Unified Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,^[64] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju^[65] was the fourth largest city in the world.^[66]^[67]^[68]^[69]

Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists^[70] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,^[71] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,^[72]^[73]^[74]^[75] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism.^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]

Silla began to experience political troubles in the late 9th century. This severely weakened Silla and soon thereafter, descendants of the former Baekje established Later Baekje. In the north, rebels revived Goguryeo, beginning the Later Three Kingdoms period.

Unified Silla lasted for 267 years until, under King Gyeongsun, it was annexed by Goryeo in 935.

Balhae

Balhae, the name of which was another transcribed version of Mohe (靺鞨, a Tungus Tribe speaking a language like Manchurian and Sibe), was founded after Goguryeo had fallen. It was founded in the northern part of former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong, a former Goguryeo general^[81]^[82] or chief of Sumo Mohe,^[83]^[84]^[85] after defeating the military of central government of Tang Dynasty at the Battle of Tianmenling. Balhae controlled the northern areas of the Korean Peninsula, much of Manchuria, and expanded into present-day Russian Maritime Province.

In a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae flourished in culture, especially during the long reign of the third King Mun (r. 737-793) and King Seon. At that time, Balhae was a culturally advanced country, so that even China referred to this kingdom as "a prosperous country of the East."^[86] However, Balhae was severely weakened by the 10th century, and the Khitan Liao Dynasty conquered Balhae in 926.

Goryeo absorbed some of Balhae's territory and received Balhae refugees, including the crown prince and the royal family, but compiled no known histories of Balhae. The 18th century Joseon dynasty historian Yu Deukgong advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "Northern and Southern States period" to refer to this era.

Language

Due to the lack of linguistic evidence, it is difficult to make a definitive conclusion for the linguistic relation between the Balhae and Silla languages.

One terminology that people of Balhae used to describe "a king" is Gadokbu (transcribed as 可毒夫).

References

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^ Old records of Silla 新羅古記(Silla gogi): ... 高麗舊將祚榮
^ Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀(Jewang ungi): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮
^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗.
^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩
^ Comprehensive Institutions 通典(Tongdian): ... 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海
^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

Bibliography

Sloane, Jesse D. (2014a), Parhae in Historiography and Archaeology: International Debate and Prospects for Resolution

[1] Encyclopedia, Naver.

[2] Korean Britannica Encyclopedia, Daum.

[3] "남북국시대". Namu. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[4] Lee, Sooyoung. "'남북국시대' 주창한 유득공의 『발해고』". 통일뉴스. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[5] "왜 통일신라시대가 남북국시대로 바낀 걸까요?". KBS World Korean. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[6] Yang, Seungguk. "통일신라론에서 남북국론으로 -펌". 열국연의. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[7] "고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식". 역사비평 1992. Fall 1992.

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[FOOTNOTERossabi1983323-12] Rossabi 1983, p. 323.

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[27] Kim, Joo-won. "Myocheong's Seogyeongcheondo and Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

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[29] Lee, Gye-muk. "<古典에서 배우는 智慧> 묘청의 란(妙淸亂) 역사 속에 오늘이 있다". 성광일보. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

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[42] "『삼국사기』의 종합적 검토". The JoongAng. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

[43] 이, 승휴. "[뉴스 속의 한국사] 짧은 시 형식의 역사책… 왕에게 충언하려 만들었죠". 신문은 선생님. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

[auto1-44] 이, 수영. "[명경대] '제왕운기' 이탈리아 출간". Kado Net. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

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[46] 김, 일성. "발해는 고구려유민들이 세운 나라". Kim Il Sung University. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

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[FOOTNOTESloane2014a5-52] Sloane 2014a, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTESloane2014a6-53] Sloane 2014a, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTESloane2014a4-6-54] Sloane 2014a, p. 4-6.

[55] DuBois, Jill (2005). Korea. Marshall Cavendish. p. 22. ISBN 9780761417866. Retrieved 29 July 2016. golden age of art and culture.

[56] Randel, Don Michael (28 November 2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780674011632. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[57] Hopfner, Jonathan (10 September 2013). Moon Living Abroad in South Korea. Avalon Travel. p. 21. ISBN 9781612386324. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[58] Kim, Djun Kil (30 January 2005). The History of Korea. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 9780313038532. Retrieved 30 September 2016.

[59] Kitagawa, Joseph (5 September 2013). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. Routledge. p. 348. ISBN 9781136875908. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

[60] Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 291. ISBN 9780521497817. Retrieved 21 July 2016. Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.

[61] Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather (1955). Ennins Travels in Tang China. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276–283. ISBN 9780471070535. Retrieved 21 July 2016. "From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. . . . While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. . . . The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world."

[62] Kim, Djun Kil (30 May 2014). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 9781610695824. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

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[72] Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (24 November 2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9781400848058. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[73] Poceski, Mario (13 April 2007). Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780198043201. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[74] Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille (15 December 2015). Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. Columbia University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780231540193. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[75] Wright, Dale S. (25 March 2004). The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199882182. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[76] Su-il, Jeong (2016-07-18). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. ISBN 9781624120763. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[77] Nikaido, Yoshihiro (2015-10-28). Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137. ISBN 9783847004851. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[78] Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy (2003). China. Rough Guides. p. 519. ISBN 9781843530190. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[79] Leffman, David (2014-06-02). The Rough Guide to China. Penguin. ISBN 9780241010372. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[80] DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China. Penguin. 2016-06-21. p. 240. ISBN 9781465455673. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

[81] Old records of Silla 新羅古記(Silla gogi): ... 高麗舊將祚榮

[82] Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀(Jewang ungi): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮

[83] Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗.

[84] Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩

[85] Comprehensive Institutions 通典(Tongdian): ... 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海

[86] Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

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 ==Historiography==
+The Northern and Southern States period is a historical paradigm that first emerged in 12th century Goryeo dynasty, though the term itself was coined by 18th century Joseon dynasty historian Yu Deukgong, who advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "Northern and Southern States period" to refer to this era.<ref>{{cite web |title=남북국시대 |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80 |website=Namu |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Sooyoung |title=‘남북국시대’ 주창한 유득공의 『발해고』 |url=https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=205229 |website=통일뉴스 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=왜 통일신라시대가 남북국시대로 바낀 걸까요? |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=k&menu_cate=history&id=&board_seq=46977&page=56&board_code= |website=KBS World Korean |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Historically, Balhae's inclusion in Korean history had been a contentious point by medieval Korean scholars during both the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Seungguk |title=통일신라론에서 남북국론으로 -펌 |url=http://www.yangco.net/new0822/?doc=bbs/gnuboard.php&bo_table=2kor_3&page=3&wr_id=2 |website=열국연의 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식 |journal=역사비평 1992 |date=Fall 1992}}</ref> When Balhae was destroyed by the [[Liao dynasty]], a great portion of the Balhae royalty and aristocracy fled to Goryeo, including [[Dae Gwang-hyeon]], the last [[crown prince]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=이상각|script-title=ko:고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년|date=2014|publisher=들녘|isbn=9791159250248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LonnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|access-date=23 March 2018|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020|website=우리역사넷|publisher=National Institute of Korean History|access-date=23 March 2018|language=ko}}</ref> They were granted land and the crown prince was given the family name Wang (왕, 王), the royal family name of the Goryeo dynasty, and included in the royal household by [[Wang Geon]], who was crowned as Taejo of Goryeo. Taejo of Goryeo felt a strong familial kinship with Balhae, calling it his "relative country" and "married country",<ref name="박종기">{{cite book |last1=박종기 |title=고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다 |date=2015 |publisher=휴머니스트 |isbn=9788958629023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |access-date=13 March 2019 |language=ko |chapter=신화와 전설에 담긴 고려 왕실의 역사}}</ref> and protected the Balhae refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=우리나라 역사를 시대구분한 한 시기. |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0011926 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Rossabi|1983|p=323}} This was in stark contrast to Later Silla, which had endured a hostile relationship with Balhae.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parhae {{!}} historical state, China and Korea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Parhae |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=13 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=『삼국사기』의 종합적 검토 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/1375762#home |website=The JoongAng |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>
-The Northern and Southern States period is a historical paradigm born out of advocacy for a Korean identity for Balhae. Based on findings of joint Chinese-North Korean archaeological excavations in the 1960s, Chu Yŏnghŏn advocated for a Korean identity for Balhae in South Korea. These efforts led to the incorporation of Balhae into Korean history as part of the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" based on instances in which the Silla court referred to Balhae as the "northern court."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=5}} Acceptance of this new narrative was not immediate. In 1981 a South Korean scholar called the Northern-Southern Dynasties an "interesting new interpretation"{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=6}} and as late as 1990 there was still no consensus. However, by now the Northern-Southern Dynasties paradigm is widely accepted in South Korean academia. According to Kim Eun Gug, the adoption of this position was necessary to counter Chinese claims on Goguryeo and Balhae as part of Chinese history as well as to provide a model for North and South Korea's unification. Kim openly declared that "We have a national responsibility to develop a response to China’s [[Northeast Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Northeast Project]] and its claims that Koguryŏ and Parhae belong to Chinese history."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=4-6}}
+This stark difference between how Silla and Goryeo treated and viewed Balhae defined traditional Korean historiography of Balhae.<ref>{{cite journal |title=고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식 |journal=역사비평 1992 |date=Fall 1992}}</ref> During the early Goryeo Dynasty (918-1135), Balhae was seen as a part of Korean history, as Goryeo had derived its legitimacy and state succession from Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Michael |title=A Concise History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=80}}</ref><ref name="On the Historical Succession of Gog">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Soon Keun |title=On the Historical Succession of Goguryeo in Northeast Asia |journal=Korea Journal |date=2005 |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=187-190 |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/pdf/pdfView.do?nodeId=NODE09375791&googleIPSandBox=false&mark=0&useDate=&ipRange=false&accessgl=Y&language=ko_KR&hasTopBanner=true}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=history net |title=Goryeo Drives Back the Khitan |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kh/view.do?tabId=02&category=english&levelId=kh_001_0040_0020_0010 |website=History Net |access-date=30 January 2023 |language= en}}</ref> The Goguryeo ruling class led by [[Taejo of Goryeo]] when it founded Goryeo had included Balhae (displaced people from Balhae) because they were of Goguryeo descent.<ref>{{cite journal |title=고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식 |journal=역사비평 1992 |date=Fall 1992}}</ref> Since Goryeo's founder Taejo had put forward the succession of Goguryeo, the Goguryeo succession ceremony was the official historical consciousness of Goryeo and operated until the middle of the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=왜 통일신라시대가 남북국시대로 바낀 걸까요? |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=k&menu_cate=history&id=&board_seq=46977&page=56&board_code= |website=KBS World Korean |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Noh |first1=Myeong-ho |title=원나라 압제속 뿌리내린 삼한일통 ‘우리 고려’ |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/387604.html |website=Hani |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=『삼국사기』의 종합적 검토 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/1375762#home |website=The JoongAng |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>
+One such example was the debate Goryeo officials had over whether the King should choose their [[Korean era name]] and call themselves Emperors or adopt a [[Chinese era name]] and call themselves Kings, so as to not spark China's ire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Hong-Key |title=GEOMANCY AND SOCIAL UPHEAVALS IN KOREA |journal=EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GEOPOLITICS |date=2014 |volume=2 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=서경천도 논의의 전개와 묘청의 난 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_012_0030_0020_0030_0020 |website=우리역사넷 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Goryeo officials affiliated with the pro-Buddhist, Goguryeoic Northern faction such as the influential Buddhist Monk [[Myocheong]] and others such as [[Jeong Jisang]] and [[Yun Eon-yi]] cited not only Silla but also Balhae as a basis for the argument that Goryeo monarchs should call themselves emperors and utilize Korean era names.<ref>{{cite web |title=서경천도 논의의 전개와 묘청의 난 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_012_0030_0020_0030_0020 |website=우리역사넷 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식 |journal=역사비평 1992 |date=Fall 1992}}</ref>
+They were opposed by Goryeo official [[Kim Bu-sik]], who led the pro-Confucian, Sillan faction that did not view Balhae as Korean and also rejected Myeocheong's efforts to move the capital to Pyongyang and wage war against the Jurchens to restore Goguryeo's northern territories.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Joo-won |title=Myocheong's Seogyeongcheondo and Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea |url=https://www.rfa.org/korean/weekly_program/ae40c528c77cac00c758-c228aca8c9c4-c9c4c2e4/hiddentruth-12152021085042.html |website=Radio Free Asia |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Noh |first1=Myeong-ho |title=원나라 압제속 뿌리내린 삼한일통 ‘우리 고려’ |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/387604.html |website=Hani |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Gye-muk |title=<古典에서 배우는 智慧> 묘청의 란(妙淸亂) 역사 속에 오늘이 있다 |url=http://www.sgilbo.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=15352 |website=성광일보 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Most importantly, Myeocheong and Kim's factions had different notions and understandings of Goryeo's state succession and national consciousness. Although the mainstream, dominant belief held by Goryeo was the aforementioned notion that Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo and that Balhae was Korean, Kim Busik challenged this notion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noh |first1=Myeong-ho |title=원나라 압제속 뿌리내린 삼한일통 ‘우리 고려’ |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/387604.html |website=Hani |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=『삼국사기』의 종합적 검토 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/1375762#home |website=The JoongAng |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Seungguk |title=통일신라론에서 남북국론으로 -펌 |url=http://www.yangco.net/new0822/?doc=bbs/gnuboard.php&bo_table=2kor_3&page=3&wr_id=2 |website=열국연의 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>
+Rising tensions between the pro-Buddhist, Goguryeoic Northern Faction led by Myocheong and the pro-Confucian, Sillan Southern Faction led by [[Kim Bu-sik]] led to civil war after Kim lanuched a coup and purged Myocheong's supporters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noh |first1=Myeong-ho |title=원나라 압제속 뿌리내린 삼한일통 ‘우리 고려’ |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/387604.html |website=Hani |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Hong-Key |title=GEOMANCY AND SOCIAL UPHEAVALS IN KOREA |journal=EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GEOPOLITICS |date=2014 |volume=2 |page=9-10}}</ref>  After Kim had seized control of the government and put down Myocheong's rebellion against him, he announced the ceremony of Goryeo's succession to Silla by compiling the [[Samguk Sagi]], Korea's first official historical records.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Seungguk |title=통일신라론에서 남북국론으로 -펌 |url=http://www.yangco.net/new0822/?doc=bbs/gnuboard.php&bo_table=2kor_3&page=3&wr_id=2 |website=열국연의 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Noh |first1=Myeong-ho |title=원나라 압제속 뿌리내린 삼한일통 ‘우리 고려’ |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/387604.html |website=Hani |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Within the Samguk Sagi itself, Goryeo is written to have succeeded Silla, and Kim deliberately excluded Balhae from Korean history.<ref>{{cite web |title=『삼국사기』의 종합적 검토 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/1375762#home |website=The JoongAng |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Noh |first1=Myeong-ho |title=원나라 압제속 뿌리내린 삼한일통 ‘우리 고려’ |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/387604.html |website=Hani |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=왜 통일신라시대가 남북국시대로 바낀 걸까요? |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=k&menu_cate=history&id=&board_seq=46977&page=56&board_code= |website=KBS World Korean |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=남북국시대 |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80 |website=Namu |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>
+As a result, the historiography of the Northern and Southern period had emerged as early as the 12th century, when these two factions had clashed over the consciousness of the succession of history, whether Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo or Silla.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lim |first1=Jae-Ho |title=다시 보는 우리역사(33) ‘묘청의 난’과 정지상, 김부식 |url=http://www.openchang.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=37193 |website=열린순창 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Because of Kim's victory, Balhae would not be formally included in Goryeo's official history.<ref>{{cite web |title=『삼국사기』의 종합적 검토 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/1375762#home |website=The JoongAng |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Instead, the first inclusion of Balhae in Korean history was in the [[Jewang ungi]], a historical book written in the form of rhyming poetry by Goryeo scholar and court official [[Lee Seung-hyu]] in 1287, during the late Goryeo dynasty.<ref>{{cite web |last1=이 |first1=승휴 |title=[뉴스 속의 한국사] 짧은 시 형식의 역사책… 왕에게 충언하려 만들었죠 |url=https://newsteacher.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/05/02/2016050200322.html |website=신문은 선생님 |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last1=이 |first1=수영 |title=[명경대] ‘제왕운기’ 이탈리아 출간 |url=https://www.kado.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=1152711 |website=Kado Net |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Sooyoung |title=‘남북국시대’ 주창한 유득공의 『발해고』 |url=https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=205229 |website=통일뉴스 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> According to Myungkyung University Professor Lee Sooyoung, Lee was motivated to write the Jewangungi due to both the internal political turmoil of the Goryeo court as well as the [[Yuan dynasty]]'s interference in Goryeo politics during [[Goryeo under Mongol rule]].<ref name="auto1"/> The Jewangungi is considered important as it is the first history book to record the history of Balhae as Korean history, and has been cited by both North and South Korean scholars.<ref>{{cite web |last1=김 |first1=일성 |title=발해는 고구려유민들이 세운 나라 |url=http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/ko/research/articles/5cf21ce30208cfffaa832c6e44bb567d |website=Kim Il Sung University |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref> Additionally, Korean historians have noted that during late Goryeo, Korean historians focused their attention on Balhae, as many works of the era such as the Jewangungi, [[Samguk Yusa]] and [[Goryeo Dogyeong]] wrote about Balhae.<ref>{{cite journal |title=고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식 |journal=역사비평 1992 |date=Fall 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=남북국시대 |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80 |website=Namu |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=우리나라 역사를 시대구분한 한 시기. |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0011926 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>
+[[North Korea]]n scholars—and more recently some in the [[South Korea|South]]—have recently tried to incorporate Balhae history as an integral part of Korean history by challenging the view of [[Unified Silla]] (668–935) as the unification of Korea.<ref>{{cite web |title=남북국시대 |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80 |website=Namu |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> According to this narrative, [[Goryeo]] was the first unification of Korea, since Balhae still existed while occupying former Goguryeo territory north of the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ch'oe |first1=Yŏng-ho |title="An Outline History of Korean Historiography" |journal=Korean Studies |date=1980 |volume=4 |page=23-25}}</ref> In the 1960s, the North Korean scholar [[Pak Se-yong]] advanced arguments that claimed Balhae as "a part of Korean history."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=5}} Central to the argument was Balhae's place as "a state founded by people of Koguryŏ" and its territory as "composed of most of the"former territory of Koguryŏ and an expansive, newly acquired portion."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=5}} Pak made broader claims on the continuity of Balhae with modern Korea, contending that "bloodline and culture are an important component of the bloodlines and cultural traditions of the Korean race."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=5}}
+In modern times, based on findings of joint Chinese-North Korean archaeological excavations in the 1960s, Chu Yŏnghŏn advocated for a Korean identity for Balhae in South Korea. These efforts led to the incorporation of Balhae into Korean history as part of the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" based on instances in which the Silla court referred to Balhae as the "northern court."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=5}} Acceptance of this new narrative was not immediate. In 1981 a South Korean scholar called the Northern-Southern Dynasties an "interesting new interpretation"{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=6}} and as late as 1990 there was still no consensus. However, by now the Northern-Southern Dynasties paradigm is widely accepted in South Korean academia. According to Kim Eun Gug, the adoption of this position was necessary to counter Chinese claims on Goguryeo and Balhae as part of Chinese history as well as to provide a model for North and South Korea's unification. Kim openly declared that "We have a national responsibility to develop a response to China’s [[Northeast Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Northeast Project]] and its claims that Koguryŏ and Parhae belong to Chinese history."{{sfn|Sloane|2014a|p=4-6}}
 == Unified Silla ==