Alchemy: Difference between revisions
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#Egyptian alchemy [5000 BCE – 400 BCE], beginning of alchemy |
#Egyptian alchemy [5000 BCE – 400 BCE], beginning of alchemy |
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#Greek alchemy [332 BCE – 642 CE], studied at the [[Library of Alexandria]] |
#Greek alchemy [332 BCE – 642 CE], studied at the [[Library of Alexandria]] |
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#[[Chinese alchemy]] [142 CE], |
#[[Chinese alchemy]] [142 CE], [[Wei Boyang]] writes ''[[The Kinship of the Three]]'' |
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#[[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|Indian alchemy]] [200 CE – Present], related to [[metallurgy]]; [[Nagarjuna (metallurgist)|Nagarjuna]] was an important alchemist |
#[[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|Indian alchemy]] [200 CE – Present], related to [[metallurgy]]; [[Nagarjuna (metallurgist)|Nagarjuna]] was an important alchemist |
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#[[Alchemy (Islam)|Arabic alchemy]] [700 – 1200 CE], [[Geber]] introduces [[Scientific method|experimental method]] |
#[[Alchemy (Islam)|Arabic alchemy]] [700 – 1200 CE], [[Geber]] introduces [[Scientific method|experimental method]] |
Revision as of 05:14, 1 December 2007
In the history of science, alchemy refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, spiritualism, and art all as parts of one greater force. Alchemy has been practiced in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Persia, India, and China, in Classical Greece and Rome, in the Muslim civilization, and then in Europe up to the 19th century—in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2500 years.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Fettes_Douglas_-_The_Alchemist.jpg/250px-William_Fettes_Douglas_-_The_Alchemist.jpg)
Alchemy as a philosophical and spiritual discipline
Alchemy was known as the spagyric art after Greek words meaning to separate and to join together. Compare this with the primary dictum of Alchemy in Latin: SOLVE ET COAGULA — Separate, and Join Together.
The oldest major writtings are of the Ayurveda and siddha medicine system which transmutates metal into carbon or bhasma for medicianal purpose.
The best known goals of the alchemists were the transmutation of common metals into gold or silver (less well known is plant alchemy, or "spagyric"); the creation of a "panacea or the elixir of life," a remedy that supposedly would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely; and the discovery of a universal solvent.[1] Although these were not the only uses for the science, they were the ones most documented and well known. Starting with the Middle Ages, European alchemists invested much effort on the search for the "philosopher's stone", a legendary substance that was believed to be an essential ingredient for either or both of those goals. The philosopher's stone was believed to mystically amplify the user's knowledge of alchemy so much that anything was attainable. Alchemists enjoyed prestige and support through the centuries, though not for their pursuit of those goals, nor the mystic and philosophical speculation that dominates their literature. Rather it was for their mundane contributions to the "chemical" industries of the day—the invention of gunpowder, ore testing and refining, metalworking, production of ink, dyes, paints, and cosmetics, leather tanning, ceramics and glass manufacture, preparation of extracts and liquors, and so on (it seems that the preparation of aqua vitae, the "water of life", was a fairly popular "experiment" among European alchemists).
Starting with the Middle Ages, some alchemists increasingly came to view these metaphysical aspects as the true foundation of alchemy; and chemical substances, physical states, and material processes as mere metaphors for spiritual entities, states and transformations. In this sense, the literal meanings of alchemical formulas were a blind, hiding their true spiritual philosophy, which being at odds with the Medieval Church was a necessity that could have otherwise lead them to the "stake and rack" of the Inquisition under charges of heresy.[2] Thus, both the transmutation of common metals into gold and the universal panacea symbolized evolution from an imperfect, diseased, corruptible and ephemeral state towards a perfect, healthy, incorruptible and everlasting state; and the philosopher's stone then represented some mystic key that would make this evolution possible. Applied to the alchemist himself, the twin goal symbolized his evolution from ignorance to enlightenment, and the stone represented some hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal. In texts that are written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery of late alchemical works typically contain multiple layers of meanings, allegories, and references to other equally cryptic works; and must be laboriously "decoded" in order to discover their true meaning.
In his Alchemical Catechism, Paracelsus clearly denotes that his usage of the metals was a symbol:
Q. When the Philosophers speak of gold and silver, from which they extract their matter, are we to suppose that they refer to the vulgar gold and silver? A. By no means; vulgar silver and gold are dead, while those of the Philosophers are full of life.[3]
Alchemy and astrology
Since its earliest times, alchemy has been closely connected to astrology—which, in the Islamic world and Europe, generally meant the traditional Babylonian-Greek school of astrology. Alchemical systems often postulated that each of the seven planets known to the ancients "ruled" or was associated with certain metals. See the separate article on astrology and alchemy for further details. In Hermeticism it is linked with both astrology and theurgy.
Psychology
Carl Jung saw alchemy as a Western proto-psychology dedicated to the achievement of individuation; in his interpretation, alchemy was the vessel by which Gnosticism survived its various purges into the Renaissance. In this sense, Jung viewed alchemy as comparable to a Yoga of the West. Jung also interpreted Chinese alchemical texts in terms of his analytical psychology as means to individuation. The act of Alchemy seemed to improve the mind and spirit of the Alchemist.
Magnum opus
The Great Work; mystic interpretation of its three stages:[4]
- nigredo(-putrefactio), blackening(-putrefaction): individuation, purification, burnout of impureness; see also Suns in alchemy - Sol Niger
- albedo, whitening: spiritualisation, enlightenment
- rubedo, reddening: unification of man with god, unification of the limited with the unlimited.
Modern alchemy
Islamic alchemy was a forerunner of modern scientific chemistry. Alchemists used many of the same laboratory tools that we use today. These tools were not usually sturdy or in good condition, especially during the medieval period of Europe. Many transmutation attempts failed when alchemists unwittingly made unstable chemicals. This was made worse by the unsafe conditions.
Up to the 16th century, alchemy was considered serious science in Europe; for instance, Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his time and writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newton's occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics, for which he is famous. Other eminent alchemists of the Western world are Roger Bacon, Saint Thomas Aquinas, Tycho Brahe, Thomas Browne, and Parmigianino. The decline of alchemy began in the 18th century with the birth of modern chemistry, which provided a more precise and reliable framework for matter transmutations and medicine, within a new grand design of the universe based on rational materialism.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, one established chemist, Baron Carl Reichenbach, worked on concepts similar to the old alchemy, such as the Odic force, but his research did not enter the mainstream of scientific discussion.
Matter transmutation, the old goal of alchemy, enjoyed a moment in the sun in the 20th century when physicists were able to convert platinum atoms into gold atoms via a nuclear reaction. However, the new gold atoms, being unstable isotopes, lasted for under five seconds before they broke apart. More recently, reports of table-top element transmutation—by means of electrolysis or sonic cavitation—were the pivot of the cold fusion controversy of 1989. None of those claims have yet been reliably duplicated.
Alchemical symbolism has been occasionally used in the 20th century by psychologists and philosophers. Carl Jung reexamined alchemical symbolism and theory and began to show the inner meaning of alchemical work as a spiritual path. Alchemical philosophy, symbols and methods have enjoyed something of a renaissance in post-modern contexts, such as the New Age movement.
Alchemy in traditional medicine
Traditional medicines involve transmutation by alchemy, using pharmacological or combination pharmacological and spiritual techniques. In Chinese medicine the alchemical traditions of pao zhi will transform the nature of the temperature, taste, body part accessed or toxicity. In Ayurveda the samskaras are used to transform heavy metals and toxic herbs in a way that removes their toxicity. In the spagyric processing of herbal medicine similar effects are found.[5] These processes are actively used to the present day.[6][7][8]
Nuclear transmutation
In 1919, Ernest Rutherford used artificial disintegration to convert nitrogen into oxygen.[9]
Alchemy as a subject of historical research
The history of alchemy has become a vigorous academic field. As the obscure hermetic language of the alchemists is gradually being "deciphered", historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the sociology and psychology of the intellectual communities, kabbalism, spiritualism, Rosicrucianism, and other mystic movements, cryptography, witchcraft, and the evolution of science and philosophy.
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png/300px-Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png)
Alchemy encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia and three continents. These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to trace their mutual influences and "genetic" relationships.
A major text of alchemy, called the Mutus Liber, was published in France in the late 17th century. This was a 'wordless book' that claimed to be a guide to making the philosopher's stone, using a series of 15 symbols and illustrations.
A connection has been made between alchemy and Egypt in a great deal more sources than one might expect, when it comes to the subject. One source in particular gives further background into the probable founding of the name itself in the following passage: "...The concept is a very ancient one, which seems to answer to deep human motivations. It came to Medieval Europe by way of Egypt. When they invaded Egypt, which they called Khem, in the seventh century, the followers of the moon god discovered that the Egyptians were masters of the art of working in gold. They called gold-working al-kimiya - 'the art of the land of Khem' - and so, according to one account, the word 'alchemy' was born."[10]
Etymology
The word chemistry comes from the earlier study of alchemy, which is basically the quest to make gold from earthen starting materials. As to the origin of the word “alchemy” the question is a debatable one, it certainly has Greek origins, and some, following E. A. Wallis Budge, have also asserted Egyptian origins. Alchemy, generally, derives from the old French alkemie; and the Arabic al-kimia: "the art of transformation." Some scholars believe the Arabs borrowed the word “kimia” from the Greeks. Others, such as Mahdihassan,[11] argue that its origins are Chinese. A tentative outline is as follows:
- Egyptian alchemy [5000 BCE – 400 BCE], beginning of alchemy
- Greek alchemy [332 BCE – 642 CE], studied at the Library of Alexandria
- Chinese alchemy [142 CE], Wei Boyang writes The Kinship of the Three
- Indian alchemy [200 CE – Present], related to metallurgy; Nagarjuna was an important alchemist
- Arabic alchemy [700 – 1200 CE], Geber introduces experimental method
- Arabic chemistry [800 – 1400], Al-Kindi and Avicenna refute alchemy, and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī discovers conservation of mass
- European alchemy [1300 – 1700], Saint Albertus Magnus builds on Arabic alchemy
- European chemistry [1661 – 1803], Boyle writes The Sceptical Chymist, Lavoisier writes Elements of Chemistry, and Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory
Thus, an alchemist was called a 'chemist' in popular speech, and later the suffix "-ry" was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as "chemistry".
See also
Other alchemical pages
- Alchemical symbol
- Alchemy in art and entertainment
- Alembic
- Alkahest
- Astrology and alchemy
- Berith
- Jakob Boehme
- Circle with a point at its centre
- Duality
- Elixir of life
- Robert Fludd
- Four Humors
- Gold water
- Hermeticism
- Homunculus
- Ethan Allen Hitchcock
- Carl Jung
- Michael Maier
- Musaeum Hermeticum
- Paracelsus
- Philosopher's stone
- Quintessence
- Herbert Silberer
- Vulcan of the alchemists
Other resources
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Related and alternative philosophies
- Western mystery tradition
- Internal alchemy
- Astrology
- Necromancy, magic, magick
- Esotericism, Rosicrucianism, Illuminati
- Taoism and the Five Elements
- Asemic Writing
- Kayaku-Jutsu
- Acupuncture, moxibustion, ayurveda, homeopathy
- Anthroposophy
- Psychology and Carl Jung
- New Age
- Tay al-Ard
Substances of the alchemists
- lead • tin • iron • copper • mercury • silver • gold
- phosphorus • sulfur • arsenic • antimony
- vitriol • cinnabar • pyrites • orpiment • galena
- magnesia • lime • potash • natron • saltpetre • kohl
- ammonia • ammonium chloride • alcohol • camphor
- Acids: sulfuric • muriatic • nitric • acetic • formic • citric• tartaric
- aqua regia • gunpowder
- carmot
Scientific connections
- Chemistry
- Physics
- Scientific method
- Protoscience, Pseudoscience, and Anti-science
- Obsolete scientific theories
- Historicism
Notes
- ^ Alchemy as Dictionary.com
- ^ Blavatsky, H.P. (1888). [[The Secret Doctrine]]. Theosophical Publishing Company. pp. vol ii, 238. ISBN 978-1557000026.
{{cite book}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Paracelsus. "Alchemical Catechism". Retrieved 2007-04-18.
- ^ Meyrink und das theomorphische Menschenbild
- ^ Tillotson, Alan; AHG, D.Ay., PhD "Safety and Regulation"
- ^ Tierra, Michael; AHG, OMD, L.Ac. Processing Chinese Herbs
- ^ "Benefits of Herbal Extracts"; herbalist-alchemist.com
- ^ Junius, Manfred M; The Practical Handbook of Plant Alchemy: An Herbalist's Guide to Preparing Medicinal Essences, Tinctures, and Elixirs; Healing Arts Press 1985
- ^ Amsco School Publications. "Reviewing Physics: The Physical Setting" (PDF). Amsco School Publications.
"The first artificial transmutation of one element to another was performed by Rutherford in 1919. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen with energetic alpha particles that were moving fast enough to overcome the electric repulsion between themselves and the target nuclei. The alpha particles collided with, and were absorbed by, the nitrogen nuclei, and protons were ejected. In the process oxygen and hydrogen nuclei were created.
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- ^ Mysteries of Mind, Space & Time - The Unexplained, Volume 1; Published by H.S. Stuttman, Inc. © Orbis Publishing Limited 1992, Westport, Connecticut.
- ^ Mahdihassan S. "Alchemy, Chinese versus Greek, an etymological approach: a rejoinder"
References
- Cavendish, Richard, The Black Arts, Perigee Books
- Gettgins, Fred (1986). Encyclopedia of the Occult. London: Rider.
- Greenberg, Adele Droblas (2000). Chemical History Tour, Picturing Chemistry from Alchemy to Modern Molecular Science. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-35408-2.
- Hart-Davis, Adam (2003). Why does a ball bounce? 101 Questions that you never thought of asking. New York: Firefly Books.
- Marius (1976). On the Elements. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02856-2. Trans. Richard Dales.
- Weaver, Jefferson Hane (1987). The World of Physics. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Zumdahl, Steven S. (1989). Chemistry (2nd ed. ed.). Lexington, Maryland: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-16708-8.
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- The Alchemy website - Alchemy from a metaphysical perspective.
- The al-kemi.org website - Alchemy from a spiritual/philosophical perspective.
- Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Alchemy
- Antiquity, Vol. 77 (2003) - "A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab".
- The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry, Muir, M. M. Pattison (1913)
- "Transforming the Alchemists", New York Times, August 1, 2006. Historical revisionism and alchemy.
- Electronic library with some 350 alchemical books (15th- and 20th-century)
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