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== Types of poisons ==
{{Cleanup-section|date=February 2008}}
The majority of this section is sorted by [[ICD|ICD-10]] code, which classifies poisons based upon the nature of the poison itself. However, it is also possible to classify poisons based upon the effect the poison has (for example, "Metabolic poisons" such as [[Antimycin]], [[Malonate]], and [[2,4-Dinitrophenol]] act by adversely disrupting the normal [[metabolism]] of an organism.)

(T36-T50) Poisoning by [[medication|drugs]], [[medicaments]] and [[biological substances]]

({{ICD10|T|36||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[systemic antibiotics]]

({{ICD10|T|37||t|36}}) Poisoning by other systemic [[anti-infectives]] and [[antiparasitics]]

({{ICD10|T|38||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[hormones]] and their synthetic substitutes and [[antagonists]], not elsewhere classified

({{ICD10|T|39||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[nonopiod analgesics]], [[antipyretics]] and [[antirheumatics]]

({{ICD10|T|40||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[narcotics]] and [[psychodysleptics]] ([[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogens]])

({{ICD10|T|41||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[anaesthetics]] and [[therapeutic gases]]

({{ICD10|T|42||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[antiepileptic]], [[sedative-hypnotic]] and [[antiparkinsonism]] drugs

({{ICD10|T|43||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[psychotropic drugs]], not elsewhere classified

({{ICD10|T|44||t|36}}) Poisoning by drugs primarily affecting the [[autonomic nervous system]]
[[Neurotoxin]]s interfere with [[nervous system]] functions and often lead to near-instant [[paralysis]] followed by rapid [[death]]. They include most [[spider]] and [[snake]] venoms, as well as many modern [[chemical weapon]]s. One class of toxins of interest to neurochemical researchers are the various [[cone snail]] toxins known as [[conotoxin]]s.

* [[Atropine]]
* [[Conium|Poison hemlock]]

Anticholinesterases (T44.0)
* [[Fasciculin]]
* [[Nerve agent]]s

Acetylcholine antagonists
* [[Curare]]
* [[Pancuronium]]

Cell membrane disrupters
Others

* [[Nicotine]] - not strictly a neurotoxin, but capable in large doses of causing heart attack

({{ICD10|T|45||t|36}}) Poisoning by primarily [[systemic]] and [[haematological agents]], not elsewhere classified
* [[Phytohaemagglutinin]] ([[Kidney bean|Red kidney bean]] poisoning)

({{ICD10|T|46||t|36}}) Poisoning by agents primarily affecting the [[cardiovascular system]]
* [[Digitoxin]]
* [[Digoxin]]
* [[Ouabain]]

({{ICD10|T|47||t|36}}) Poisoning by agents primarily affecting the [[gastrointestinal system]]
* [[Solanine]]
* [[Hyoscyamine]]

({{ICD10|T|48||t|36}}) Poisoning by agents primarily acting on smooth and [[skeletal muscles]] and the [[respiratory system]]
* [[Strychnine]]
* [[Aconite]]

({{ICD10|T|49||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[topical agents]] primarily affecting [[skin]] and [[mucous membrane]] and by [[ophthalmological]], [[otorhinolaryngological]] and [[dentistry|dental]] drugs

({{ICD10|T|50||t|36}}) Poisoning by [[diuretics]] and other unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances

(T51-T65) [[Toxic effects]] of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source

({{ICD10|T|51||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[alcohol]]
* (T51.0) [[Ethanol]]
* (T51.1) [[Methanol]]

({{ICD10|T|52||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[organic solvents]]

({{ICD10|T|53||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[halogen]] derivatives of [[aliphatic]] and [[aromatic hydrocarbons]]

({{ICD10|T|54||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[corrosive]] substances
Corrosives mechanically damage biological systems on contact. Both the sensation and injury caused by contact with a corrosive resembles a [[burn injury]].

* Acids and bases, corrosives
** Various light metal oxides, hydroxides, superoxides
** [[Bleach]], some pool chemicals, other hypochlorates (acidic and oxydizing effect)
** [[Hydrofluoric acid]]

Acids (T54.2)
Strong inorganic acids, such as concentrated [[sulfuric acid]], [[nitric acid]] or [[hydrochloric acid]], destroy any [[biological tissue]] with which they come in contact within seconds.

Bases (T54.3)
Strong inorganic bases, such as [[sodium hydroxide|lye]], gradually dissolve skin on contact but can cause serious damage to eyes or [[mucous membrane]]s much more rapidly. [[Ammonia]] is a far weaker base than lye, but has the distinction of being a gas and thus may more easily come into contact with the sensitive mucous membranes of the [[respiratory system]]. [[Quicklime]], which has household uses, is a particularly common cause of poisoning. Some of the light metals, if handled carelessly, can not only cause thermal burns, but also produce very strongly basic solutions in sweat.

({{ICD10|T|55||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[soaps]] and [[detergents]]

({{ICD10|T|56||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[metals]]
A common trait shared by [[toxic metal]]s is the chronic nature of their toxicity (a notable exception would be [[bismuth]], which is considered entirely non-toxic). Low levels of toxic metal salts ingested over time accumulate in the body until toxic levels are reached. [[Toxic metal]]s are often inaccurately referred to as "[[heavy metal]]s", although not all heavy metals are necessarily harmful and not all toxic metals are heavy metals.

Toxic metals are generally far more toxic when ingested in the form of [[soluble salt]]s than in elemental form. For example, metallic [[mercury (element)|mercury]] passes through the human digestive tract without interaction and is commonly used in [[dental fillings]]—even though [[mercury salts]] and inhaled mercury vapor are highly toxic.

Examples:
* (T56.0) [[Lead poisoning]]
* (T56.1) [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]
* (T56.2) [[Chromium]]
* (T56.3) [[Cadmium]]
* (T56.7) [[Beryllium]] (a highly but subtly toxic light metal)
* [[Antimony]]
* [[Barium]]
* [[Thallium]]
* [[Uranium]]
*[[Cobalt Poisoning]]

({{ICD10|T|57||t|51}}) Toxic effect of other inorganic substances
* (T57.0) [[Arsenic]] (see [[arsenic poisoning]])
** [[Arsenic]] compounds
*** [[Arsenic trioxide]]
*** [[Fowler's solution]]

Reducing agents
* (T57.1) The most notable substance in this class is [[phosphorus]].

({{ICD10|T|58||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[carbon monoxide]]
* (T58) By far the most notable metabolic poison is [[carbon monoxide]], which blocks the ability of [[red blood cell]]s to transport [[oxygen]].

({{ICD10|T|59||t|51}}) Toxic effect of other [[gases]], [[fumes]] and [[vapours]]
* [[Formaldehyde]] (T59.2)
* [[Phosgene]]
* [[Phosphine]]
* [[Hydrogen sulfide]]

Oxidizers
Poisons of this class are generally not very harmful to higher life forms such as humans (for whom the outer layer of cells are more or less disposable), but lethal to [[microorganism]]s such as [[bacterium|bacteria]]. Typical examples are [[ozone]] and [[chlorine]] (T59.4), either of which is added to nearly every [[municipal water supply]] in order to kill any harmful microorganisms present.

All [[halogen]]s are strong [[oxidizing agent]]s, [[fluorine]] (T59.5) being the strongest of all.

:''See also:'' [[Free radical]]

({{ICD10|T|60||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[pesticides]]
* [[Pesticide poisoning]]
* [[Fluoroacetate]] is a metabolic poison that blocks a vital step in the [[citric acid cycle]].
* [[Rotenone]] is a metabolic poison that disrupts electron transport in [[cellular respiration]].

({{ICD10|T|61||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[noxious]] substances eaten as [[seafood]]
* [[Ciguatera poisoning]]
* [[Scombroid poisoning]]
* [[Shellfish toxins]] (PSP, DSP, NSP, [[domoic acid|ASP]] )
* [[Domoic acid]] (or [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]], ASP)
* [[Tetrodotoxin]]

({{ICD10|T|62||t|51}}) Toxic effect of other [[noxious]] substances eaten as [[food]]
* [[Food poisoning]]
* [[Botulism|Botulin]] toxin
* [[Oenanthe (plant)|Hemlock water dropwort]]
* [[Grayanotoxin]] ([[Honey]] intoxication)
* [[Tetanospasmin]] (Tetanos Toxin)

({{ICD10|T|63||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[venomous animals]]
* [[Snake]] and [[spider]] venoms

({{ICD10|T|64||t|51}}) Toxic effect of [[aflatoxin]] and other [[mycotoxin]] food contaminants
* [[Fungus|Fungal]] toxins
** [[Amanita]] toxin, see ''[[Amanita phalloides]]''
** [[Muscarine]]
** [[Aflatoxin]]s

({{ICD10|T|65||t|51}}) Toxic effect of other and unspecified substances
* (T65.0) [[Cyanide]] is a metabolic poison that bonds with an enzyme involved in [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] production.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:08, 27 March 2008

For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation).
EU standard toxic symbol, as defined by Directive 67/548/EEC.

In the context of biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism. Legally and in hazardous chemical labelling, poisons are especially toxic substances; less toxic substances are labelled "harmful", "irritant", or not labelled at all.

In medicine (particularly veterinary) and in zoology, a poison is often distinguished from a toxin and a venom. Toxins are poisons produced via some biological function in nature, and venoms are usually defined as biologic toxins that are injected by a bite or sting to cause their effect, while other poisons are generally defined as substances which are absorbed through epithelial linings such as the skin or gut.

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References

See also

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