Alchemical symbol
Alchemical symbols, originally devised as part of alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century. Although notation like this was mostly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists, so this page lists the most common.
Contents
Three primes[edit]
According to Paracelsus (1493–1541), the three primes or tria prima – of which material substances are immediately composed – are:[1][2]
Four basic elements[edit]
Western alchemy makes use of the Hermetic elements. The symbols used for these are:[1]
Seven planetary metals[edit]
Seven metals are associated with the seven classical planets, and seven deities, all figuring heavily in alchemical symbolism. Although the metals occasionally have a glyph of their own, the planet's symbol is used most often, and the symbolic and mythological septenary is consistent with Western astrology. The planetary symbolism is limited to the seven wandering stars visible to the naked eye, and the extra-Saturnian planets Uranus and Neptune are not used.
- Lead dominated by Saturn ♄ (
)[1] - Tin dominated by Jupiter ♃ (
) - Iron dominated by Mars ♂ (
) - Gold dominated by Sol ☉ ☼ (
) - Copper dominated by Venus ♀ (also:
) - Mercury (quicksilver) dominated by Mercury ☿ (
) - Silver dominated by Luna ☽ (
)
Mundane elements[edit]
- Antimony ♁

- Arsenic 🜺

- Bismuth 🜘

- Boron =
- Lithium

- Magnesium ⊛
- Phosphorus
- Platinum ☽☉
- Potassium
- Sulfur 🜏 🜍

- Zinc

Alchemical compounds[edit]
- Sal ammoniac (Ammonium chloride) 🜹 *
- Aqua fortis (Nitric acid) 🜅 A.F.
- Aqua regia (Nitro-hydrochloric acid) 🜆 A.R.
- Spirit of wine (also called aqua vitae)(Concentrated ethanol) 🜈 S.V.
- Amalgam (Alloys of a metal and mercury) 🝛
- Cinnabar (Mercury sulfide) 🜓
- Vitriol (Sulfates) 🜖
Alchemical processes[edit]
The alchemical magnum opus was sometimes expressed as a series of chemical operations. In cases where these numbered twelve, each could be assigned one of the Zodiac signs as a form of cryptography. The following example can be found in Pernety's 1758 Mytho-Hermetic Dictionary:[3]
- Calcination (Aries
) ♈ - Congelation (Taurus
) ♉ - Fixation (Gemini
) ♊ - Dissolution (Cancer
) ♋ - Digestion (Leo
) ♌ - Distillation (Virgo
) ♍ - Sublimation (Libra
) ♎ - Separation (Scorpio
) ♏ - Incineration (Sagittarius
) ♐ - Fermentation (Capricorn
) ♑ (Putrefaction) - Multiplication (Aquarius
) ♒ - Projection (Pisces
) ♓
Units[edit]
Several symbols indicate units of volume, weight, or time.
Unicode[edit]
Unicode 6.1 adds support for an Alchemical Symbols block.
| Alchemical Symbols[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1F70x | 🜀 | 🜁 | 🜂 | 🜃 | 🜄 | 🜅 | 🜆 | 🜇 | 🜈 | 🜉 | 🜊 | 🜋 | 🜌 | 🜍 | 🜎 | 🜏 |
| U+1F71x | 🜐 | 🜑 | 🜒 | 🜓 | 🜔 | 🜕 | 🜖 | 🜗 | 🜘 | 🜙 | 🜚 | 🜛 | 🜜 | 🜝 | 🜞 | 🜟 |
| U+1F72x | 🜠 | 🜡 | 🜢 | 🜣 | 🜤 | 🜥 | 🜦 | 🜧 | 🜨 | 🜩 | 🜪 | 🜫 | 🜬 | 🜭 | 🜮 | 🜯 |
| U+1F73x | 🜰 | 🜱 | 🜲 | 🜳 | 🜴 | 🜵 | 🜶 | 🜷 | 🜸 | 🜹 | 🜺 | 🜻 | 🜼 | 🜽 | 🜾 | 🜿 |
| U+1F74x | 🝀 | 🝁 | 🝂 | 🝃 | 🝄 | 🝅 | 🝆 | 🝇 | 🝈 | 🝉 | 🝊 | 🝋 | 🝌 | 🝍 | 🝎 | 🝏 |
| U+1F75x | 🝐 | 🝑 | 🝒 | 🝓 | 🝔 | 🝕 | 🝖 | 🝗 | 🝘 | 🝙 | 🝚 | 🝛 | 🝜 | 🝝 | 🝞 | 🝟 |
| U+1F76x | 🝠 | 🝡 | 🝢 | 🝣 | 🝤 | 🝥 | 🝦 | 🝧 | 🝨 | 🝩 | 🝪 | 🝫 | 🝬 | 🝭 | 🝮 | 🝯 |
| U+1F77x | 🝰 | 🝱 | 🝲 | 🝳 | ||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous Symbols[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+260x | ☀ | ☁ | ☂ | ☃ | ☄ | ★ | ☆ | ☇ | ☈ | ☉ | ☊ | ☋ | ☌ | ☍ | ☎ | ☏ |
| U+261x | ☐ | ☑ | ☒ | ☓ | ☔ | ☕ | ☖ | ☗ | ☘ | ☙ | ☚ | ☛ | ☜ | ☝ | ☞ | ☟ |
| U+262x | ☠ | ☡ | ☢ | ☣ | ☤ | ☥ | ☦ | ☧ | ☨ | ☩ | ☪ | ☫ | ☬ | ☭ | ☮ | ☯ |
| U+263x | ☰ | ☱ | ☲ | ☳ | ☴ | ☵ | ☶ | ☷ | ☸ | ☹ | ☺ | ☻ | ☼ | ☽ | ☾ | ☿ |
| U+264x | ♀ | ♁ | ♂ | ♃ | ♄ | ♅ | ♆ | ♇ | ♈ | ♉ | ♊ | ♋ | ♌ | ♍ | ♎ | ♏ |
| U+265x | ♐ | ♑ | ♒ | ♓ | ♔ | ♕ | ♖ | ♗ | ♘ | ♙ | ♚ | ♛ | ♜ | ♝ | ♞ | ♟ |
| U+266x | ♠ | ♡ | ♢ | ♣ | ♤ | ♥ | ♦ | ♧ | ♨ | ♩ | ♪ | ♫ | ♬ | ♭ | ♮ | ♯ |
| U+267x | ♰ | ♱ | ♲ | ♳ | ♴ | ♵ | ♶ | ♷ | ♸ | ♹ | ♺ | ♻ | ♼ | ♽ | ♾ | ♿ |
| U+268x | ⚀ | ⚁ | ⚂ | ⚃ | ⚄ | ⚅ | ⚆ | ⚇ | ⚈ | ⚉ | ⚊ | ⚋ | ⚌ | ⚍ | ⚎ | ⚏ |
| U+269x | ⚐ | ⚑ | ⚒ | ⚓ | ⚔ | ⚕ | ⚖ | ⚗ | ⚘ | ⚙ | ⚚ | ⚛ | ⚜ | ⚝ | ⚞ | ⚟ |
| U+26Ax | ⚠ | ⚡ | ⚢ | ⚣ | ⚤ | ⚥ | ⚦ | ⚧ | ⚨ | ⚩ | ⚪ | ⚫ | ⚬ | ⚭ | ⚮ | ⚯ |
| U+26Bx | ⚰ | ⚱ | ⚲ | ⚳ | ⚴ | ⚵ | ⚶ | ⚷ | ⚸ | ⚹ | ⚺ | ⚻ | ⚼ | ⚽ | ⚾ | ⚿ |
| U+26Cx | ⛀ | ⛁ | ⛂ | ⛃ | ⛄ | ⛅ | ⛆ | ⛇ | ⛈ | ⛉ | ⛊ | ⛋ | ⛌ | ⛍ | ⛎ | ⛏ |
| U+26Dx | ⛐ | ⛑ | ⛒ | ⛓ | ⛔ | ⛕ | ⛖ | ⛗ | ⛘ | ⛙ | ⛚ | ⛛ | ⛜ | ⛝ | ⛞ | ⛟ |
| U+26Ex | ⛠ | ⛡ | ⛢ | ⛣ | ⛤ | ⛥ | ⛦ | ⛧ | ⛨ | ⛩ | ⛪ | ⛫ | ⛬ | ⛭ | ⛮ | ⛯ |
| U+26Fx | ⛰ | ⛱ | ⛲ | ⛳ | ⛴ | ⛵ | ⛶ | ⛷ | ⛸ | ⛹ | ⛺ | ⛻ | ⛼ | ⛽ | ⛾ | ⛿ |
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
[edit]
- Astronomical symbols
- Monas Hieroglyphica
- Rub el Hizb
- Seal of Solomon
- Rosy Cross
- Eye of Providence
- Sigils, as used by Hermetic theurgists
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Eric John Holmyard. Alchemy. 1995. p.153
- ^ Walter J. Friedlander. The golden wand of medicine: a history of the caduceus symbol in medicine. 1992. p.76-77
- ^ Antoine-Joseph Pernety. Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique, dans lequel on trouve les allégories fabuleuses des poètes, les métaphores, les énigmes et les termes barbares des philosophes hermétiques expliqués. 1758. p.99
External links[edit]
Media related to Alchemical symbols at Wikimedia Commons
- Alchemical symbols in Unicode 6.0