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Duolingo has received criticism for its lack of effectiveness in helping students to fully learn a language. Duolingo's CEO, Luis von Ahn, promises only to get users to a level between advanced beginner and early intermediate: "A significant portion of our users use it because it's fun and it's not a complete waste of time". After six months of studying French with Duolingo, von Ahn demonstrated a lack of basic [[verb tense]]s when asked to describe his weekend in French, "mangling his tenses." Bob Meese, Duolingo's [[chief revenue officer]], did not immediately understand the spoken question "{{lang|es|¿Hablas español?}}" after six months of Duolingo Spanish study.<ref name="Forbes2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2019/07/16/game-of-tongues-how-duolingo-built-a-700-million-business-with-its-addictive-language-learning-app/|title=Game of Tongues: How Duolingo Built A $700 Million Business With Its Addictive Language-Learning App|first=Susan|last=Adams|website=Forbes|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
Duolingo has received criticism for its lack of effectiveness in helping students to fully learn a language. Duolingo's CEO, Luis von Ahn, promises only to get users to a level between advanced beginner and early intermediate: "A significant portion of our users use it because it's fun and it's not a complete waste of time". After six months of studying French with Duolingo, von Ahn demonstrated a lack of basic [[verb tense]]s when asked to describe his weekend in French, "mangling his tenses." Bob Meese, Duolingo's [[chief revenue officer]], did not immediately understand the spoken question "{{lang|es|¿Hablas español?}}" after six months of Duolingo Spanish study.<ref name="Forbes2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2019/07/16/game-of-tongues-how-duolingo-built-a-700-million-business-with-its-addictive-language-learning-app/|title=Game of Tongues: How Duolingo Built A $700 Million Business With Its Addictive Language-Learning App|first=Susan|last=Adams|website=Forbes|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>


Language coach and podcaster Kersten Cable has criticized the app for "its impractical vocabulary, its insistence upon one acceptable translation per sentence prompt, and its lack of explanation for incorrect answers",<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work">{{cite web |last1=Heaney |first1=Katie |title=Does Duolingo Even Work |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/01/does-duolingo-even-work.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |date=9 July 2019}}</ref> describing Duolingo's method as "you learn by parroting phrases without even beginning to cover the background stories that grammar and pragmatics tell."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cable |first1=Kersten |title=It's a free app loved by millions. Is Duolingo wasting your time? |url=https://www.fluentlanguage.co.uk/blog/duolingo-review-fluentlanguage |website=Fluentlanguage |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> Linguist Steven Sacco at [[San Diego State University]] attempted to test Duolingo's claim of "34 hours of Duolingo are equivalent to a full university semester of language education"<ref>{{cite web |title=Are there official studies about Duolingo? |url=https://support.duolingo.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000035183-Are-there-official-studies-about-Duolingo- |website=Duolingo Help Center |publisher=Duolingo |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> by completing a course in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and taking a standardized elementary exam ultimately receiving a failing grade.<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work" /> Sacco suggested some use for Duolingo as helpful for learning vocabulary only in addition to immersion environments like a classroom.<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work" /> Both Sacco and Cable added that Duolingo's [[Grammar-translation method|translation method]] of teaching is ultimately inferior to [[Language immersion|learning a language in an immersion environment]].
Language coach and podcaster Kerstin Cable has criticized the app for "its impractical vocabulary, its insistence upon one acceptable translation per sentence prompt, and its lack of explanation for incorrect answers",<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work">{{cite web |last1=Heaney |first1=Katie |title=Does Duolingo Even Work |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/01/does-duolingo-even-work.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |date=9 July 2019}}</ref> describing Duolingo's method as "you learn by parroting phrases without even beginning to cover the background stories that grammar and pragmatics tell."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cable |first1=Kersten |title=It's a free app loved by millions. Is Duolingo wasting your time? |url=https://www.fluentlanguage.co.uk/blog/duolingo-review-fluentlanguage |website=Fluentlanguage |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> Linguist Steven Sacco at [[San Diego State University]] attempted to test Duolingo's claim of "34 hours of Duolingo are equivalent to a full university semester of language education"<ref>{{cite web |title=Are there official studies about Duolingo? |url=https://support.duolingo.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000035183-Are-there-official-studies-about-Duolingo- |website=Duolingo Help Center |publisher=Duolingo |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> by completing a course in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and taking a standardized elementary exam ultimately receiving a failing grade.<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work" /> Sacco suggested some use for Duolingo as helpful for learning vocabulary only in addition to immersion environments like a classroom.<ref name="Does Duolingo Even Work" /> Both Sacco and Cable added that Duolingo's [[Grammar-translation method|translation method]] of teaching is ultimately inferior to [[Language immersion|learning a language in an immersion environment]].


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==

Revision as of 20:24, 25 January 2021

Duolingo, Inc.
Screenshot
File:Duolingo homepage.png
Duolingo homepage
Type of businessPrivately held company
Available in
HeadquartersPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Area servedWorld
Founder(s)Luis von Ahn, Severin Hacker
CEOLuis von Ahn
IndustryOnline education, Professional certification, Translation, Crowdsourcing
ServicesLanguage courses, Duolingo English Test, Duolingo for Schools, Tinycards flashcard app
RevenueIncrease$ 36 million USD in 2018[1]
Employees200+[2]
URLwww.duolingo.com
AdvertisingYes
RegistrationYes
Users>300 million users[3]
Launched30 November 2011; 12 years ago (2011-11-30) (private beta)
19 June 2012; 12 years ago (2012-06-19) (public release)
Current statusOnline
Native client(s) onAndroid, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows 10 Mobile, Web Browser
Written inKotlin,[4] Swift,[5] React, Python, Scala[6]HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Duolingo (/ˌduːoʊˈlɪŋɡoʊ, djuː-, dʒuː-/ D(Y)OO-oh-LING-goh) is an American language-learning website and mobile app, as well as a digital language-proficiency assessment exam. The company uses the freemium model; the app and the website are accessible without charge, although Duolingo also offers a premium service for a fee.

As of 13 October 2020, the language-learning website and app offered 98 different language courses in 38 languages.[7] The app has over 300 million registered users across the world.[8][9][10][11]

History

The project was initiated at the end of 2009 in Pittsburgh by Carnegie Mellon University professor Luis von Ahn (creator of reCAPTCHA) and his graduate student Severin Hacker, and then developed along with Antonio Navas, Vicki Cheung, Marcel Uekermann, Brendan Meeder, Hector Villafuerte, and Jose Fuentes.[12][13][14]

The inspiration for Duolingo came from two places. Luis von Ahn wanted to create a program that served two purposes in one program.[15] Duolingo originally achieved this by teaching its users a foreign language while having them translate simple phrases in documents, though the translation feature has since been removed.[16]

Von Ahn was born in Guatemala. He saw how expensive it was for people in his community to learn English. Severin Hacker (born in Zug, Switzerland), co-founder of Duolingo and current CTO, and von Ahn believed that "free education will really change the world"[17] and wanted to supply people an outlet to do so.

The project was originally sponsored by Luis von Ahn's MacArthur fellowship and a National Science Foundation grant.[18][19]

On October 19, 2011, Duolingo raised $3.3 million from a Series A first-round of funding, led by Union Square Ventures, with participation from author Tim Ferriss and actor Ashton Kutcher's firm, A-Grade Investments [20][21][22]

Duolingo launched into private beta a month later on November 30, 2011, and accumulated a waiting list of more than 300,000 users.[23][24][14]

On June 19, 2012, Duolingo later launched for the general public.[25]

On September 17, 2012, Duolingo raised $15 million from a Series B second-round of funding led by New Enterprise Associates, with participation from Union Square Ventures bringing Duolingo's total funding to $18.3 million.[26]

On 13 November 2012, Duolingo released their iOS app through the iTunes App Store.[27] The application is a free download and is compatible with most iPhone, iPod and iPad devices.[28]

On 29 May 2013, Duolingo released their Android app, which was downloaded about a million times in the first three weeks and quickly became the #1 education app in the Google Play store.[29]

On June 19, 2013, one year after launching for the general public, Duolingo passed 4 million users, all through word of mouth,[30] and on November 21, 2013, Duolingo reached 15 million users[30]

On February 18, 2014, Duolingo raised $20 million from a Series C round of funding led by Kleiner Caufield & Byers.[31] It was reported Duolingo had had about 25 million registered users, 12.5 million active users, and 34 employees.[32] On June 2, 2014, Duolingo passed 30 million users.[30]

On June 10, 2015, Duolingo raised $45 million from a Series D fourth-round of funding led by Google Capital, bringing its total funding to $83.3 million, a valuation of $470 million, as well as passing 100 million users.[33][34][35]

In April 2016, it was reported that Duolingo had 17 million monthly users.[36][37]

On July 25, 2017, that Duolingo raised $25 million from a Series E fifth-round of investment from Drive Capital, bringing its total funding to $108.3 million, a valuation of $700 million, as well as passing 200 million users and having 25 million monthly users.[38][39] It was reported that Duolingo had 95 employees,[40] and the funds would be directed toward creating initiatives such as TinyCards and Duolingo Labs.[41]

On August 1, 2018, it was reported Duolingo had passed 300 million users.[42]

On December 4, 2019, it was announced that Duolingo raised $30 million in a series F sixth-round of investment from Alphabet’s investment company CapitalG, bringing a total funding of $138.3 million, a valuation of $1.5 billion, reporting 30 million monthly active learners.[43] Duolingo will use the funds on developing new products and expanding its team. Expanding the team will span a variety of positions, including in engineering, business development, design, curriculum and content creators, community outreach and marketing.[44]

During 2019, Duolingo grew from 170 staff members[45] to 200 employees,[40] with headquarters in the Pittsburgh neighborhood of East Liberty[46][47][48] and offices in New York; Bellevue, Washington (near Seattle); and Beijing.[40][49] Of Duolingo’s 199 employees, 165 work in its East Liberty headquarters, 17 work in New York, 8 in Bellevue, and 8 in China.[44]

Duolingo had a revenue of $1 million in 2016, $13 million in 2017,[42] $36 million in 2018,[45] and was projected to hit $86 million in 2019.[50] In April 2020, Duolingo passed one million paid subscribers.[51]

Language courses

Courses for English speakers

As of January 11, 2021, 36 courses are available to the public in English, three of which are constructed languages, including two fictional languages.[52][53][54] Four of the courses listed have been released for beta testing, but are not complete as of January 11, 2021. In this list, the courses are ordered by number of active learners.

As of January 11, 2021:[54]

Courses available in other languages

As of June 28, 2020, 23 languages are available to speakers of languages other than English.[55]

As of January 16, 2021:

Mandarin Chinese

The Mandarin Chinese course is also available in the following language besides English:

  • Japanese
English

The English course is available in the following languages:

  • Arabic
  • Chinese
  • Czech
  • Dutch
  • French
  • German
  • Greek
  • Hindi
  • Hungarian
  • Indonesian
  • Italian
  • Japanese
  • Korean
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Romanian
  • Russian
  • Spanish
  • Thai
  • Turkish
  • Ukrainian
  • Vietnamese
Esperanto

The Esperanto course is also available in the following languages besides English:

  • French (Beta)
  • Portuguese (Beta)
French

The French course is also available in the following languages besides English:

  • Arabic
  • Chinese
  • Dutch
  • German
  • Italian
  • Portuguese
  • Russian
  • Spanish
German

The German course is also available in the following languages besides English:

  • Arabic
  • Dutch
  • French
  • Italian
  • Portuguese
  • Russian
  • Turkish
Italian

The Italian course is also available in the following languages besides English:

  • Chinese (Beta)
  • French
  • Portuguese
  • Spanish
Japanese

The Japanese course is also available in the following language besides English:

  • Chinese
Korean

The Korean course is also available in the following language besides English:

  • Chinese (Beta)
Brazilian Portuguese

The Brazilian Portuguese course is also available in the following language besides English:

  • French
Russian

The Russian course is also available in the following language besides English:

  • Turkish
Spanish

The Spanish course is also available in the following languages besides English:

  • Chinese (Beta)
  • French
  • German
  • Italian
  • Portuguese
  • Russian
Swedish

The Swedish course is also available in the following language besides English:

  • Arabic

Future Courses

Māori,[56] Yiddish,[57] and Haitian Creole[58] courses for English speakers are planned to be added to Duolingo.

Features

Duolingo mimics the structure of video games in several ways in order to engage its users. It features a reward system in which users acquire "lingots", an in-game currency that they can spend on features such as character customizations or bonus levels (both available on the mobile app only).

On public leaderboards people can compete against their friends or see how they stack up against the rest of the world in randomly selected groupings of up to 30 users. The level system that Duolingo uses is XP (experience points), a numerical system that represents a user's skill-level. Badges in Duolingo represent achievements that are earned from completing specific objectives or challenges.[59]

The study process in Duolingo combines various methods such as: listening to the pronunciation, reading sentences, voice recording, forming phrases by ordering words and matching images to words.[60]

Use in schools

Duolingo provides "Duolingo for Schools" with features designed to allow teachers to track students' progress. In 2012 an effectiveness study concluded that Duolingo usage for Spanish study was more effective than classroom language-learning alone, but that Duolingo was less effective for advanced language-learners.[61] One proposed reason for this is that the grammar-translation method that Duolingo primarily uses is more applicable to simple words and phrases than to complex ones; simpler ones can translate in a more exact manner from one language to another and thus are more conducive to Duolingo's grammar-translation method.[62]

Incubator

Duolingo Incubator[63] is a platform where volunteers can participate and contribute to create new language courses for Duolingo. Volunteers willing to participate must be a registered Duolingo user and has to go through the application process before contributing to a particular course they are interested in. This initiative allowed Duolingo to create more courses hence increasing their community in order to reach the maximum potential of the language learners.

Business model

Most language-learning features in Duolingo are free of charge, but it has periodic advertising in both its mobile and web browser applications,[64][65] which users can remove by paying a subscription fee. This feature, ‘Duolingo Plus’, includes benefits such as unlimited hearts, level skipping, and progress quizzes. It originally employed a crowd sourced business model, where the content came from organizations (such as CNN and BuzzFeed) that paid Duolingo to translate it.[66]

Infrastructure

Duolingo utilizes many services in the Amazon Web Services suite of products, including Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Virtual Private Cloud, nearly 200 virtual instances in Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) and Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS).[67] The server backend is written in the programming language Python.[better source needed] A component called the Session Generator was rewritten in Scala by 2017.[6] The frontend was written in Backbone.js and Mustache but is now primarily in React and Redux. Duolingo provides a single-page web application for desktop computer users and also smart phone applications on Android (both Google Play Store and Amazon Appstore) and iOS App Store platforms. 20% of traffic comes from desktop users and 80% from mobile app users.[67]

Recognition and awards

In 2013, Apple chose Duolingo as its iPhone App of the Year, the first time this honor had been awarded to an educational application.[68] Duolingo won Best Education Startup at the 2014 Crunchies,[46] and was the most downloaded app in the Education category in Google Play in 2013 and 2014.[69] In 2015, Duolingo was announced the 2015 award winner in Play & Learning category by Design to Improve Life.[70]

Duolingo was named No. 44 on Fast Company's "The World's 50 Most Innovative Companies" list in 2018 "for making new languages irresistible".[71] No. 2 on Fast Company's "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" in 2018 "for making a new language irresistible",[72] and No. 2 on Fast Company's "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" in 2017 "for letting friends compare notes as they learn a new language".[73] No. 6 on Fast Company's "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Social Media Honorees" in 2017 "for letting friends compare notes".[74] No. 7 on Fast Company's "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" in 2013 "for crowdsourcing web translation by turning it into a free language-learning program".[75]

Duolingo won Inc. magazine's Best Workplaces 2018,[76] Entrepreneur magazine's Top Company Culture List 2018,[77] and appeared in CNBC's 2018 and 2019 "Disruptor 50" lists.[78][79][80] TIME Magazine's 50 Genius Companies.[81] In 2019, Duolingo was named one of Forbes's "Next Billion-Dollar Startups 2019".[82]

Criticism

Duolingo has received criticism for its lack of effectiveness in helping students to fully learn a language. Duolingo's CEO, Luis von Ahn, promises only to get users to a level between advanced beginner and early intermediate: "A significant portion of our users use it because it's fun and it's not a complete waste of time". After six months of studying French with Duolingo, von Ahn demonstrated a lack of basic verb tenses when asked to describe his weekend in French, "mangling his tenses." Bob Meese, Duolingo's chief revenue officer, did not immediately understand the spoken question "¿Hablas español?" after six months of Duolingo Spanish study.[1]

Language coach and podcaster Kerstin Cable has criticized the app for "its impractical vocabulary, its insistence upon one acceptable translation per sentence prompt, and its lack of explanation for incorrect answers",[83] describing Duolingo's method as "you learn by parroting phrases without even beginning to cover the background stories that grammar and pragmatics tell."[84] Linguist Steven Sacco at San Diego State University attempted to test Duolingo's claim of "34 hours of Duolingo are equivalent to a full university semester of language education"[85] by completing a course in Swedish and taking a standardized elementary exam ultimately receiving a failing grade.[83] Sacco suggested some use for Duolingo as helpful for learning vocabulary only in addition to immersion environments like a classroom.[83] Both Sacco and Cable added that Duolingo's translation method of teaching is ultimately inferior to learning a language in an immersion environment.

Duolingo's mascot, a green cartoon owl named Duo, has been a subject of an Internet meme in which the mascot will stalk and threaten users if they do not keep using the app.[86] Acknowledging the meme, Duolingo released a video on April 1, 2019; the video depicts a new feature called "Duolingo Push". In the video, users of "Duolingo Push" will receive reminders to use the app in person by Duo himself, who stares at users and follows them around until they use the app (in the video, Duo is depicted by a person in a large mascot costume).[87][88]

In November 2019, Saturday Night Live parodied Duolingo in a skit where adults learned to communicate with children using a fictitious course on the app titled "Duolingo for Talking to Children".[89]

See also

References

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  63. ^ Duolingo Incubator
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