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|[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|1991]]
|[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|1991]]
|Active
|Active
|[[Saparmurat Niyazov]]<br>(1991–2006) <br /> [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] (2006-Present)
|[[Saparmurat Niyazov]]<br>(1991–2006) <br /> [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] (2006–Present)
|[[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]]
|[[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]]
|[[Nationalism]]<br>[[Social conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elena|first=Dmitrieva|date=2019|title=Political elite of Turkmenistan. Post-Soviet period|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/political-elite-of-turkmenistan-post-soviet-period|journal=Russia and the Moslem World|volume=2|issue=304|pages=49–58|issn=1072-6403}}</ref>
|[[Nationalism]]<br>[[Social conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elena|first=Dmitrieva|date=2019|title=Political elite of Turkmenistan. Post-Soviet period|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/political-elite-of-turkmenistan-post-soviet-period|journal=Russia and the Moslem World|volume=2|issue=304|pages=49–58|issn=1072-6403}}</ref>
Line 205: Line 205:
|[[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021]] (first took power in [[Taliban's rise to power|1996]])
|[[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021]] (first took power in [[Taliban's rise to power|1996]])
|Active (previously ousted in [[Battle of Tora Bora|2001]])
|Active (previously ousted in [[Battle of Tora Bora|2001]])
|[[Mohammed Omar]] <br>(1996-2001)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=1 September 2009|title=The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest|url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2009/09/01/the-totalitarian-present/}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|date=30 July 2015|title=Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/31/world/asia/mullah-muhammad-omar-taliban-leader-afghanistan-dies.html|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
|[[Mohammed Omar]] <br>(1996–2001)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=1 September 2009|title=The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest|url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2009/09/01/the-totalitarian-present/}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|date=30 July 2015|title=Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/31/world/asia/mullah-muhammad-omar-taliban-leader-afghanistan-dies.html|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
|[[Taliban]] (''[[de facto]]'')
|[[Taliban]] (''[[de facto]]'')
|[[Deobandi]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com">{{cite web|date=1 April 2013|title=Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/347009|website=www.digitaljournal.com}}</ref><br>[[Islamism]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com" /><br>[[Pashtunwali]]<ref name="dni.gov">{{cite web|title=NCTC Home|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-home|website=www.dni.gov}}</ref><br>[[Religious nationalism]]<ref name="dni.gov" /><br>[[Salafist jihadism]]<ref name="auto" />
|[[Deobandi]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com">{{cite web|date=1 April 2013|title=Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/347009|website=www.digitaljournal.com}}</ref><br>[[Islamism]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com" /><br>[[Pashtunwali]]<ref name="dni.gov">{{cite web|title=NCTC Home|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-home|website=www.dni.gov}}</ref><br>[[Religious nationalism]]<ref name="dni.gov" /><br>[[Salafist jihadism]]<ref name="auto" />

Revision as of 06:26, 19 December 2021


This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

Table

Country Start of
totalitarianism 		End of
totalitarianism 		Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic[2][3][4][5] 1921 1953 Joseph Stalin (de facto) (1924–1953)
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952) 		Communist Party of the Soviet Union (de facto)
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 		Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Fascist Italy Kingdom of Italy[6][7][8][9][10][note 1] 1922 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Europe
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[11][12][13][14] 1924 1953[11][15][16][17] Joseph Stalin (1924–1953) Communist Party of the Soviet Union Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet socialist patriotism
Stalinism 		Federal one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Manchukuo Manchukuo (Empire of Manchuria)[18] 1932 1945 Puyi
Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945) 		Concordia Association of Manchukuo Anti-communism
Fascism[19]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism 		One-party constitutional monarchy (de jure) and puppet state of the Empire of Japan (de facto) Asia
Nazi Germany Greater German Reich[11] 1933[11] 1945[11] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Antisemitism

Fascism
Nazism
Pan-Germanism
Scientific racism

Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[20] Europe
Empire of Japan[21][22][23][24] 1940 1945 Hirohito

Fumimaro Konoe
(1940–1941)
Hideki Tojo
(1941–1944)
Kuniaki Koiso
(1944–1945)
Kantarō Suzuki
(Until June 1945)

Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa Statism
Kokutai
Japanese nationalism
Hakkō ichiu
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
State Shinto 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Romania National Legionary State[25][26][27] 1940 1941 Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima 		Iron Guard Fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-Semitism 		Unitary one-party duumvirate under a constitutional monarchy Europe
Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia[28][29] 1941 1945 Ante Pavelić Ustaše Fascism

Clerical Fascism

Anti-communism

Anti-Serb sentiment

Fascist one-party dictatorship (1941–1945) under a constitutional monarchy (1941–1943) Europe
Italian Social Republic[30][31] 1943 1945 Benito Mussolini Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party state Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[32][33][34] 1946 1990 Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985)
Ramiz Alia
(1985–1990) 		Party of Labour of Albania Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party republic Europe
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea[35][36][11] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (former)
Stalinism (former) 		Unitary one-party socialist republic[37] Asia
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic[38][39][40][41] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Marxism–Leninism Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
China People's Republic of China[42][43] 1949 1976[11] Mao Zedong[11] Chinese Communist Party Chinese Communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary Maoist one-party socialist republic Asia
Myanmar Myanmar Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[44] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea[45] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[46]
Anti-intellectualism
Socialism[47] 		Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
Socialist Republic of Romania[48][49] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
National Communism (after 1960) 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea[44][50] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarianism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan[51][52][53][54] 1991 Active Saparmurat Niyazov
(1991–2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006–Present) 		Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Nationalism
Social conservatism[55] 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Asia
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[56][57] 2021 (first took power in 1996) Active (previously ousted in 2001) Mohammed Omar
(1996–2001)[58][59] 		Taliban (de facto) Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[60]
Islamism[60]
Pashtunwali[61]
Religious nationalism[61]
Salafist jihadism[58] 		Unitary Islamic theocracy administered by shura councils Asia
Eritrea State of Eritrea[62][63] 2001[64] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
Islamic State[65][note 2] 2014[66] 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Islamic State Qutbism
Salafi jihadism
Wahhabism 		Unitary Unrecognised Wahhabist Proto-state Asia

Notes

  1. ^ Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
  2. ^ The Islamic State did not receive any international recognition despite achieving de facto statehood.

References

  1. ^ Sondrol, Paul C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599–620. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868. S2CID 144333167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-10.
  2. ^ "Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  3. ^ Assignment - Secrets of the Steppe (22nd October 1991), retrieved 2021-08-17
  4. ^ "Mass grave uncovered in Mongolia". RTÉ.ie. 2003-06-12.
  5. ^ May, Timothy (May 2001), Review of Sandag, Shagdariin; Kendall, Harry H., Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921-1941, H-Russia, H-Review, retrieved 2021-08-17
  6. ^ Gentile, Emilio (2008). "Fascism and the Italian Road to Totalitarianism". Constellations. 15 (3): 291–302. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00492.x. ISSN 1467-8675.
  7. ^ Morgan, Philip (2004), Morgan, Philip (ed.), "The Construction of the 'Totalitarian' State, 1925–29", Italian Fascism, 1915–1945, The Making of the 20th Century, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 96–124, doi:10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4, ISBN 978-0-230-80267-4, retrieved 2021-08-20
  8. ^ Roberts, David D. (2009). "'Political Religion' and the Totalitarian Departures of Inter-War Europe: On the Uses and Disadvantages of an Analytical Category". Contemporary European History. 18 (4): 381–414. doi:10.1017/S0960777309990051. ISSN 0960-7773. JSTOR 40542793. S2CID 146595089.
  9. ^ "Totalitarianism in Italy - 1224 Words | 123 Help Me". www.123helpme.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  10. ^ "Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, 4th Edition | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018.
  12. ^ Riley, Alexander (2019-10-01). "Lenin and His Revolution: The First Totalitarian". Society. 56 (5): 503–511. doi:10.1007/s12115-019-00405-1. ISSN 1936-4725. S2CID 203447806.
  13. ^ "Leninism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  14. ^ Elizabeth Lugones (2016-09-29). "LENIN PART 2: Totalitarianism". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
  16. ^ Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
  17. ^ von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
  18. ^ Dean, ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (2013-05-12). "Evolution of Manchukuo Concordia Association (1932 - 1945) as a Political Institution and Vanguard of Ideology". ANU College of Asia & the Pacific. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  19. ^ Duara, Prasenjit (2004). Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3091-1.
  20. ^ "Foundations of the Nazi State". www.ushmm.org.
  21. ^ Stein, Guenther (January 1938). ""Totalitarian" Japan". Foreign Affairs. 16 (2): 294–308. doi:10.2307/20028849. JSTOR 20028849 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ Chatani, Sayaka (2018). Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies. Columbia University: Cornell University Press. pp. 10–366. ISBN 978-1-5017-3076-4.
  23. ^ Lucken, Grimwade, Michael, Karen (2013). The Japanese and the War: Expectation, Perception, and the Shaping of Memory. Columbia University: Columbia University Press. pp. 50–300. ISBN 978-0-231-54398-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Iguchi, Haruo (2003). Unfinished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S.-Japan Relations, 1937–1952. Harvard University: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. All. ISBN 978-1-68417-354-9.
  25. ^ Groza, Cristian Alexandru (2014). "The Fascist Phenomenon. National Legionary State between laws, journals, memoirs, and the Jewish repression between 20-23 January 1941". Journal of Education, Culture and Society. 61: 61–76 – via Academia.edu.
  26. ^ Haynes, Rebecca (December 2008). "Work Camps, Commerce, and the Education of the 'New Man' in the Romanian Legionary Movement". The Historical Journal. 51 (4): 943–967. doi:10.1017/S0018246X08007140. JSTOR 20175210. S2CID 144638496 – via JSTOR.
  27. ^ Clark, Roland (2015). Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press. pp. all. ISBN 978-0-8014-5634-3.
  28. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2020). The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45 (Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions). Routledge. pp. 54–68. ISBN 978-1-138-86811-3.
  29. ^ Suppan, Arnold (2019). THE "INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA" BETWEEN THE GERMAN REICH AND ITALY. pp. 537–566. ISBN 978-3-7001-8410-2.
  30. ^ Luigi Ganapini (2 July 2007). "The Dark Side of Italian History 1943–1945". Modern Italy. 12 (2): 205–223. doi:10.1080/13532940701362730. S2CID 145668321. In 1943 Mussolini had called for 'socialization' as a means of fighting the anti-Fascist democratic forces. In this context, the ideology of National Syndicalism became the key feature of a project for the construction of a totalitarian state.
  31. ^ R. J. B. Bosworth (March 1997). "Tourist Planning in Fascist Italy and the Limits of a Totalitarian Culture". Contemporary European History. 6 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004033.
  32. ^ Mullahi, Anila; Dhimitri, Jostina (2015). "Education Issues in a Totalitarian State (Case of Albania)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174: 4103–4107. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1161.
  33. ^ Bedini, Belina (2014). "The Legitimation of the Albanian Totalitarian Regime". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (16): 500–5. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p500.
  34. ^ "Albania's EU aspirations still hampered by totalitarian past | DW | 22.03.2012". Deutsche Welle.
  35. ^ "North Korea country profile". BBC News. 9 April 2018.
  36. ^ "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". Washington Post.
  37. ^ Inc, Encyclopaedia Britannica (1 March 2014). Britannica Book of the Year 2014. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-62513-171-3. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  38. ^ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN 978-963-19-7628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
  39. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. ... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
  40. ^ Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
  41. ^ Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
  42. ^ Pei, Minxin. “China: Totalitarianism’s Long Shadow.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 2 (2021): 5–21.
  43. ^ Roger Garside, "Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak", Journal of Political Risk, Vol. 9, No. 5, May 2021
  44. ^ a b Rummel, R.J. (1994). "Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.". In Charney, Israel W. (ed.). Widening circle of genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 5. There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
  45. ^ "Equatorial Guinea | EG Justice". www.egjustice.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  46. ^ OTABELA, Joseph-Désiré; ONOMO-ABENA, Sosthène (2009-02-16). Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo (in Spanish). Editorial UNED. ISBN 978-84-362-5825-7.
  47. ^ "Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica > Búsqueda › 'Hoja Oficial del lunes : editada por la Asociación de la..." prensahistorica.mcu.es. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  48. ^ "Bulletin" (PDF). www.umk.ro. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  49. ^ Thompson, M. R. (1 June 2002). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 3 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1080/714005469. S2CID 145789019.
  50. ^ O'Kane, Rosemary H T (1993). "Cambodia in the zero years: rudimentary totalitarianism". Third World Quarterly. 14 (4): 735–748. doi:10.1080/01436599308420354. JSTOR 3992949.
  51. ^ "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF).
  52. ^ Cathill, Paul (2018-09-26). "Interesting Histories: Saparmurat Niyazov — The Real General Aladeen". Medium. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  53. ^ Nast, Condé (2007-05-21). "The Golden Man". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  54. ^ https://newint.org/features/2021/10/07/gurbanguly-berdimuhamedow
  55. ^ Elena, Dmitrieva (2019). "Political elite of Turkmenistan. Post-Soviet period". Russia and the Moslem World. 2 (304): 49–58. ISSN 1072-6403.
  56. ^ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450. S2CID 146940668.
  57. ^ "David Arnett" (PDF). turkishpolicy.com. 2008. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  58. ^ a b "The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest". 1 September 2009.
  59. ^ Gall, Carlotta (30 July 2015). "Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead" – via NYTimes.com.
  60. ^ a b "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.
  61. ^ a b "NCTC Home". www.dni.gov.
  62. ^ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015). "The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  63. ^ "UN calls Eritrea a 'totalitarian' state ruled by fear". Daily Nation. Kenya. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  64. ^ "Service for Life". Human Rights Watch. 16 April 2009. p. 6 of 12. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  65. ^ Winter, Charlie (27 March 2016). "Totalitarianism 101: The Islamic State's Offline Propaganda Strategy" – via www.lawfareblog.com.
  66. ^ Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'".
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