Transportation in Canada: Difference between revisions
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All Canadian cities of significant size have some form of public transportation, if only a [[bus]] system. Six Canadian cities have rapid transit systems and three have commuter rail systems (see below). In 2006, 11% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 72.3% that got to work by car, 6.4% that walked and 1.3% that rode a bike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statscan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm |title= The Daily, Wednesday, April 2nd, 2008.| publisher= Statistics Canada| accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> |
All Canadian cities of significant size have some form of public transportation, if only a [[bus]] system. Six Canadian cities have rapid transit systems and three have commuter rail systems (see below). In 2006, 11% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 72.3% that got to work by car, 6.4% that walked and 1.3% that rode a bike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statscan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm |title= The Daily, Wednesday, April 2nd, 2008.| publisher= Statistics Canada| accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> |
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===Rapid transit systems=== |
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{{main|Rapid transit in Canada}} |
{{main|Rapid transit in Canada}} |
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There are six urban rapid transit systems operating in Canada: The [[Toronto subway and RT|Toronto Subway]], the [[Montreal Metro]], the [[Vancouver SkyTrain]], The [[C-Train]] in Calgary, the [[Edmonton Light Rail Transit]] and the [[O-Train]] in Ottawa. |
There are six urban rapid transit systems operating in Canada: The [[Toronto subway and RT|Toronto Subway]], the [[Montreal Metro]], the [[Vancouver SkyTrain]], The [[C-Train]] in Calgary, the [[Edmonton Light Rail Transit]] and the [[O-Train]] in Ottawa. |
Revision as of 17:53, 8 April 2008
Canada is a developed country whose economy relies heavily on the extraction and export of raw materials. Because of this, it has a very large transportation system which includes more than 1.4 million kilometres of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, 72,093 kilometres of functioning railroad track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans as well as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway.[1] In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's huge mining and oil and gas extraction industries.[2]
Transport Canada oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within Canadian jurisdiction. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's Minister of Transport. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations.
Roads
Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005 [2] | |
Industry | Share of transportation GDP (%) |
Air transportation | 9 |
Rail transportation | 13 |
Water transportation | 3 |
Truck transportation | 35 |
Transit and ground passenger transportation |
12 |
Pipeline transportation | 11 |
Scenic and sightseeing transport/Transport support |
17 |
Total: | 100 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Transca_chwk.jpg/220px-Transca_chwk.jpg)
There is a total of 1,042,300 kilometers (647,655 miles) of road in Canada,of which 415,600 kilometers (258,242 miles) is paved, including 17,000 kilometers (10,563 miles) of expressways). As of 2006, 626,700 km were unpaved.[3]
In 2006, there were 19,499,843 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96.1% were vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 2.3% were vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 1.6% were 15 tonnes or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 326.14 billion kilometers, of which 296.9 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 7.4 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.8 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 92.2% of vehicle-kilometers were intra-province trips, 4.5% were inter-province and 3.2% made between Canada and the US. For trucks over 15 tonnes, 58% of vehicle-kilometers were intra-province trips, 18.4% inter-province trips, 15.4% Canada-US trips and 8.4% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of 31.1 billion liters of gasoline and 10.1 billion liters of diesel. [4] Trucking generated 35% of the total GDP from transport, compared to 25% for rail, water and air combined (the remainder being generated by the industry's transit, pipeline, scenic and support activities).[5] Hence roads are the dominant means of passenger and freight transport in Canada.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg)
Roads and highway were all managed by provincial and municipal authorities until construction of the Northwest Highway System (the Alaska highway) and the Trans Canada highway project initiation. The Alaska highway of 1942 was constructed during World War II for military purposes connecting Fort St. John, British Columbia with Fairbanks, Alaska.[6] The transcontinental highway, a joint national and provincial expenditure, was begun in 1949 under the initiation of the Trans Canada Highway Act in December 10, 1949. The 7,821 kilometer (4,859.7 miles) highway was completed in 1962 at a total expenditure of $1.4 billion.[7]
Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska.The Ministry of Transportation maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations.[8][9] The Department of Transportation in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that province as well.
Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act[10] and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act[11]
Air Transport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Air_Canada_Logo.svg/150px-Air_Canada_Logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WestJet_Logo.svg/150px-WestJet_Logo.svg.png)
Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its flag carrier is Air Canada, which had 34 million customers in 2006 and operates 344 airplanes (including Air Canada Jazz). WestJet, a discount carrier formed in 1996, is second with 73 airplanes. Canada's airline industry saw significant change following the signing of the US-Canada Open Skies Agreement in 1995, when the marketplace became less regulated and more competitive.[12]
The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers.[13] The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the National Airports Policy was enacted[14]
Principal airports
Canada has 10 large, international airports, as well as over 300 smaller airports and 296 heliports. Below is a table of Canada's 10 biggest airports by passenger traffic in 2007. Toronto Pearson International Airport, is the busiest airport in Canada, and was also the only Canadian airport ranked in the top 30 airports in the world by number of passengers in 2006 (although it dropped off the list in 2007). In 2007, 94.5 million passengers travelled through Canada's ten largest airports.
In total there are 42 airports with an air traffic control (ATC) tower and 53 airports with a Flight Service Station (FSS).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vancouver_International_Airport_2006.jpg/200px-Vancouver_International_Airport_2006.jpg)
Rank | Airport | Location | Total Passengers |
Annual Increase |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Toronto, Ontario | 31,507,349 | 1.7% |
2 | ![]() |
Vancouver, British Columbia | 17,495,049 | 3.4% |
3 | ![]() |
Montreal, Quebec | 12,407,934 | 8.3% |
4 | ![]() |
Calgary, Alberta | 12,240,786 | 8.5% |
5 | ![]() |
Edmonton, Alberta | 6,065,117 | 16.3% |
6 | ![]() |
Ottawa, Ontario | 4,092,458 | 7.4% |
7 | ![]() |
Winnipeg, Manitoba | 3,565,501 | 8.7% |
8 | ![]() |
Halifax, Nova Scotia | 3,469,062 | 2.7% |
9 | ![]() |
Victoria, British Columbia | 1,481,606 | 6.6% |
10 | ![]() |
Kelowna, British Columbia | 1,363,239 | 11.1% |
Rail
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg/220px-Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/VIA_Rail_Canada_Logo.svg/100px-VIA_Rail_Canada_Logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Canadian_Pacific_Logo_1996.png/100px-Canadian_Pacific_Logo_1996.png)
As of 2006, Canada has a total of 72,131 kilometers of freight and passenger railway, of which 31km is electrified. [25] While intercity passenger transportation by rail is now very limited, freight transport by rail remains common. Total revenues of rail services in 2006 was $10.4 billion, of which only 2.8% was from passenger services. The Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway are Canada's two major freight railway companies, each having operations throughout North America. In 2006, 352 billion tonne-kilometers of freight were transported by rail, and 4.24 million passengers traveled 1.45 billion passenger-kilometers (an almost negligible amount compared to the 491 billion passenger-kilometers made in light road vehicles). 34,137 people were employed by the rail industry in the same year. [26]
Nation-wide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation VIA Rail. Three Canadian cities have commuter train services: in the Montreal area by AMT, in the Toronto area by GO Transit, and in the Vancouver area by West Coast Express. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.
In Canada railways are served by standard gauge, 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm), rails.
Canada has extensive rail links with the lower 48 US States, but no connection with Alaska other than a rail ferry service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia, although a line has been proposed.[27] There are no other international rail connections.
Waterways
In 2004, 137.7 million tonnes of cargo was loaded and unloaded at Canadian ports.[28]
The Statute of Westminister of 1931 was updated by the Canada Shipping Act in 1934 to consolidate all aspects of Canadian shipping. The Canadian Maritime Commission was put into place in 1947 pursuant to the 1934 Canada Shipping Act and took over responsibilities regarding shipping and ship building services formerly looked after by the Department of Trade and Commerce.[6]
Transport Canada is currently mandated to oversee most of the regulatory functions related to marine registration[29], Large Vessel Safety[30], and port pilotage duties.[31] Many of Canada's Port facilities are in the process of being divested from a federal responsibility to other agencies or municipalities.[32]
Inland waterways comprise 3,000 kilometers (1,864 miles), including the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Transport Canada has passed several acts and regulations governing water transportation and safety.[33]
Ferry services
- Passenger ferry service
- Vancouver Island to the mainland
- several Sunshine Coast communities to the mainland and to Alaska.
- Internationally to St. Pierre and Miquelon
- Automobile ferry service
- Nova Scotia to Newfoundland and Labrador,
- Quebec to Labrador
- Labrador and the island of Newfoundland.
- Rail ferry service
- British Columbia to Alaska or Washington state.
Canals
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Welland_Canal_Lock_1_Port_Weller_1.jpg/220px-Welland_Canal_Lock_1_Port_Weller_1.jpg)
The St. Lawrence waterway was at one time the world's greatest inland water navigation system enabling international trade. The main route canals of Canada are those of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. The others are subsidiary canals.
Ports and harbours
Trade routes for imports and exports are facilitated by Canadian harbours. The National Harbours board administers Halifax, Saint John, Chicoutini, Three Rivers, Chicoutini, Churchill, and Vancouver. Over 300 harbours across Canada are supervised by the Department of Transport. [6]
Merchant marine
The Canadian Government Merchant Marine, Limited began with 66 vessels.[6] The merchant marine comprises a total of 173 ships (1,000 GRT GRT uses unsupported parameter (help) or over) 2,129,243 GRT or 716,340 t DWT DWT uses unsupported parameter (help) at the end of 2007.[3]
Pipelines
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TransCanada_pipeline.png/220px-TransCanada_pipeline.png)
Pipelines are part of the energy extraction and transportation network of Canada and are used to transporte carry natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, synthetic crude and other petroleum based products. Canada has 23,564 kilometers (14,641 miles) of pipeline for transportation of crude and refined oil, and 74,980 kilometers (46,590 miles) for Liquid Petroleum Gas.[3]
Urban transport
All Canadian cities of significant size have some form of public transportation, if only a bus system. Six Canadian cities have rapid transit systems and three have commuter rail systems (see below). In 2006, 11% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 72.3% that got to work by car, 6.4% that walked and 1.3% that rode a bike.[34]
Rapid transit systems
There are six urban rapid transit systems operating in Canada: The Toronto Subway, the Montreal Metro, the Vancouver SkyTrain, The C-Train in Calgary, the Edmonton Light Rail Transit and the O-Train in Ottawa.
Location | Transit | Daily Ridership | System Length |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Toronto Subway/RT | 1,211,300 | 68.3km |
![]() |
metro or métro | 835,000+ | 65.33km |
![]() |
C-Train | 271,100 | 44.8km |
![]() |
SkyTrain | 220,000 | 49.5km |
![]() |
Edmonton Light Rail Transit | 42,000 | 12.9km |
![]() |
O-Train | 10,000 | 8km |
Cities with commuter train systems
Commuter trains exist in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver:
Location | Transit | Daily Ridership | System Length |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Agence métropolitaine de transport | 32,900 (as of 2003)[35] | ? |
![]() |
GO Transit | 160,000 | ? |
![]() |
West Coast Express | 8,400 (as of 2004)[36] | 65km[37] |
History
European contact
Early European settlers and explorers in Canada introduced the wheel to North America's Aboriginal peoples, who relied on canoes, kayaks, umiaks and bull boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. Europeans adopted these technologies as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay.[38]
In the 1800s and early 1900s transportation relied on harnessing oxen to red river carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately 8 to 15 kilometers per hour (5 to 9 miles per hour).[39]
Settlement was along river routes, and trade was locally concentrated. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centers were within 50 kilometers. Rural areas centered around villages, and they were approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 1800s.[39]
Evolution
With the return of the nation's service men following World War II, the 1950s with a population of about 13,921,000 overcame topographic barriers and vast distances to initiate the modern transportation network.
Different parts of the country are shut off from each other by Cabot Strait, the Strait of Belle Isle, by areas of rough, rocky forest terrain, such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, the areas north of Lakes Huron and Superior, dividing the industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the agricultural areas of the prairies, and the barriers interposed by the mountains of British Columbia
— The Canada Year Book 1956[6]
The Federal Department of Transport established November 2, 1936 supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed December 29, 1948 to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The Commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight-rates.[6]
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Royal tours of Canada: Transportation
- Canadian Forces VIP aircraft
- Transportation in the United States
Template:Canadian topics Template:Transportation in North America
External links
- "Transportation and Maps" in Virtual Vault, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
- North American Transportation Statistics
References
- ^ "Transportation in Canada". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ a b "An Analysis of the Transportation Sector in 2005" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ a b c "CIA - The World Factbook". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
- ^ "53-223-XIE2006000" (PDF). Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "An Analysis of the Transportation Sector in 2005" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ a b c d e f Howe, C.D., the Right Honourable Minister of Trade and Commerce; Canada Year Book Section, Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics (1956), The Canada Year Book 1956 The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress, Ottawa, Ontario: Kings Printer and Controller of Stationery, page 713 to 791
- ^ Coneghan, Daria (2006), "Trans-Canada Highway", The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan, CANADIAN PLAINS RESEARCH CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF REGINA, retrieved December 29, 2007
{{citation}}
: Text "Details" ignored (help) - ^ "Regional Enforcement Officers". Canadian Transportation Agency. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Enforcement blitz improves road safety". Canada NewsWire. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Motor Vehicle Safety Act". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ "Highway Traffic Act". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ "Travelog - Volume 18, Number 3" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Enforcement". Canadian Transportation Agency. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "National Airports Policy". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ Toronto Pearson Passenger Statistics
- ^ Vancouver Passenger Statistics
- ^ Aeroport de Montreal Passenger Statistics
- ^ Calgary Passenger Statistics
- ^ Edmonton Passenger Statistics
- ^ Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier Passenger Statistics
- ^ Winnipeg Airports Authority Statistics
- ^ Halifax Passenger Statistics 2007
- ^ Victoria Passenger Statistics
- ^ Kelowna Passenger Statistics
- ^ "Rail transportation, length of track operated for freight and passenger transportation, by province and territory". statcan.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Railway carriers, operating statistics". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ AlaskaCanadaRail.org
- ^ "Domestic and international cargo, tonnage loaded and unloaded by water transport, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Small Vessel Monitoring & Inspection Program". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Port State Control". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Marine Personnel Standards and Pilotage". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Airport and Port Programs". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Marine Acts and Regulations". Transport Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "The Daily, Wednesday, April 2nd, 2008". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ http://www.amt.qc.ca/english/Nutshell.asp AMT in a nutshell. From 12 million annual trips
- ^ http://www.westcoastexpress.com/Facts.htm#Ridership West Coast Express facts and figures
- ^ http://www.westcoastexpress.com/FAQ.htm West Coast Express FAQ
- ^ Virtual Vault, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
- ^ a b Rodrigue, Dr. Jean-Paul (1998–2008). "Historical Geography of Transportation - Part I". Dept. of Economics & Geography. Hofstra University. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
{{cite web}}
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