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===Environment===
===Environment===
ExxonMobil's environmental record has been a consistent target of critics, not only from outside organizations like [[GreenPeace]] but also from institutional investors unhappy about its stance on global warming.<ref>http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Big_US_Pension_Fund_Joins_Critics_Of_ExxonMobil_Climate_Stance_999.html</ref> ExxonMobil currently ranks sixth on the Toxic 100 list of US corporate air polluters by Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) <ref>[http://www.peri.umass.edu/Toxic-100-Table.265.0.html (PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State]</ref>
ExxonMobil's environmental record has been a consistent target of critics, not only from outside organizations like [[GreenPeace]] but also from institutional investors unhappy about its stance on global warming.<ref>http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Big_US_Pension_Fund_Joins_Critics_Of_ExxonMobil_Climate_Stance_999.html</ref> ExxonMobil currently ranks sixth on the Toxic 100 list of US corporate air polluters by Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) <ref>[http://www.peri.umass.edu/Toxic-100-Table.265.0.html (PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State]</ref>
ExxonMobil also ranks as the number one richest corporation in the world. A small group of concerned shareholders in the company have come together to form Campaign ExxonMobil. They are fighting from within the company to change ExxonMobil's stance on global warming and the corporation's disregard for renewable energy.<ref>[http://environment.articlesarchive.net/1-dream-for-a-future-with-alternative-energy.html]</ref> In 2002, ExxonMobil invested $100 million, to be paid out over ten years, in Stanford University's Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP).<ref>[http://gcep.stanford.edu]</ref> This project seeks new technologies to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although this investment was the largest amount the company has put towards independent research on climate and energy options it only equals two days worth of ExxonMobil's profits according to the GCEP coalition.<ref>[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2005/2005-07-13-02.asp]</ref>


===Exxon Valdez oil spill===
===Exxon Valdez oil spill===

Revision as of 06:01, 18 October 2007

Exxon Mobil Corporation
Company typePublic (NYSE: XOM)
ISINUS30231G1022 Edit this on Wikidata
IndustryOil and Gas
Founded1999 (merger)
1911 (Standard Oil of New Jersey)
1911 (Standard Oil of New York)
1870 (Standard Oil)
HeadquartersUnited States Irving, Texas, USA
Key people
John D. Rockefeller, founder of the original Standard Oil
Rex W. Tillerson, Chairman/CEO
ProductsFuels, Lubricants, Petrochemicals
RevenueIncrease $347.254 Billion USD (2007)
52,783,000,000 United States dollar (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Increase $39.500 Billion USD (2007)
Total assets362,597,000,000 United States dollar (2019) Edit this on Wikidata
Number of employees
106,100 Including Company Operated Retail Sites ("CORS")[1]
Websitewww.exxonmobil.com
For other uses, see Exon (disambiguation).

Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM), a controversial, multi-national American corporation and a direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil company[2], is the largest publicly traded integrated petroleum and natural gas company in the world, formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. ExxonMobil is the world's largest company by revenue, at $377.6 billion in its fiscal year of 2006. It is also the largest corporation by market capitalization, at $517.92 billion on July 20, 2007. It is the largest of the six oil supermajors with daily production of 6.5m boe (barrels of oil equivalent). ExxonMobil ranks first in the world in proven oil and gas reserves among corporate oil producers, though it is still eclipsed by several of the largest state petroleum producers.

Organization

The Exxon Mobil Corporation global headquarters are located in Irving, Texas. ExxonMobil markets products around the world under the brands of Exxon, Mobil, and Esso. It also owns hundreds of smaller subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited (69.6% ownership), an oil retailer in Canada, and SeaRiver Maritime, a petroleum shipping company.

The upstream division dominates the company's cashflow, accounting for approximately 70% of revenue. The company employs over 82,000 people worldwide, as indicated in ExxonMobil's 2006 Corporate Citizen Report, with approximately 4,000 employees in its Fairfax downstream headquarters and 27,000 people in its Houston upstream headquarters. [1]

Operating divisions

ExxonMobil is organized functionally into a number of global operating divisions. These divisions are grouped into three categories for reference purposes, though the company also has several ancillary divisions, such as Coal & Minerals, which are stand alone.

Operating divisions by category are as follows:

  • Upstream
    • ExxonMobil Exploration Company
    • ExxonMobil Development Company
    • ExxonMobil Production Company
    • ExxonMobil Gas and Power Marketing Company
    • ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company
  • Downstream
    • ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company
    • ExxonMobil Fuels Marketing Company
    • ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties Company
    • ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
  • Chemical
    • ExxonMobil Chemical Company
  • ExxonMobil Global Services Company
    • ExxonMobil Information Technology
    • Global Real Estate and Facilities
    • Global Procurement
    • Business Support Centers

History

The Exxon Mobil Corporation was formed in 1999 by the merger of two major oil companies, Exxon and Mobil. Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the John D. Rockefeller corporation, Standard Oil which was established in 1870. The reputation of Standard Oil in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida M. Tarbell's classic exposé The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company.

By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard ("Standard Oil Company of New Jersey"), which eventually became Exxon, and Socony ("Standard Oil Company of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.

In the same year, the nation's kerosene output was eclipsed for the first time by gasoline. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920.

Over the next few decades, both companies grew significantly. Jersey Standard, led by Walter C. Teagle, became the largest oil producer in the world. It acquired a 50 percent share in Humble Oil & Refining Co., a Texas oil producer. Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter. In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right.

In the Asia-Pacific region, Jersey Standard had oil production and refineries in Indonesia but no marketing network. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the region into a 50-50 joint venture. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from East Africa to New Zealand, before it was dissolved in 1962.

Mobil Chemical Company was established in 1960. As of 1999, its principal products included basic olefins and aromatics, ethylene glycol and polyethylene. The company produced synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, propylene packaging films and catalysts. Exxon Chemical Company (first named Enjay Chemicals) became a worldwide organization in 1965 and in 1999 was a major producer and marketer of olefins, aromatics, polyethylene and polypropylene along with specialty lines such as elastomers, plasticizers, solvents, process fluids, oxo alcohols and adhesive resins. The company was an industry leader in metallocene catalyst technology to make unique polymers with improved performance.

In 1955, Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Co. and in 1966 simply Mobil Oil Corp. A decade later, the newly incorporated Mobil Corporation absorbed Mobil Oil as a wholly owned subsidiary. Jersey Standard changed its name to Exxon Corporation in 1972 and established Exxon as a trademark throughout the United States. In other parts of the world, Exxon and its affiliated companies continued to use its Esso trademark.

On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska and spilled more than 11 million gallons (42,000 m³) of crude oil. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The company is still appealing a $2.5 billion USD punitive ruling, and has not paid any damages yet.

In 1998, Exxon and Mobil signed a US$73.7 billion definitive agreement to merge and form a new company called ExxonMobil Corporation, the largest company on the planet. After shareholder and regulatory approvals, the merger was completed on November 30, 1999. The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it reunited the two largest companies of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey/Exxon and Standard Oil Company of New York/Mobil, which had been forcibly separated by government order nearly a century earlier. As a result of the merger, it became largest merger in US corporate history.

In 2000, ExxonMobil sold a refinery in Benicia, California and 340 Exxon-branded stations to Valero Energy Corporation, as part of an FTC-mandated divestiture of California assets. ExxonMobil continues to supply petroleum products to over 700 Mobil-branded retail outlets in California.

In 2005, ExxonMobil's stock price surged in parallel with rising oil prices, surpassing General Electric as the largest corporation in the world in terms of market capitalization. At the end of 2005, it reported record profits of US $36 billion in annual income, up 42% from the previous year (the overall annual income was an all-time record for annual income by any business, and included $10 billion in the third quarter alone, also an all-time record income for a single quarter by any business). The company and the American Petroleum Institute, the oil and chemical industry's lobbying apparatus, tried to downplay its success in order to avoid consumer criticism by putting up page-long ads in major American newspapers, such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, comparing oil industry profits to those of other large industries such as pharmaceuticals and banking. [13] [14]

Criticism

Foreign business practices

Investigative reporting by Forbes Magazine raised questions about ExxonMobil's dealings with the leaders of oil-rich nations." ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km²) off the coast of Angola that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km³) of crude.[3] Forbes alleged that "ExxonMobil handed hundreds of millions of dollars to the corrupt regime of President José Eduardo dos Santos in the late 1990s.[4][5] [6][7] [8]

In 2003, the Office of Foreign Assets Control reported that ExxonMobil engaged in illegal trade with Sudan and it, along with dozens of other companies, settled with the United States government for $50,000.[9]

In March 2003, James Giffen of the Mercator Corporation was indicted, accused of bribing President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan with $78 million to help ExxonMobil win a 25 percent share of the Tengiz oilfield, the third largest in the world. On April 2, 2003, former-Mobil executive J. Bryan Williams was indicted on tax charges relating to this same transaction. The case is the largest under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.[10] This series of events is depicted in the film Syriana.

In a U.S. Department of Justice release dated September 18, 2003, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York announced that J. Bryan Williams, a former senior executive of Mobil Oil Corporation, had been sentenced to three years and ten months in prison on charges of evading income taxes on more than $7 million in unreported income, "including a $2 million kickback he received in connection with Mobil's oil business in Kazakhstan." According to documents filed with the court, Williams' unreported income included millions of dollars in kickbacks from governments, persons, and other entities with whom Williams conducted business while employed by Mobil. In addition to his sentence, Williams must pay a fine of $25,000 and more than $3.5 million in restitution to the IRS, in addition to penalties and interest.[15]

Human rights

ExxonMobil is the target of human rights activists for actions taken by the corporation in the Indonesian territory of Aceh. In June 2001 a lawsuit against ExxonMobil was filed in the Federal District Court of the District of Columbia under the Alien Tort Claims Act. The suit alleges that the ExxonMobil knowingly assisted human rights violations, including torture, murder and rape, by employing and providing material support to Indonesian military forces, who committed the alleged offenses during civil unrest in Aceh. Human rights complaints involving ExxonMobil's relationship with the Indonesian military first arose in 1992; the company denies these accusations and has filed a motion to dismiss the suit, which as of 2006 is still pending.[11]

The company does not provide domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples, although former Mobil employees receive that benefit.[12] According to a proxy statement from ExxonMobil, the company "has zero tolerance discrimination and harassment policies" on "discrimination and harassment for any reason, including sexual orientation."[13] ExxonMobil scored a 0 out of 100 on the Corporate Equality Index 2006 for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.[14]

Environment

ExxonMobil's environmental record has been a consistent target of critics, not only from outside organizations like GreenPeace but also from institutional investors unhappy about its stance on global warming.[15] ExxonMobil currently ranks sixth on the Toxic 100 list of US corporate air polluters by Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) [16] ExxonMobil also ranks as the number one richest corporation in the world. A small group of concerned shareholders in the company have come together to form Campaign ExxonMobil. They are fighting from within the company to change ExxonMobil's stance on global warming and the corporation's disregard for renewable energy.[17] In 2002, ExxonMobil invested $100 million, to be paid out over ten years, in Stanford University's Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP).[18] This project seeks new technologies to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although this investment was the largest amount the company has put towards independent research on climate and energy options it only equals two days worth of ExxonMobil's profits according to the GCEP coalition.[19]

Exxon Valdez oil spill

Main article: Exxon Valdez oil spill

The March 24, 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill resulted in the discharge of approximately 11 million gallons of oil (240,000 barrels) into Prince William Sound.[20], oiling 1300 miles of the remote Alaskan coastline. The State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council stated that the spill "is widely considered the number one spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment",[20] but many larger spills have occurred.

Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster. John Devens, the Mayor of Valdez, has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis.[21] Exxon later removed the name "Exxon" from its tanker shipping subsidiary, which it renamed "SeaRiver Maritime." The renamed subsidiary, though wholly Exxon-controlled, has a separate corporate charter and board of directors, and the former Exxon Valdez is now the SeaRiver Mediterranean. The renamed tanker is legally owned by a small, stand-alone company, which would have minimal ability to pay out on claims in the event of a further accident.[22]

ExxonMobil has yet to pay any of the $2.5 billion USD in punitive damages owed to 33,000 fishermen, businesses, and affected communities as a result of the spill.[23] Exxon had argued that it should pay no more than $25 million in punitive damages in the case, and the case is currently on appeal to the United States Supreme Court.[23]

Funding of global warming skeptics

ExxonMobil has drawn criticism as a major funder of organizations campaigning against the scientific opinion that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, and against the Kyoto Protocol. According to Mother Jones Magazine, the company was a leading member of one of the first such skeptic groups, the Global Climate Coalition, founded in 1989.[24] According to The Guardian, ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups skeptical of global warming, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, George C. Marshall Institute, Heartland Institute, Congress on Racial Equality, TechCentralStation.com, and International Policy Network.[25][26] ExxonMobil's support for these organizations has drawn condemnation from the Royal Society, the academy of sciences of the United Kingdom.[27] The Union of Concerned Scientists released a report in 2007 accused ExxonMobil of spending $16 million, between 1998 and 2005, towards 43 advocacy organizations which dispute the impact of global warming. [28] The report argued that ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the tobacco industry in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, saying that the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue."[28] These charges are consistent with a purported 1998 internal ExxonMobil strategy memo, posted by the environmental group Environmental Defense, stating

"Victory will be achieved when
  • Average citizens [and the media] 'understand' (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom' ...
  • Industry senior leadership understands uncertainties in climate science, making them stronger ambassadors to those who shape climate policy
  • Those promoting the Kyoto treaty on the basis of extant science appear out of touch with reality."[29]

In August 2006, the Wall Street Journal revealed that a YouTube video lampooning Al Gore, titled Al Gore's Penguin Army, appeared to be astroturfing by DCI Group, a Washington PR firm with ties to ExxonMobil as well as the Republican Party.[30][31]

In January 2007, the company appeared to change its position, when vice president for public affairs Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now — or, society knows enough now — that the risk is serious and action should be taken." Cohen stated that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the Competitive Enterprise Institute and "'five or six' similar groups".[32] While the company did not publicly state which the other similar groups were, a May 2007 report by Greenpeace does list the five groups it stopped funding as well as a list of 41 other climate skeptic groups which are still receiving ExxonMobil funds. [33]

On February 13, 2007, ExxonMobil CEO Rex W. Tillerson acknowledged that the planet was warming while carbon dioxide levels were increasing, but in the same speech gave an unalloyed defense of the oil industry and predicted that hydrocarbons would dominate the world’s transportation as energy demand grows by an expected 40 percent by 2030. Tillerson stated that there is no significant alternative to oil in coming decades, and that ExxonMobil would continue to make petroleum and natural gas its primary products,[34] saying: "I'm no expert on biofuels. I don't know much about farming and I don't know much about moonshine. ... There is really nothing ExxonMobil can bring to that whole biofuels issue. We don't see a direct role for ourselves with today's technology."[35]

Corporate Affairs

The current Chairman of the Board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corporation is Rex Tillerson. Tillerson assumed the top position on January 1, 2006, on the retirement of long-time chairman and CEO, Lee Raymond, who received a retirement and severance package of approximately $400 million USD, of which some were critical.

Board of directors

As of January 29, 2007, the current Exxon Mobil board members are: [36]

Joint Ventures and Other Strategic Alliances

Revenue and profits

In 2005, ExxonMobil surpassed Wal-Mart as the world's largest publicly held corporation when measured by revenue, although Wal-Mart remained the largest by number of employees.[37]ExxonMobil's $340 billion revenues in 2005 were a 25.5 percent increase over their 2004 revenues.

In 2006, Wal-Mart recaptured the lead with revenues of $348.7 billion against ExxonMobil's $335.1. ExxonMobil continues to lead the world in both profits ($39.5 billion in 2006), and market value ($410.7 billion).[38] Its profit margin of 10.5% in 2006 is not among the top among publicly traded companies.

Financial data

Financial Data USD millions[39]
Year-end 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Total revenue 204 506 237 054 291 252 358 955 377 635
EBITDA 26 038 41 220 51 646 70 181 79 869
Net income 11 460 21 510 25 330 36 130 39 500
Total Debt 10 748 9 545 8 293 7 991 6 645

Largest shareholders

As of March 30, 2007:[16]

Owner Percent
Barclays Global Investors 3.4
State Street Global Advisors 3.1
Vanguard Group 2.6
Fidelity Management and Research 1.7
Northern Trust Company 1.3
AllianceBernstein 1.3
Wellington Management Company 1.0
Capital Research & Management Company 1.0
JPMorgan Chase 0.9
BlackRock 0.9
Columbia Management Advisors 0.9
Mellon Financial 0.9
TIAA-CREF Investment Management 0.7
Goldman Sachs 0.6
Lord Abbett 0.6

References

  1. ^ a b http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=XOM
  2. ^ "ExxonMobil history, from Kerosene to Gasoline". ExxonMobil Corporation. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  3. ^ ExxonMobil. Press release.[1]
  4. ^ Forbes Magazine. "Dangerous Liaisons." April 28, 2003.[2]
  5. ^ In May 2002, human rights advocates began calling for an investigation of the role of US oil companies and the Bush administration in Angola’s "Arms for Oil" scandal. According to a report by the British-based non-governmental organization Global Witness, Bush and US oil interests had ties to some of the key figures in the arms-for-oil scandal. Global Witness alleged that in exchange for profitable off-shore oil concessions, ExxonMobil and other American and western European oil companies funded Angolan president Jose Eduardo dos Santos. After transferring an alleged $770 million in oil revenues to their own private bank accounts, dos Santos and his administration began a violent offensive against rebel groups in the country in which many human rights abuses were inflicted on the Angolan people. from Co-op America
  6. ^ Violation of the Bribes & Foreign Corrupt Practices Aact (ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km²) off the coast of <Angola that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km³) of crude. from Search.com
  7. ^ Even though Angola is the most effective of Africa's oil producers at retaining a high percentage of its oil wealth, its people get the least benefit from it. Much of that wealth has been mortgaged to pay for a long and destructive civil war. The lack of transparency of Angola's Government and its oil corporation, Sonangol, with the complicity of big oil companies, causes the rest to disappear without leaving much trace among Angola's poor. from Africa Files
  8. ^ How Angolan State corruption and the lack of oil company and banking transparency has contributed to Angola's humanitarian and development catastrophe. from Africa Action
  9. ^ CNN. "Wal-Mart, NY Yankees, others settle charges of illegal trading." April 14, 2003.[3]
  10. ^ Foley & Lardner, LLP. "SEC and DOJ Enforcement Actions and Opinions." May 30, 2003.[4]
  11. ^ International Labor Rights Fund. "ExxonMobil: How the Company is Linked with Indonesian Military Killings, Torture and other Severe Abuse in Aceh, Indonesia."[5]
  12. ^ http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/09/news/companies/pluggedin_fortune/index.htm
  13. ^ http://sec.edgar-online.com/2004/04/14/0001047469-04-011934/Section10.asp
  14. ^ Template:PDFlink
  15. ^ http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Big_US_Pension_Fund_Joins_Critics_Of_ExxonMobil_Climate_Stance_999.html
  16. ^ (PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State
  17. ^ [6]
  18. ^ [7]
  19. ^ [8]
  20. ^ a b "Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill". State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Councilaccessdate= ignored (help)
  21. ^ http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/crisis03.html
  22. ^ The Baltimore Sun. "Even Renamed, Exxon Valdez can't Outlive Stain on its Past." October 15, 2002.[9]
  23. ^ a b "Exxon seeks Supreme Court review of oil-spill fine". Seattle Times. August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  24. ^ "Some Like It Hot". Mother Jones. May 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  25. ^ "Royal Society Letter to Exxon". The Guardian. September 20, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
  26. ^ "Claims by think-tank outrage eco-groups". The Guardian. November 28, 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  27. ^ "Royal Society tells Exxon: stop funding climate change denial" (PDF). The Royal Society. September 4, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ a b "Scientists' Report Documents ExxonMobil's Tobacco like Disinformation Campaign on Global Warming Science" (Press release). Union of Concerned Scientists. January 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-04. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ ExxonMobil. "Global Climate Science Communications." April 3, 1998.[10] See also Environmental Defense commentary "Guess who's funding the global warming doubt shops?"[11] and Cooperative Research history commons chronology of Exxon's PR efforts [12]
  30. ^ Antonio Regalado and Dionne Searcey (August 3, 2006). "Where did that video spoofing Gore's film come from?". {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Chris Ayres (August 5, 2006). "Slick lobbying is behind penguin spoof of Al Gore". The Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics". MSNBC. January 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/assets/binaries/exxon-secrets-analysis-of-fun.pdf
  34. ^ "Exxon Chief Cautions Against Rapid Action to Cut Carbon Emissions". New York Times. February 14, 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "Exxon Mobil CEO: climate policy would be prudent". Reuters. February 13, 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "Exxon Mobil Corporation Board of Directors". Exxon Mobil Corporation.
  37. ^ Associated Press (April 3, 2006). "Exxon dethrones Wal-Mart atop Fortune 500". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Associated Press (April 16, 2007). "Wal-Mart returns to top of the Fortune 500 list". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ http://www.opesc.org/fiche-societe/fiche-societe.php?entreprise=EXXON
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ExxonMobil.

General information

Funding given by ExxonMobil

Websites critical of ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil responses to issues

Bibliography

  • Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
  • Exxon Corporation. Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album. 1982.
  • Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
  • Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
  • Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
  • Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles S. Popple. New Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
  • McIntyre, J. Sam. The Esso Collectibles Handbook: Memorabilia from Standard Oil of New Jersey. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1998.
  • Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The 100-year Battle for the World's Oil Supply. New York: Bantom Books, 1991.
  • Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II. 1946.
  • Tarbell, Ida M. All in a Day’s Work: An Autobiography.. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1939.
  • Tarbell, Ida M., and David Mark Chalmers. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
  • Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 1950-1972 and Exxon Corporation (1972-1975). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
  • Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
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