Gherla: Difference between revisions
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
Additional reference, light clean-up |
||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
A clay tablet containing a fragmentary [[Old Persian cuneiform]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] king [[Darius I]] was found at Gherla in 1937. It may be connected to Darius I's epigraphic activities in relation to [[European Scythian campaign of Darius I|his Scythian campaign]] of 513 BC as reported by [[Herodotus]].{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} |
A clay tablet containing a fragmentary [[Old Persian cuneiform]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] king [[Darius I]] was found at Gherla in 1937. It may be connected to Darius I's epigraphic activities in relation to [[European Scythian campaign of Darius I|his Scythian campaign]] of 513 BC as reported by [[Herodotus]].{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} |
||
The locality was first recorded in 1291 as a village named ''Gherlahida,'' (probably derived from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word ''grle'', meaning "[[Ford (river)|ford]]"). The second name was Armenian |
The locality was first recorded in 1291 as a village named ''Gherlahida,'' (probably derived from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word ''grle'', meaning "[[Ford (river)|ford]]"). The second name was Armenian ({{Lang-hy|Հայաքաղաք|translit=Hayakaghak|label=none}}) meaning "Armenian city"; it took the [[Medieval Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] official name ''Armenopolis'', as well as the German alternative name ''Armenierstadt''. Later, the name ''Szamosújvár'' was used in official [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] records, meaning "the new town on the [[Someș]]". |
||
The modern city was built in the early 18th century by [[Armenians]], successors of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia#Dispersion of the Armenian population of Cilicia|Cilician Armenian]] [[Armenian diaspora|diaspora]], who had originally settled in [[Crimea]] and [[Moldavia]], and moved to Transylvania sometime after 1650. After a two years' campaign by the [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian-Catholic]] Bishop [[Oxendius Vărzărescu]], they converted from the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] to the [[Armenian Catholic Church]].{{ |
The modern city was built in the early 18th century by [[Armenians]], successors of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia#Dispersion of the Armenian population of Cilicia|Cilician Armenian]] [[Armenian diaspora|diaspora]], who had originally settled in [[Crimea]] and [[Moldavia]], and moved to Transylvania sometime after 1650. After a two years' campaign by the [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian-Catholic]] Bishop [[Oxendius Vărzărescu]], they converted from the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] to the [[Armenian Catholic Church]]; an Armenian Catholic cathedral in Gherla was consecrated in 1748.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=David Marshall |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Armenians/oTlJEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Armenians: A People in Exile |date=2021-12-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-51469-8 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> |
||
Gherla is the seat of the [[Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania]], as well as that of a [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Greek-Catholic]] [[diocese]] – the [[Cluj-Gherla Diocese]] ([[suffragan]] to the [[Romanian Greek Catholic Major Archdiocese of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia|Greek-Catholic Archbishop of Alba Iulia and Făgăraș-Blaj]], who resided in [[Blaj]]). In the center of the city lie the Saint [[Gregory the Illuminator]] and the Holy Trinity Armenian Cathedral. The main Armenian-Catholic church was built in 1792. The Greek Catholic diocese was created by the [[Papal Bull]] ''[[Ad Apostolicam Sedem]]'' of November 26, 1853, and the first bishop was [[Ioan Alexi]]. |
Gherla is the seat of the [[Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania]], as well as that of a [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Greek-Catholic]] [[diocese]] – the [[Cluj-Gherla Diocese]] ([[suffragan]] to the [[Romanian Greek Catholic Major Archdiocese of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia|Greek-Catholic Archbishop of Alba Iulia and Făgăraș-Blaj]], who resided in [[Blaj]]). In the center of the city lie the Saint [[Gregory the Illuminator]] and the Holy Trinity Armenian Cathedral. The main Armenian-Catholic church was built in 1792. The Greek Catholic diocese was created by the [[Papal Bull]] ''[[Ad Apostolicam Sedem]]'' of November 26, 1853, and the first bishop was [[Ioan Alexi]]. |
||
A [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] fortress was built here and converted to a prison in 1785. During the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist regime]], the prison was used for political detainees |
A [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] fortress was built here and converted to a [[Gherla Prison|prison]] in 1785. During the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist regime]], the prison was used for political detainees. Today it is a Romanian high-security prison. |
||
During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Years of Revolution of 1848 and 1849]], Gherla was the stage for numerous battles between the warring parties, changing hands several times. The Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] and his Romanian Regiment liberated the city three times from Hungarian revolutionary forces, winning the Battle of Szamosújvár on 13 November 1848, a landmark of the stormy period. Starting in 1867, Gherla was no more part of the Principality of Transilvania and was annexed until 1918, to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] ''[[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|comitatus]]'' of [[Szolnok-Doboka]]. |
During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Years of Revolution of 1848 and 1849]], Gherla was the stage for numerous battles between the warring parties, changing hands several times. The Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] and his Romanian Regiment liberated the city three times from Hungarian revolutionary forces, winning the Battle of Szamosújvár on 13 November 1848, a landmark of the stormy period. Starting in 1867, Gherla was no more part of the Principality of Transilvania and was annexed until 1918, to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] ''[[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|comitatus]]'' of [[Szolnok-Doboka]]. |
||
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Gherla has a population of 19,873, a decrease of 5.3% from the previous census.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populația rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> At the [[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]], there were 20,982 people living within the city; of those, 15,952 (76.0%) were [[Romanians]], 3,435 (16.4%) [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]], 735 (3.5%) [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]], and 61 (0.3%) others, including 16 [[Germans of Romania|Germans]] (more specifically [[Transylvanian Saxons]]).<ref>[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune], 2011 census results, [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Institutul Național de Statistică]], accessed 17 February 2020.</ref> |
According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Gherla has a population of 19,873, a decrease of 5.3% from the previous census.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populația rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> At the [[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]], there were 20,982 people living within the city; of those, 15,952 (76.0%) were [[Romanians]], 3,435 (16.4%) [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]], 735 (3.5%) [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]], and 61 (0.3%) others, including 16 [[Germans of Romania|Germans]] (more specifically [[Transylvanian Saxons]]).<ref>[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune], 2011 census results, [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Institutul Național de Statistică]], accessed 17 February 2020.</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
== Natives == |
== Natives == |
||
| Line 79: | Line 77: | ||
* [[Gergely Pongrátz]] (1932–2005), veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 |
* [[Gergely Pongrátz]] (1932–2005), veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 |
||
* [[Silviu Prigoană]] (born 1963), businessman and politician |
* [[Silviu Prigoană]] (born 1963), businessman and politician |
||
== See also == |
|||
* [[Gherla Synagogue]] |
|||
* [[Gherla Prison]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
== |
=== Bibliography === |
||
* {{cite book | last = Kuhrt | first = A. | title = The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1136016943 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Kuhrt | first = A. | title = The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1136016943 }} |
||
* {{cite book | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | title = Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran | publisher = [[C.H. Beck]] | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-3406093975 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye }} |
* {{cite book | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | title = Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran | publisher = [[C.H. Beck]] | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-3406093975 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye }} |
||
Revision as of 11:20, 6 July 2024
Gherla | |
|---|---|
 Overview of Gherla in May 2004 | |
 Coat of arms | |
 Location in Cluj County | |
  Gherla Location in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 47°1′12″N 23°54′0″E / 47.02000°N 23.90000°E | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Cluj |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2020–2024) | Ovidiu Drăgan[1] (PNL) |
| Area | 36.3 km2 (14.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Population (2021-12-01)[2] | 19,873 |
| • Density | 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Postal code | 405300 |
| Area code | (+40) 02 64 |
| Vehicle reg. | CJ |
| Website | gherla |
Gherla (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈɡerla]; Hungarian: Szamosújvár; German: Neuschloss) is a municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 19,873 as of 2021. Three villages are administered by the city: Băița (formerly Chirău, and Kérő in Hungarian), Hășdate (Szamoshesdát) and Silivaș (Vizszilvás).
The city was formerly known as Armenopolis[3] (Armenian: Հայաքաղաք Hayakaghak; German: Armenierstadt; Hungarian: Örményváros) because it was populated by Armenians.[4]
History
A clay tablet containing a fragmentary Old Persian cuneiform of the Achaemenid king Darius I was found at Gherla in 1937. It may be connected to Darius I's epigraphic activities in relation to his Scythian campaign of 513 BC as reported by Herodotus.[5][6][7]
The locality was first recorded in 1291 as a village named Gherlahida, (probably derived from the Slavic word grle, meaning "ford"). The second name was Armenian (Հայաքաղաք, Hayakaghak) meaning "Armenian city"; it took the Medieval Latin and Greek official name Armenopolis, as well as the German alternative name Armenierstadt. Later, the name Szamosújvár was used in official Hungarian records, meaning "the new town on the Someș".
The modern city was built in the early 18th century by Armenians, successors of the Cilician Armenian diaspora, who had originally settled in Crimea and Moldavia, and moved to Transylvania sometime after 1650. After a two years' campaign by the Armenian-Catholic Bishop Oxendius Vărzărescu, they converted from the Armenian Apostolic Church to the Armenian Catholic Church; an Armenian Catholic cathedral in Gherla was consecrated in 1748.[8]
Gherla is the seat of the Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania, as well as that of a Greek-Catholic diocese – the Cluj-Gherla Diocese (suffragan to the Greek-Catholic Archbishop of Alba Iulia and Făgăraș-Blaj, who resided in Blaj). In the center of the city lie the Saint Gregory the Illuminator and the Holy Trinity Armenian Cathedral. The main Armenian-Catholic church was built in 1792. The Greek Catholic diocese was created by the Papal Bull Ad Apostolicam Sedem of November 26, 1853, and the first bishop was Ioan Alexi.
A Habsburg fortress was built here and converted to a prison in 1785. During the Communist regime, the prison was used for political detainees. Today it is a Romanian high-security prison.
During the Years of Revolution of 1848 and 1849, Gherla was the stage for numerous battles between the warring parties, changing hands several times. The Austrian commander Karl von Urban and his Romanian Regiment liberated the city three times from Hungarian revolutionary forces, winning the Battle of Szamosújvár on 13 November 1848, a landmark of the stormy period. Starting in 1867, Gherla was no more part of the Principality of Transilvania and was annexed until 1918, to the Kingdom of Hungary comitatus of Szolnok-Doboka.
After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, the Romanian Army took control of Gherla in December 1918, during the Hungarian–Romanian War. The town officially became part of the territory ceded to the Kingdom of Romania in June 1920 under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon. During the interwar period, the city was the headquarters of plasa Gherla, within Someș County, after which it became part of Ținutul Crișuri.
In the wake of the Second Vienna Award of August 30, 1940, the territory of Northern Transylvania (of which the city of Gherla was part) reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary. In early September, the Hungarian administration was installed, and proceeded to take discriminatory measures against Romanians and Jews, forcing many Romanians to take refuge in Romania. Gherla had a significant Jewish population which was decimated during the Holocaust, due to Horthyst regime and the policies of Ferenc Szálasi after September 1, 1944. Towards the end of World War II, however, the town was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in October 1944. After 1950, the city became the headquarters of Gherla raion within the Cluj Region. Following the administrative reform of 1968, Gherla became part of Cluj County.
After the war, most of the remaining Jewish population left the city. The Gherla Synagogue and the Holocaust Memorial Monument are visited by tourists from many countries.[citation needed] The town is also often visited by Orthodox pilgrims on their way to the nearby village of Nicula and Nicula Monastery.
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 6,857 | — |
| 1930 | 6,608 | −3.6% |
| 1948 | 6,663 | +0.8% |
| 1956 | 7,617 | +14.3% |
| 1966 | 12,766 | +67.6% |
| 1977 | 17,599 | +37.9% |
| 1992 | 26,277 | +49.3% |
| 2002 | 24,232 | −7.8% |
| 2011 | 20,982 | −13.4% |
| 2021 | 19,873 | −5.3% |
| Source: Census data | ||
According to the 2021 Romanian census, Gherla has a population of 19,873, a decrease of 5.3% from the previous census.[9] At the 2011 census, there were 20,982 people living within the city; of those, 15,952 (76.0%) were Romanians, 3,435 (16.4%) Hungarians, 735 (3.5%) Roma, and 61 (0.3%) others, including 16 Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons).[10]
Natives
- Tamás Aján (born 1939), President of the International Weightlifting Federation and member of the International Olympic Committee
- Laur Aștilean (born 1973), footballer
- Mihai Chezan (born 1935), volleyball player
- Cristian Coroian (born 1973), footballer
- Cyrill Demian (1772–1849), inventor, organ and piano maker
- Nechita-Adrian Oros (born 1965), veterinarian and politician
- Gergely Pongrátz (1932–2005), veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
- Silviu Prigoană (born 1963), businessman and politician
See also
References
- ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
- ^ Mallows, Lucy (2008). Transylvania. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 256. ISBN 9781841622309.
- ^ Steve Kokker, Cathryn Kemp (2004). Romania & Moldova. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 159. ISBN 9781741041491.
Gherla Once a predominantly Armenian settlement called Armenopolis in the 17th century...
- ^ Kuhrt 2013, p. 197.
- ^ Frye 1984, p. 103.
- ^ Schmitt 2000, p. 53.
- ^ Lang, David Marshall (2021-12-19). The Armenians: A People in Exile. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-000-51469-8.
- ^ "Populația rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.
- ^ Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune, 2011 census results, Institutul Național de Statistică, accessed 17 February 2020.
Bibliography
- Kuhrt, A. (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136016943.
- Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran. C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3406093975.
- Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies. ISBN 978-0728603141.
External links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Armenierstadt". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- Armenians in Romania at the Central European University site Archived 2020-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
-
Main street -
-
Franciscan monastery -
Capitoline Wolf replica
.jpg)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
