Soap opera

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The first TIME cover devoted to soap operas: Dated January 12 1976, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of our Lives are featured with the headline "Soap Operas: Sex and suffering in the afternoon".

A soap opera is an ongoing, episodic work of fiction, usually broadcast on television or radio. They have existed as an entertainment long enough for audiences to recognize them simply by the term soap. 'Soap' refers to their origins as radio broadcasts in which various soap manufacturers were the show's sponsors. The programs were broadcast in daytime slots when mostly housewives would be listening, thus the shows are aimed at and consumed by an almost exclusively female audience.

What differentiates a soap from other television drama programs is the open-ended nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes. Plots run concurrently, intersect, and lead into further developments. An individual episode of a soap opera will generally switch between several different concurrent story threads that may at times interconnect and affect one another, or may run entirely independent of each other. Each episode may feature some of the show's current storylines but not always all of them. There is some rotation of both storylines and actors so any given storyline or actor will appear in some but usually not all of a week's worth of episodes. Soap operas rarely "wrap things up" storywise, and generally avoid bringing all the current storylines to a conclusion at the same time. When one storyline ends there are always several other story threads at differing stages of development. Soap opera episodes invariably end on some sort of cliffhanger.

Evening soap operas sometimes differ from this general format and are more likely to feature the entire cast in each episode, and to represent all current storylines in each episode. Additionally, evening soap operas and other serials that run for only part of the year tend to bring things to a dramatic end of season cliffhanger. Some of the larger, disaster cliffhangers that affect a large proportion of the cast sometimes serve to bring all current storylines together.

Soap opera characteristics

Plots and storylines

Most soap operas follow the lives of a group of characters who work in a particular place, or focus on a large, extended family. The storylines follow the day-to-day lives of these characters. In many soap operas, in particular daytime serials in the United States and the similarly produced telenovelas of Latin and South America, the characters are generally more attractive, seductive, glamourous, and wealthy than the typical person watching the show. This is true to a lesser extent in soap operas from Australia and the United Kingdom, which largely focus on more everyday characters and situations and are frequently set in working class environments. Many Australian and UK soap operas explore social realist storylines such as family discord, marriage breakdown, or financial problems, and sometimes include significant amounts of comedy.

Romance, secret relationships, extra-marital affairs, and genuine love have been the basis for many soap opera storylines. In US daytime serials the most popular soap opera characters, and the most popular storylines, often involved a romance of the sort presented in paperback romance novels. Soap opera storylines sometimes weave intricate, convoluted, and sometimes confusing tales of characters who have affairs, meet mysterious strangers and fall in love, and who commit adultery, all of which keeps audiences hooked on the unfolding story twists. Crimes such as kidnapping, rape, and even murder often go unpunished, unless the character is being written off. Australian and UK soap operas also feature a significant proportion of romance storylines. In Russia, most popular soap operas explore the "romantic quality" of criminal and/or oligarch life.

In soap opera storylines, previously-unknown children, siblings, and twins (including the evil variety) of established characters often emerge. Unexpected calamities disrupt weddings, childbirths, and other major life events with unusual frequency. Much like comic books—another popular form of linear storytelling pioneered in the US during the 20th Century—a character's death is not guaranteed to be permanent without an on-camera corpse, and sometimes not even then. For example, the death of Dr. Taylor Forrester on The Bold and the Beautiful seemed permanent as she had flatlined on-camera and even had a funeral. But when actress Hunter Tylo returned in 2005, the show retconned the "flatlining" with the revelation that Taylor had actually gone into a coma.

"Soap music"

In addition, the musical soundtrack used for a soap opera uses a style that instantly identifies it as belonging to soap operas. Soap operas aired during the golden age of radio usually used organs to produce most of their music (because they were cheaper than full orchestras). The organists from the radio serials moved over to television, and were heard on some serials as late as the 1970s.

Like the storylines themselves, soap opera soundtracks were overblown and melodramatic. An instantly recognizable characteristic of a soap (one that has been spoofed and imitated many times) consists of a scene where a character delivers a shocking revelation. At that moment a single, blaring organ chord resonates on the soundtrack, emphasizing this dramatic moment.

Organ music was abandoned by the serials during the 1960s and 1970s to be replaced by pre-recorded library music, mostly created by synthesizers. Other soap operas, especially British and recent Australian ones, frequently use pop music in their soundtrack; however UK soap operas, with their realist tone, rarely feature any non-diegetic music at all, and the popular music backing is depicted as being played on the radio within the scene. Australian serial Neighbours has in recent years used popular songs as a soundtrack, playing grabs of music across scene transitions. Pop music is less frequent on the US serials, as the royalties needed to be paid to artists would cost too much for the production companies in charge of making the serials.

American soap operas

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The cast of CBS' As the World Turns, on August 7 1971 cover of TV Guide.

The American soap opera The Guiding Light started as a radio drama in January 1937 and subsequently transferred to television. With the exception of several years in the late 1940s when Irna Phillips was in dispute with Procter & Gamble, The Guiding Light has been heard or seen nearly every weekday since it started, making it the longest story ever told. Other American soap operas that have been telecast for more than thirty years (and are still in rotation) include As the World Turns, General Hospital, Days of our Lives, One Life to Live, All My Children, and The Young and the Restless.

Due to the shows' longevities, it is not uncommon for multiple actors to play a single character over the span of many years. It is also not uncommon for a single actor to play several characters on other shows over the years. Actors such as Robin Mattson, Roscoe Born and Michael Sabatino have played no less than six soap roles. On the other hand, a number of actors have remained in their roles for decades. Helen Wagner, who has played Hughes family matriarch Nancy Hughes on As the World Turns, since its debut on April 2 1956, is in the Guinness Book of World Records. [1] as the actor with the longest uninterrupted performance in a single role. (Two of Wagner's ATWT cast-mates, Eileen Fulton and Don Hastings who play Lisa Miller Grimaldi and Dr. Bob Hughes, respectively, have each been in their roles nearly as long, both having joined the show in 1960.) As actors transition between soap roles, it is not uncommon nowadays to be dropped from contract status to recurring status, a part of contract negotiations which is almost completely unique to U.S. soap operas.

In the USA, the shows purely known in the vernacular as soap operas are broadcast during daytime. In the beginning, the serials were broadcast as fifteen-minute installments each weekday. In 1956, the first half-hour soap operas debuted, and all of the soap operas broadcast half-hour episodes by the end of the 1960s. When the soap opera hit a fever pitch in the 1970s, popular demand had most of the shows, one by one, expanded to an hour in length (one show, Another World, even expanded to ninety minutes for a short time). More than half of the serials (and all of the pre-'80s hour-long serials on the air today) expanded to the new time format by 1980. Today, eight out of the nine American serials air sixty-minute episodes each weekday. Only The Bold and The Beautiful airs for 30 minutes.

Also in the early days, soap operas were broadcast live, creating what many at the time regarded as a feeling similar to that of a stage play. (As nearly all soap operas were filmed at that time in New York, a number of soap actors were also accomplished stage actors, who performed live theatre during breaks from their soap roles.) In the 1960s and 1970s, shows such as General Hospital, Days of our Lives, and The Young and the Restless began taping in Los Angeles, and made the West Coast a viable alternative to New York-produced soap operas, which were becoming more costly to perform. By the early 1970s, nearly all soap operas had transitioned to being taped, with As the World Turns and Edge of Night being the last to make the switch in 1975.

Port Charles used the practice of running 13-week "story arcs", in which the main events of the arc are played out and wrapped up over the 13 weeks, although some storylines did continue over more than one arc. According to the 2006 Preview issue of Soap Opera Digest, it was briefly discussed that all ABC shows might do telenovela arcs, but this was rejected.

The Golden Age of American Television

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Joanne, the heroine of Search for Tomorrow, in the 1970s.

Many soap operas, in the beginning of television, found their niches in telling stories in certain environments. The Doctors and General Hospital, in the beginning, told stories almost exclusively from inside the confines of a hospital. As the World Turns dealt heavily with Chris Hughes's law practice and the travails of his wife Nancy who, when she tired of being "the loyal housewife" in the 1970s, became one of the first older women on the serials to become a working woman. The Guiding Light dealt with Bert Bauer (Charita Bauer) and her endless marital troubles. When her status moved to that of the caring mother and town matriarch, her children's marital troubles were then put on display. Search for Tomorrow told the story, for the most part, through the eyes of one woman only: the heroine, Joanne (Mary Stuart). Even when stories revolved around other characters, she was almost always a main fixture in their storylines. Days of our Lives first told the stories of Dr. Tom Horton and his steadfast wife Alice. In later years, the show branched out and told the stories of their five children.

In contrast to these shows was Dark Shadows (1966-1971) which featured supernatural characters and dealt with fantasy and horror storylines. Its characters included the vampire Barnabas Collins, the witch Angelique, and various ghosts and goblins, both friendly and malevolent.

American primetime soap operas

Prime time serials were just as popular as those in daytime. The first real prime time soap opera was ABC's Peyton Place (1964-1969), based in part on the original 1957 movie (which was itself taken from the 1956 novel). The popularity of Peyton Place prompted rival network CBS to spin off popular As The World Turns character Lisa Miller Grimaldi into her own evening soap opera entitled Our Private World(Originally titled "The Woman Lisa" in its planning stages) in 1965. Our Private World ended in the fall and the character of Lisa returned to As The World Turns.

The structure of the Peyton Place with its episodic plots and long-running story arcs would set the mold for the prime time serials of the 1980s when the format reached its pinnacle.

The successful prime time serials of the 1980s included Dallas, Dynasty, Knots Landing and Falcon Crest. These shows frequently dealt with wealthy families and their personal and big-business travails. Common characteristics were sumptuous sets and costumes, the presence of at least one glamorous bitch-figure in the cast of characters, and spectacular disaster cliffhanger situations. Unlike daytime serials which where shot on video in a studio using the multicamera setup, these evening series were shot on film using a single camera setup and featured much location-shot footage, often in picturesque locales. Dallas, its spin-off Knots Landing, and Falcon Crest all initially featured episodes with self-contained stories and specific guest stars who appeared in just that episode. Each story would be completely resolved by the end of the episode and there were no end-of-episode cliffhangers. After the first couple of seasons all three shows changed their story format to that of a pure soap opera with interwoven ongoing narratives that ran over several episodes. Dynasty featured this format throughout its run.

The soap opera's distinctive open plot structure and complex continuity also began to be increasingly incorporated into major American prime time television programs. The first significant drama series to do this was Hill Street Blues, produced by Steven Bochco, which featured many elements borrowed from soap operas such as an ensemble cast, multi-episode storylines and extensive character development over the course of the series. The success of this series prompted other drama series and situation comedy shows such as St. Elsewhere, The West Wing and Friends to incorporate soap opera style stories and story structure to varying degrees.

The prime time soap operas and drama series of the 1990s, such as Beverly Hills 90210, Melrose Place, ER, and Dawson's Creek, focused more on younger characters. In the 2000s, ABC began to revitalize the primetime soap opera format by premiering hit shows such as Alias, Desperate Housewives, Grey's Anatomy, Brothers & Sisters, and Ugly Betty. These shows managed to appeal to wide audiences not only because of their high melodrama but also because of the humor injected into the scripts and plot lines.

Evolution: US daytime soap operas

For several decades US daytime soap operas concentrated on family and marital upsets, legal dramas and romances. The action rarely left the interior settings within the fictional, medium-sized Midwestern towns in which the shows were set. Exterior shots, once a rarity, were slowly incorporated into the series Ryan's Hope. Unlike many earlier serials which were set in fictional towns, Ryan's Hope was set in real location, New York City, and outside shoots were used to give the series greater authenticity. The first exotic location shoot was made by All My Children, to St. Croix in 1978. Many other soap operas planned lavish storylines after seeing the success of the All My Children shoot. Another World went to St. Croix in March 1980 to culminate a long-running storyline between popular characters Mac, Rachel and Janice. Search for Tomorrow taped for two weeks in Hong Kong in 1981.

During the 1980s, perhaps as a reaction to the evening drama series that were gaining high ratings, daytime serials began to incorporate action and adventure storylines, more big-business intrigue, and featured an increased emphasis on youthful romance and began developing supercouples. One of the first and most popular supercouples was Luke and Laura in General Hospital. Luke and Laura helped to attract both male and female fans. Even Elizabeth Taylor was a fan and at her own request was given a guest role in Luke and Laura's wedding episode. Luke and Laura's popularity led to other soap producers striving to reproduce this success by attempting to create supercouples of their own. With increasingly bizarre action storylines coming into vogue Luke and Laura saved the world from being frozen, brought a mobster down by finding his black book in a Left-Handed Boy Statue, and helped a Princess find her Aztec Treasure in Mexico. Other soap operas attempted similar adventure storylines, often featuring footage shot on location - frequently in exotic locales.

During the 1990s the mob stories and the action and adventure plotlines fell out of favour with producers due to overall lower ratings for daytime soap operas and the resultant budget cuts. In the 1990s soap operas were no longer able to go on expensive location shoots to Argentina, France, Hawaii, Jamaica, Italy and Japan as they had in the 1980s. In the 1990s soap operas increasingly focused on younger characters and social issues, such as Erica Kane's drug addiction on All My Children, the re-emergence of Viki Lord's Multiple Personality Disorder on One Life to Live, and Katherine Chancellor's alcoholism on The Young and the Restless. Other social issues included Breast Cancer, AIDS, and racism.

Perhaps to fill the niche, some newer shows have incorporated supernatural and science fiction elements into their storylines. One of the main characters in US soap opera Passions is Tabitha Lenox, a 300-year-old witch. Port Charles has featured a vampire character. Frequently these characters are isolated in one of the ongoing story threads to allow a fan to ignore them if they do not like that element.

Characteristics of current American soap operas

Modern U.S. daytime soap operas largely stay true to the original soap opera format. The duration and format of storylines and the visual grammar employed by US daytime serials set them apart from soap operas in other countries and from evening soap operas. Stylistically, UK and Australian soap operas, which are usually produced for evening timeslots, fall somewhere in-between US daytime and evening soap operas. Similar to US daytime soap operas, UK and Australian serials are shot on videotape, and the cast and storylines are rotated across the week's episodes so that each cast member will appear in some but not all episodes. However, UK and Australian soap operas move through storylines at a faster rate than daytime serials, making them closer to US evening soap operas in this regard.

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Martha Byrne from As the World Turns, exhibiting the effects of back lighting on her hair.

American soap operas since the 1980s have shared many common visual elements that set them apart dramatically from other shows:

• Overhead spotlighting, or back lighting, is often placed directly over the heads of all the actors in the foreground, causing an unnatural shadowing of their features along with a highlighting of their hair. Back lighting was always a standard technique of film and television lighting, though it was mostly abandoned in the mid-to-late eighties due to its somewhat unnatural look. The technique has nevertheless persisted in soap operas.
• The rooms in a house often use deep stained wood wall panels and furniture, along with many elements of brown leather furniture. This creates an overall "brown" look which is intended to give a sumptuous and luxurious look to suggest the wealth of the characters portrayed.
• Daytime soap operas do not routinely feature location or exterior-shot footage. Often they will recreate an outdoor locale in the studio. Australian and UK daily soap operas, on the other hand, invariably feature a certain amount of exterior-shot footage in every episode. This is usually shot in the same location and often on a purpose-built set, although they do include new exterior locations for certain storylines.
• The visual quality of a soap opera is usually lower than prime time television shows due to the lower budgets and quicker production times involved. This is also due to the fact that soap operas are recorded on videotape using a multicamera setup, unlike primetime productions which are usually shot on film and frequently using the single camera shooting style. Because of the lower resolution of video images, and also because of the emotional situations portrayed in soap operas, daytime serials feature a heavy use of closeup shots.
• Soap operas often reuse the same blocking techniques. For example, if a romantically involved man and woman are talking to each other face-to-face, one character will inevitably turn 180° and face away from the other character while they both continue to have a conversation. While this would virtually never happen in real life, and is not seen outside of US daytime serials, it is an accepted soap convention.
• In US daytime soap operas, when a scene is about to reach a temporary conclusion and the episode is to transition to a new scene or take a commercial break, one character in the currently concluding scene will often be shown in extreme closeup and deliver a shocking announcement. No other character will respond and there will be no dialogue for several seconds while the music builds before cutting to a new scene. This kind of segue is referred to in the industry as a "tag." Additionally, in a construct unique to US daytime serials, the episode will frequently then return to this precise point in time after some intervening scenes, and the discussion will continue from the point where the revelation was made. Usually, however, when the discussion resumes the previously tense and dramatic mood created through music and closeup shots will have dissipated; the scene usually resumes in a relatively relaxed and sedate mode. The format of ending a scene to switch to other characters but to then return to the original scene at the precise time the viewer last left it is unique to US daytime serials.

Current American daytime network television schedule

The daytime serials in America air five days a week, Monday through Friday. Local affiliates may air the serials at other times.

All times are Eastern Time; subtract one hour for all other time zones. Unrelated programming such as news, game shows, and talk shows are in blue.

	12:30 pm	1 pm	1:30 pm	2 pm	2:30 pm	3 pm	3:30 pm
ABC	Unrelated programming (News/Talk-Game Shows)	All My Children (11 am in many CT & MT markets)		One Life To Live		General Hospital
CBS	The Young And The Restless (11 am in many CT & MT markets)		The Bold And The Beautiful	As The World Turns		Guiding Light
NBC	Unrelated programming (News/Talk-Game Shows)	Days of our Lives		Passions		Unrelated programming (News/Talk-Game Shows)

Guiding Light airs at 10 am in about 30% of the Eastern Time Zone markets, while some local CBS affiliates do not air it at all. Guiding Light airs at 9 or 10am LOCAL TIME on the following stations:

WCBS-TV - New York City WBBM-TV - Chicago, IL KYW-TV - Philadelphia, PA WBZ-TV - Boston KDKA-TV - Pittsburgh

WJZ-TV - Baltimore WWJ-TV - Detroit WFOR-TV - Miami WKMG-TV - Orlando, Florida WRGB-TV - Albany, New York

WYOU-TV - Scranton, Pennsylvania/Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania WANE-TV - Fort Wayne, Indiana WSBT-TV - South Bend, Indiana WGME-TV - Portland, Maine WNEM-TV - Flint, Michigan (on that station's MyNetworkTV digital subchannel)

Since 2004, these stations have carried the show on a same-day basis as the rest of the network; previously, each episode aired a day behind the rest of the country. The exceptions are WANE, which began same-day airings on April 3 2006, and WNEM's digital subchannel MY5, which began same-day airings in September 2006. Guiding Light is also on a same-day basis on WBZ Boston, WKMG Orlando, WGME Portland, Maine and WSBT South Bend, Indiana, which air the show at 9:00 am ET, effective September 18 2006. It is not carried on KOVR Sacramento (which is now CBS owned). WTOC in Savannah, Georgia airs Guiding Light at 4 pm (airing Montel at 3 pm).

In some markets, Days of our Lives and Passions air on NBC affiliates with a one-hour difference either earlier or later (this stemmed from a 1990s agreement that many affiliates switch the timeslots of Days of our Lives and Another World, which previously occupied the slot Passions now holds). NBC prefers affiliates to air Days of our Lives at 1 pm and Passions at 2 pm regardless of time zone. Some affiliates, however, such as WFLA, WPMI and WSAV, air the shows out of sequence. WVTM in Birmingham, Alabama, has aired Days at 12:30 p.m. with no tape delays since 1975, this being allowed since it receives high ratings in this market. WTVM, formerly owned by NBC outright, is now owned by Media General.

The Young And The Restless airs at 12:30 pm ET/11:30 CT. But in the Pacific, Mountain and Central Time Zones, a majority of CBS affiliates air Y&R at 11 a.m. followed by midday newscasts that air at 12 pm. So far, CBS-owned stations KCBS-TV Los Angeles, WBBM-TV Chicago and KTVT Dallas/Fort Worth follow the recommended time slot and air it at 11:30 a.m. following midday newscasts that air at 11 a.m. in Los Angeles and Chicago, and Jeopardy!, which airs at 11 am in Dallas/Fort Worth. WRAL in Raleigh, North Carolina, WLKY in Louisville, Kentucky, KMOV in St. Louis, Missouri, and WAFB in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, air Y&R at 4 pm in order to successfully compete with The Oprah Winfrey Show. WKYT in Lexington, Kentucky has success airing Y&R at 9 am on a one-day delay.

The CBS Daytime lineup has other variations with The Bold and the Beautiful and As the World Turns. Some affiliates such as WINK in Fort Myers, Florida and KFMB in San Diego have moved B&B to the morning (on a one-day delay) due to hour long newscasts at noon. KOTV in Oklahoma City dropped B&B in the 1990s in order to expand their noon newscast to a full hour. CBS allowed them to air the show at 1:05 am to give fans of the show an opportunity to record it, but as of September 18, 2006, B&B will air at 12:30 pm on The CW affiliate KQCW. Some Mountain Time Zone CBS affiliates such as KUTV in Salt Lake City, KKTV in Colorado Springs, and KTVQ in Billings, Montana air As The World Turns at 11 am (1 pm EST) on a one-day delay. KRQE in Albuquerque, New Mexico airs the show at 10:00 am.

WTVF Nashville, Tennessee began airing The Bold And The Beautiful and As the World Turns at 12:30 and 1 pm Central, respectively, on September 18 2006. The two programs had aired at 1:30 pm and 3 pm Central, respectively, due to a conflict with the station's hour-long midday show Talk of the Town from 12:30-1:30 pm. That show now airs for 30 minutes at 11 am, before Y&R at 11:30 am. Rachael Ray's talk show now airs at 3 pm.

Some ABC affiliates in the Central Time Zone air All My Children on a day-behind basis at 11 AM, instead of the recommended time of 12 Noon; these stations have local newscasts at that time. These stations include WFAA Dallas/Fort Worth, KSAT San Antonio, and KOCO Oklahoma City.

General Hospital airs on ABC affiliate WTVM in Columbus, Georgia on a one-hour delay at 4PM Eastern, following Montel Williams.

Current American Writing, Producing, and Directing Team

Serial	Head Writer(s)	Associate/Breakdown/Script Writers	Producers	Directors
The Young And The Restless	Lynn Marie Latham (HW), Scott Hamner (Co-HW)	Cherie Bennett, Jeff Gottesfeld, Rick Draughon, James Stanley, Sandra Weintraub, Linda Schreiber, Joshua S. McCaffrey, Sara A. Bibel, Janice Ferri Esser, Josh Griffith, Lynsey DuFour, Natalie Minardi Slater, Eric Freiwald, Sally Sussman Morina, Paula Cwikly, Scott Hamner, Bernard Lechowick, Kola Boof	Lynn Marie Latham (Executive Producer), Josh Griffith (Co-EP), John Fisher, Josh O'Connell, Matthew J. Olsen, Edward J. Scott	Mike Denney, Noel Maxam, Sally McDonald, Andrew Lee, Dean LaMont
General Hospital	Robert Guza Jr.	John F. Smith, Michele Val Jean, Mary Sue Price, Tracey Thomson, Michael Conforti, Garin Wolf, David Goldschmid, Karen Harris, Susan Wald, Elizabeth Korte	Jill Farren Phelps (Executive Producer), Mary O’Leary, Mercer Barrows, Michelle Henry, Deborah Genovese, Robert Guza Jr.	Matthew Diamond, Craig McNamus, William Ludel, Scott McKinsey, Owen Renfroe, Anthony Morina
One Life To Live	Dena Higley	Kay Alden, Leslie Nipkow, Lisa Seidman, Aida Croal, Shelly Altman, Ron Carlivati, Janet Iacobuzio, Mark Christopher, Carolyn Culliton, Daniel Griffin, Michelle Poteet Lisanti, Frances Myers, Ginger Redmon, Chris Van Etten, John Loprieno, James Harmon Brown, Barbara Esensten	Frank Valentini (Executive Producer), Suzanne Flynn, John Tumino, Shelley Honigbaum, Jacqueline Van Belle	Jill Ackles, Larry Carpenter, Danielle Faraldo, Bruce S. Cooperman, Richard Manfredi, Jill Mitwell, Gary Donatelli
The Bold And The Beautiful	Bradley Bell	John Chambers, Patrick Mulcahey, Jerry Birn, Jim Houghton, Tracey Ann Kelly, Rex M. Best, Chris Abbott, Michael Minnis, Elizabeth Snyder, Lee Phillip Bell	Bradley Bell (Executive Producer), Ron Weaver, Rhonda Friedman, Cynthia J. Popp, Adam Dusevoir	Deveney Kelly, Cynthia J. Popp, David Shaughnessy, Jennifer Howard, Michael Stich
As The World Turns	Jean Passanante (HW), Christopher Whitesell & Leah Laiman (Co-HWs)	Susan Dansby, Judith Donato, Elizabeth Page, Courtney Simon, Judy Tate, Lisa Connor, Anna Cascio, Richard Culliton, David A. Levinson, Mimi Leahey	Christopher Goutman (Executive Producer), Carole Shure, Jennifer Schacor, Jennifer Maloney, Vivian Gundaker	Michael Eilbaum, John O'Connell, Jennifer Pepperman, Maria Wagner, Habib Azar, Sonia Blangiardo, Christopher Goutman
Days of our Lives	Hogan Sheffer (HW), Meg Kelly (Co-HW)	Beth Milstein, Frederick Johnson, Gordon Rayfield, Bettina Bradbury, Tom Casiello, Jodie Scholz, Barbara Esensten, James Harmon Brown	Ken Corday (Lifetime Executive Producer), Stephen Wyman (Co-EP), Janet Spellman-Rider, Sheryl Herman, Roy B. Steinberg, Tom Walker	Roy B. Steinberg, Roger W. Inman, Albert Alarr, Phil Sogard, Herb Stein, Jim Baffico
All My Children	Megan McTavish	Chip Hayes, Stephen Demorest, Marla Kanelos, Michelle Patrick, Amanda L. Beall, Jeff Beldner, Karen Lewis, Addie Walsh, Courtney Bugler, Joanna Cohen, Mimi Leahey, Rebecca Taylor	Julie Hanan Carruthers (Executive Producer), Ginger Smith, Karen Johnson, Nadine Aronson, Barry Gingold, Joann Busiglio, Enza Dolce	Casey Childs, Steven Williford, Conal O'Brien, Angela Tessinari, Barbara M. Simmons, Michael V. Pomarico
Guiding Light	David Kreizman (HW), Donna M. Swajeski (Co-HW)	Christopher Dunn, Lloyd Gold, Kimberly Hamilton, Jill Lorie Hurst, Penelope Koechl, Royal Miller, David Smilow, Brett Staneart, Tita Bell, Rebecca Hanover, David Rupel	Ellen Wheeler (Executive Producer), Alexandra Johnson, Janet Morrison, Jennifer Weeks, Maria Macina, Jan Conklin, Dana Halber, David Brandon	Robert Scinto, Adam Reist, Brian Mertes, Jo Annne Sedwick, Matthew Hagle, Tracey Bryggman, Ellen Wheeler
Passions	James E. Reilly	N. Gail Lawrence, Mel Brez, Marlene Clark Poulter, Darrell Ray Thomas, Jr., Ethel Brez, Peggy Schibi, Clem Egan, Pete T. Rich, Maralyn Thoma, Nancy Williams Watt	Lisa de Cazotte (Executive Producer), James E. Reilly, Richard Schilling, Mary-Kelly Weir, Jeanne Haney, Denise L. Mark, Tim Stevens	Gary Tomlin, Phideaux Xavier, Karen Wilkins

Soap operas in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, soap operas are one of the most popular genres, most being broadcast during prime time. Most UK soap operas focus on working-class communities. The two most popular soaps are EastEnders and Coronation Street, or "Corrie".

These two are consistently the highest rated shows on British television, and are known as the "flagship" soaps, as they are the main programmes for the BBC and ITV, so much so that poor ratings for the soaps usually brings along with it questions about the channel associated with it. The two soaps are so popular they are never scheduled against each other except in extreme circumstances, and this always attracts media attention as to which soap will win if the flagships go head-to-head.

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Coronation Street has been a popular soap opera in the United Kingdom since the show was first aired in 1960. The series still runs, albeit with several cast changes over the years.

Soap operas began on radio and consequently were associated with the BBC. The BBC continues to broadcast the world's longest-running radio soap, The Archers, on Radio 4. It has been running since 1951 nationally. It continues to attract over five million listeners, or roughly 25% of the radio listening population of the UK at that time of the evening.

In the 1960s Coronation Street revolutionised UK television and quickly became a British institution. Other soap operas of the 1960s included Emergency Ward 10 (ITV), and on the BBC Compact (about the staff of a women's magazine) and The Newcomers (about the upheaval caused by a large firm setting up a plant in a small town). However none of these came close to making the same impact as Coronation Street.

During the 1960s Corrie's main rival was Crossroads, a daily serial that began in 1964 and was broadcast by ITV at teatime. Crossroads was set in a Birmingham motel and while the series was popular, its purported low technical standard and bad acting was much mocked. By the 1980s its ratings had begun to decline and several attempts to revamp the series through cast changes and later, expanding the focus from the motel to the surrounding community, were unsuccessful, and Crossroads was cancelled in 1988.

A later rival to Corrie was ITV's Emmerdale Farm (later renamed Emmerdale) which began in 1972 in a daytime slot and had a rural Yorkshire setting. Increased viewing figures saw Emmerdale being moved to a prime-time slot in the 1980s. When Channel 4 began in 1982 it launched its own soap, the Liverpool based Brookside, which over the next decade re-defined the UK television soap. In 1985, the BBC's London based soap opera EastEnders debuted and was a near instant success with viewers and critics alike. Critics talked about the downfall of Coronation Street, but this was put to rest in 1994 when the two serials were scheduled opposite each other, with Corrie winning handily. For the better part of ten years, the show has shared the number one position with Coronation Street, with varying degrees of difference between the two. Currently, Coronation Street is the most popular soap of the two but Eastenders is making a strong recovery from a poor 2005.

Daytime soap operas were unknown until the 1970s because there was virtually no daytime television in the UK. ITV introduced General Hospital, which later transferred to a prime time slot, and Scottish Television had Take the High Road, which lasted for over twenty years. Later, daytime slots were filled with an influx of old Australian soap operas such as The Young Doctors, The Sullivans, Sons and Daughters and eventually, Neighbours and Home and Away. These achieved significant levels of popularity. Neighbours and Home and Away were moved to early-evening slots and the UK soap opera boom began in the late 1980s. Later, 1992 saw the BBC launch Eldorado to alternate with EastEnders but it only lasted a year; however, this failure did not stop the ever-increasing prominence that soap operas would have in UK schedules.

In 1995 Channel 4 introduced Hollyoaks, a soap with a youth focus. Brookside ended in November 2003, leaving Hollyoaks as the channel's flagship serial. When Channel Five began in March 1997 it came with its own soap opera, Family Affairs, which debuted as a five-days-a-week soap. In 2001 a new version of Crossroads was produced by Carlton Television for ITV, featuring a mostly new cast, but it did not achieve satisfactory ratings and was cancelled in 2003. In 2001 ITV also launched a new early-evening serial entitled Night and Day, however this series too attracted low viewing figures and after being shifted to a late night time slot was cancelled in 2003. Family Affairs, which was broadcast opposite the racier Hollyoaks, never achieved significantly high viewing figures leading to several dramatic revamps of the cast and marked changes in style and even location over its run. This eventually saw the show gain a larger fan base and by 2004 the series won its first awards, however Family Affairs was nevertheless cancelled in late 2005.

UK soap operas for many years usually only aired two nights a week. The exception was the original Crossroads, which began as a five days a week soap opera in the 1960s, but was later reduced. In 1989, things started to change when Coronation Street began airing three times a week (later expanding further to four in 1996), a trend which was soon followed by rival EastEnders in 1994 and Emmerdale in 1997. Family Affairs debuted as a five-days-a-week soap in 1997 and regularly ran five episodes a week its entire run.

Today Coronation Street (which began screening two episodes on Monday nights in 2002) and Hollyoaks both produce five episodes a week, while EastEnders screens four. In 2004 Emmerdale began screening six episodes a week leading to the concern that soap operas in the UK were at saturation level. Neighbours has five episodes a week, being shown once at 1:40 and again at 5:35 on BBC One.

Today's UK soap operas are mainly shot on videotape in the studio using a multicamera setup. However UK soap operas feature a proportion of outdoors shot footage in each episode - usually shot on a purpose-built outdoor set that represents the community the soap focuses on.

Soap operas in Australia

Title card from a 1975 episode of Number 96

Australia has had quite a number of well known soap operas, some of which have gained cult followings in the UK and other countries. The majority of Australian soap operas are produced for early evening or evening timeslots. They usually produce two or two-and-a-half hours of new material each week, either arranged as four or five half-hour episodes a week, or two one-hour episodes. Stylistically they most closely resemble UK soap operas in that they are nearly always shot on videotape, mainly in the studio using a multicamera setup, with some location-shot footage in each episode. Most Australian soap operas focus on a mixed age range of middle-class characters.

The first Australian soap opera was Autumn Affair (1958). Each episode of this serial was fifteen mintues and it screened each weekday on the Seven Network. The series failed to secure a sponsor and ended in 1959 after a run of 156 episodes. This was followed by The Story of Peter Grey (1961). Again this was a Seven Network series screened weekdays in a daytime slot, with each episode fifteen minutes in duration. The Story of Peter Grey had a run of 164 episodes.

The first successful wave of Australian evening soap operas started in 1967 with Bellbird produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. This rural-based serial screened in an early evening slot in fifteen minute installments and was a moderate success but built-up a consistent and loyal viewer base, especially in rural areas, and enjoyed a ten-year run. Motel (1968) was Australia's first half-hour soap opera. Screened in a daytime slot the series had a short run of 132 episodes.

The first big soap opera hit in Australia was the sex-melodrama Number 96 which began in March 1972, screening on Network Ten in a nighttime slot. Number 96 brought such rarely explored topics as homosexuality, adultery, drug use, rape-within-marriage and racism into Australian living rooms en masse. The series became famous for its sex scenes and nudity and for its comedy characters, many of whom became cult heroes in Australia. By 1973 Number 96 had become Australia's highest-rating show. In 1974 the sexed-up antics of Number 96 prompted the creation of The Box, which rivaled it in terms of nudity and sexual situations and screened in a nighttime slot. Produced by Crawford Productions, many critics considered The Box to be a more slickly produced and better written show than Number 96, and in its first year it was extremely popular. Meanwhile in 1974 the Reg Grundy Organisation created its first soap opera, and significantly Australia's first teen soap opera, Class of '74. Its attempts to hint at the sex and sin shown more openly on Number 96 and The Box along with its high school setting and early evening time slot meant it came under intense scrutiny of the Broadcasting Control Board who vetted scripts and altered whole storylines. By 1975 both Number 96 and The Box, perhaps as a reaction to declining ratings for both shows, de-emphasised the sex and nudity moving more in the direction of comedy. Class of '74 was renamed Class of '75 for its second year but ratings dwindled and this year would also be its last.

A feature film version of Bellbird entitled Country Town was produced in 1971 not by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation but by two of the show's stars, Gary Gray and Terry McDermott. Number 96 and The Box also had feature film versions, both of which had the same title as the series, released in 1974 and 1975 respectively. As Australian television was in black and white until 1975 these theatrical releases all had the novelty of being in colour. The film versions of Number 96 and The Box also allowed more explicit nudity than could be shown on television at that time.

Launched on the Nine Network in late 1976 was The Sullivans, a series chronicling the affects of World War II on a Melbourne family. Produced by Crawford's this show was a ratings success and attracted many positive reviews. At around the same time Grundy's created a new teen-oriented soap, The Young Doctors, which also screened on Channel Nine starting late 1976. This show eschewed the sex and sin of Number 96 and The Box instead emphasising light-weight storylines and romance. It was also popular but unlike The Sullivans it was not a success with critics. Meanwhile in 1977 Number 96 would re-introduce nudity, with several much-publicised full-frontal nude scenes featured in an attempt to boost the show's plummeting ratings.

Bellbird, Number 96 and The Box were all cancelled in 1977; all had been experiencing declining ratings since 1975 and various attempts to revamp the shows with cast reshuffles or spectacular disaster storylines had proved only temporarily successful. Late that year they were replaced by such successful new shows as the Crawfords Produced Cop Shop (1977-1984) on Channel Seven, which was a meld of soap opera and police drama, and The Restless Years (1977-1981) on Channel Ten, which was another teen soap produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation. The Reg Grundy Organisation subsequently reached even higher levels of success with women's-prison drama Prisoner (1979-1986) on Network Ten, and melodramatic family saga Sons and Daughters (1981-1987) on the Seven Network. Both shows achieved high ratings in their first run, and unusually, found success in repeats after their original runs ended.

File:NeighboursLogo.jpg

Neighbours is currently Australia's longest-running soap opera.

The Young Doctors and The Sullivans ran on Nine until 1982. Thereafter Channel Nine attempted many new soap operas, several produced by The Reg Grundy Organisation including Taurus Rising, Waterloo Station, Starting Out and Possession, along with Prime Time produced by Crawford's, but none were successful and most were cancelled after only a few months. The Reg Grundy Organisation also created Neighbours, a suburban-based daily serial devised as a sedate family drama with some comedy and lightweight situations, for the Seven Network in 1985.

Produced in Melbourne at the studios of HSV-7, Neighbours rated well in Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, but not in Sydney. Sydney was the only city where it was shown in the earlier 5.30 p.m. timeslot which put it up against hit dating game show Perfect Match on Channel 10, and Seven's Sydney station ATN-7 quickly lost interest in the show. HSV-7 in Melbourne lobbied heavily to keep Neighbours going but ATN-7 managed to convince the rest of the network to cancel the show and instead keep ATN-7's own Sydney-based dramas A Country Practice and Sons and Daughters. After the network cancelled Neighbours it was immediately picked-up by Channel Ten. They revamped the cast and scripts slightly and from 20 January 1986 aired the series in the 7.00 p.m. slot. It initially attracted low viewing figures however after a concerted publicity drive Ten managed to transform the series into a major success, turning several of its actors into major international stars. The show's popularity eventually declined and it was moved to the 6.30 p.m. slot in 1992, yet the series retains consistent viewing figures in Australia and is still running today, making it Australia's longest-running soap opera.

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Home & Away title card

The success of Neighbours prompted the creation of somewhat similar suburban and family or teen-oriented soap operas such as Home and Away (1988-) on Channel Seven and Richmond Hill (1988) on Channel Ten. Both proved popular, however Richmond Hill emerged as only a moderate success and was cancelled after one year to be replaced on Ten by E Street (1989-1993).

Meanwhile Nine had still failed to find a successful new soap opera. After the failure of family drama Family and Friends in 1990 they launched the raunchier and more extreme Chances in 1991, a series that would resurrect the sex and melodrama of Number 96 and The Box in an attempt to improve the show's chances of ratings success. However, it too achieved only moderate ratings, although the increasingly bizarre storylines were much-discussed and the series continued into 1992 albeit in a late-night timeslot.

Several Australian soap operas have also found significant international success. In the UK starting in the mid 1980s daytime screenings of The Young Doctors, The Sullivans, Sons and Daughters and Neighbours achieved significant success. Neighbours was subsequently moved to an early-evening slot. Grundy's Prisoner began screening in the United States in 1979 and achieved high ratings in many regions there, however only the first three years of the series would be screened in that country. Prisoner was also screened in late-night timeslots in the UK beginning in the late 1980s, achieving enduring cult success there. The show became so popular in the UK that it prompted the creation of two stage plays and a stage musical based on the show, all of which toured the UK, among many other spin-offs. In the late 1990s Channel Five repeated Prisoner in the UK. Between 1998 and 2005 Five ran late-night repeats of Sons and Daughters. During the 1980s the Australian attempts to emulate big-budget US soap operas such as Dallas and Dynasty had resulted in Taurus Rising and Return to Eden, two slick soap opera dramas with big budgets and shot entirely on film. Though their middling Australian ratings ensured they ran only a single season both programs were successfully sold internationally.

Other shows to achieve varying levels of international success include Richmond Hill, E Street, Paradise Beach (1993-1994), and Pacific Drive (1995-1997). Indeed these last two series were designed specifically for international sales. Channel Seven's Home and Away, a teen soap developed as a rival to Neighbours, has also achieved significant and enduring success on UK television.

File:HeadLand.jpg

Title card of headLand.

Attempts to replicate the success of daily teen-oriented serials Neighbours and Home and Away saw the creation of Echo Point (1995) and Breakers (1999) on Network Ten, and more recently the Australian Broadcasting Corporation produced the rural-based Something in the Air (2000-2002). None of these programs emerged as long-running successes and Neighbours and Home and Away remained the most visible and consistently successful Australian soap operas in production. In their home country they both attract respectable although not spectacular ratings. By 2004 Neighbours was regularly attracting just under a million viewers per episode, low for Australian prime time television. However, Neighbours and Home and Away both continue to achieve significant ratings in the UK. This and other lucrative overseas markets, along with Australian broadcasting laws that enforce a minimum amount of local drama production for commercial television networks, help ensure that both programs remain in production. Both shows get higher total ratings in the UK than in Australia (the UK has three times Australia's population) and the UK networks make a major contribution to the production costs.

Neighbours, which is celebrated its 20th Anniversary in 2005, was aired on the U.S. channel Oxygen in March 2004, however it attracted few viewers, perhaps in part because it was scheduled opposite well-established and highly-popular US soap operas such as All My Children and The Young and The Restless, and due to low ratings it was cancelled shortly afterwards.

New Australian serial headLand premiered on Channel Seven in November 2005. This new series rose from the ashes of a proposed Home and Away spinoff that was to have been produced in conjunction with the UK's Channel Five, which screens Home and Away. The spin-off idea was cancelled after Channel Five pulled out of the deal, which meant that the show could potentially screen on a rival UK channel, so Five requested that the new show developed as a stand-alone series and not feed off a series they own a stake in. The series premiered in Australia on 15 November 2005 but was not a ratings success and was cancelled 23 January 2006. The series broadcast on E4 and Channel 4 in the UK.

Soap opera parodies

• A few soap opera spoofs have been made. Two of the most famous U.S. spoofs were Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman and Soap. Australia also produced a spoof of glamorous beach-side soap operas in the form of Shark Bay, which featured many former Australian soap stars from Sons and Daughters, Prisoner, Home and Away and Neighbours.
• Within the story of Australian soap opera Prisoner two characters in the 1985 season became addicted to daytime serial Days of the Week and would eagerly discuss plot twists within the fictional show.
• On British television, comedian Victoria Wood had a long-running spoof soap entitled Acorn Antiques on her sketch show (loosely based on ITV's Crossroads).
• In the United States, Carol Burnett frequently ran a soap opera spoof on her show, called As the Stomach Turns, modeled in name after As the World Turns. Dramatic coincidences and missed cues (parodying a time in which soap operas were broadcast live) were seen frequently, as well as the melodramatic welling of organ music, which was a staple on American serials until the 1970s.
• David Lynch's TV series Twin Peaks featured a soap opera called Invitation to Love, of which clips were shown occasionally.
• A frequent staple of The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson was a soap opera spoof involving unsuspecting members of the studio audience called The Edge of Wetness, the title of which is a takeoff on The Edge of Night.
• Futurama frequently features scenes from an almost all-robot soap, called All My Circuits. The robot Calculon is the show's star.
• The U.S. comedy team of Bob and Ray produced regular spoofs of many different radio programs, and later of several television programs, all presented on their long-running (1946-1987) radio programs. The best-known, which included a new episode with a cliffhanger ending daily, was Mary Backstayge, Noble Wife, a play on the radio soap Mary Noble, Backstage Wife.
• In the episode of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends entitled "Berry Scary", the plot twists in the episode resemble those in a spoof of The Young and the Restless entitled The Loved and the Loveless.
• Australian sketch comedy series Fast Forward featured the recurring Dumb Street skit, which parodied soap operas in general, but in particular the then current shows Neighbours, Home and Away, E Street and A Country Practice. Fast Forward also featured Rampant Stupidity a recurring skit which spoofed melodramatic series in the Dallas and Dynasty mold.
• "Moody's Point", a soap spoof appearing on several episodes of The Amanda Show.
• U-Pick Live's "As The World Picks" segments.
• Queer as Folk's show-within-a-show Gay as Blazes which humorously parodies Queer as Folk itself.
• The Muppet Show parodied medical serials such as General Hospital and The Doctors in the skit Veterinarians' Hospital.
• SCTV featured the soap opera parody Days of the Week (an obvious reference to Days of our Lives). The intricate storyline, which ran as a recurring segment on the sketch show, featured such soap opera clichés as amnesia, terminal illness, the return of long-lost relatives, disastrous weddings, and court-room trials.
• Sitcom Moesha featured an episode that parodied The Young and the Restless. Entitled The Mo' and the Restless, this episode spoofed Y&R even to its opening.
• On the sitcom The Parkers' one episode consisted of a Dallas/Dynasty parody.
• "Palm Beach", a skit on Saturday Night Live which lampooned the 2000 US Presidential election, featured an opening titles sequence that parodied that of The Young and the Restless.
• Sunset Beach featured a parody within itself. During one of the Thanksgiving episodes, the soap did a nod to VH1's Pop-Up Video by conveniently pointing out to viewers that a turkey baster used to baste a turkey wasn't the same one used in a storyline where one of the characters was impregnated by a turkey baster.
• The musical comedian and parodist Spike Jones recorded the spoof track "None But The Lonely Heart (A Soaperetta)" in the 1940s.
• In the That '70s Show episode entitled "Vanstock", an out-of-work Red becomes addicted to soap operas and has a dream in which he and his wife play roles on a soap called Point Place. The soap parody pokes fun at stereotypically "cheap" production (boom microphones peeking into the camera shot), "cheesy" soap dialogue and crying, and organ music.

Red: Oh, Kitty. What have I become?

Kitty: I don't know! You're not the man I married! And I'm not Kitty!

• In the Red Dwarf episode "Kryten", Kryten watches a soap named Androids, a parody of Neighbours.
• The 1990s sitcom Martin featured references to Pam and Gina's favorite soap opera, "All My Young'ns", whose title is spoofed from All My Children.
• In the music video for the Queen song I Want To Break Free the band are dressed in a manner inspired by the dress and aesthetic of Coronation Street.
• In the television show The Simpsons there is a recurring soap opera called Search For the Sun, including such satirical situations as a man entering a room dressed as a reverend, followed by a naked blonde woman, who was in the middle of love making, saying "Father McGraff, I thought you were dead!" while trying to cover her naked body, to which he replies "I was."
• The radio show The Cumberland Sausage Show, on the British commercial station CFM Radio, parodies British soap operas with 'Thongsbury', their very own soap named after a fictional Cumbrian town.
• On Blue Collar TV, an episode featured a segment of "White Trash Days of our Lives".
• In 1958, the American composer Douglas Moore wrote the soap opera parody "Gallantry" which centered around love between an anesthetist and a patient. In keeping with the style of the early soaps, the opera is introduced as being sponsored by "Lochinvar soap" and "Billy Boy wax".
• madTV parodied Korean soap operas with their sketch "Attitudes and Feelings, Both Desirable and Sometimes Secretive", starring Bobby Lee.
• In an episode of South Park in which Eric Cartman tries to find out who his father is, the episode ends with melodramatic narration ("Who is Eric Cartman's father?"), close-ups of each character and organ music, before the narrator says "the answer on a new episode of South Park in four weeks", to which Eric replies "son of a bitch".
• In the series Friends, in a recurring storyline, Joey gets a role in Days of our Lives as Dr Drake Ramoray. Spoof scenes from the soap featuring Joey in this role are shown in a number of Friends episodes.

See also

• Category:Soap operas (includes articles on individual series)
• Daytime Emmy Award
• Drama
• History of radio
• List of soap operas
• Literature
• "Love in the Afternoon"
• Mobile soap opera
• Radio theater
• Serial
• Soap Opera Digest
• Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome
• Supercouple
• Telenovela
• Téléroman
• Theater
• Docusoap

External links

• Wubs Net-General Hospital News, Gossip and Information
• Museum of Broadcast Communications' Soap Opera article
• Soap On The Range — World's First Animated Soap Opera
• The Aussie Soap Archive — Guide to Classic Australian Soap Operas
• The Soap Show— Weekly webcast of interviews with actors from British and Australian soaps
• The World of Soap Themes— An archive of US and international soap opera history.
• Soapdom.com Where Soap Operas Rule— Portal site for all nine US soaps, includes histories, actor/character bios, previews, recaps, interviews, photos, message boards, chat, blogs.
• Soaps.com— daily updates, cast member profiles, spoilers, and more covering the top twelve most popular soap operas
• The Soapspoof pages— computer-generated random summaries of imaginary soap operas.