Transport in France: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
The first important human improvements were the [[Roman road]]s linking major settlements and providing quick passage for marching armies. These routes these roads followed are copied today by many 'N' class roads. |
The first important human improvements were the [[Roman road]]s linking major settlements and providing quick passage for marching armies. These routes these roads followed are copied today by many 'N' class roads. |
||
Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] improvements were |
Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] improvements were arse and mediocre and transport became slow and cumbersome. The early modern period saw great improvements. There was a proliferation of [[canal]]s connecting rivers (like the [[Canal du Midi]]). It also saw great changes in oceanic shipping. Rather than expensive [[galley]]s, wind powered ships that were far faster and had far more cargo space became popular on the coastal trade. Transatlantic shipping with the [[New World]] turned cities such as [[Nantes]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]] and [[Le Havre]] into major ports of international importance. |
||
=== Railways === |
=== Railways === |
||
Revision as of 09:33, 21 June 2008
This article concerns the history and current organisation of transport systems in France.
History
France has a system of large, navigable rivers, such as the Loire, Seine and Rhône that cross the country and have long been essential for trade and travel.
The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, known as boatsmen and traders, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC.
The first important human improvements were the Roman roads linking major settlements and providing quick passage for marching armies. These routes these roads followed are copied today by many 'N' class roads.
Throughout the Middle Ages improvements were arse and mediocre and transport became slow and cumbersome. The early modern period saw great improvements. There was a proliferation of canals connecting rivers (like the Canal du Midi). It also saw great changes in oceanic shipping. Rather than expensive galleys, wind powered ships that were far faster and had far more cargo space became popular on the coastal trade. Transatlantic shipping with the New World turned cities such as Nantes, Bordeaux, Cherbourg and Le Havre into major ports of international importance.
Railways
Even in France, where, because of water transport, railways were of lesser importance than in other nations, railways were still an extremely important area of economic development. Despite already having a well developed water transport system, by 1875 railways were carrying four times as much cargo as canals and rivers combined.
French railways started later, and developed more slowly than those in other nations. While the first railway built in France was in operation in 1832, not long after the first line had opened in Britain, French progress failed to keep pace over the next decade.
After the war of 1870 the French rail system was overhauled and made far more efficient. By 1914 the French rail system was a match for Germany's and played a crucial part in France's victory in the First World War.
In the 1930s Léon Blum's socialist government nationalised the French rail system, along with many other industries, and the transport system was successful in World War II.
After the war the French railway system began a slow movement to electric trains. Eventually TGV high speed trains were introduced providing extremely quick links between France's urban centres.
Railway
There is a total of 31,939 kilometres (31,840 km are operated by French national company) of railway in France.[1]
- 31,840 km 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
- 99 km 1m narrow gauge (1998)
Trains, unlike road traffic, drive on the left (except in Alsace-Moselle). Metro and tramway services are not considered trains and thus generally follow road traffic in driving on the right (except the Lyon Metro).
France has railway links with all adjacent countries, with the exception of Andorra. The connection with Spain involves a break-of-gauge.
Metros
There are a number of metro services operating in France.
- Paris Métro, operated by the RATP (Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens) and the RER
- Laon, Poma 2000
- Lille, VAL (Véhicule Automatique Léger, "Light Automatic Vehicle"), operated by Transpole.
- Lyon Metro
- Marseille, operated by the RTM (Régie des Transports de Marseille)
- Rennes Metro, VAL
- Toulouse, VAL
Tramways and light railways
Despite the closure of most of France's tram systems in previous decades, a rapidly growing number of France's major cities have modern tram or light rail networks, including Paris, Lyon, Montpellier, St Etienne, Strasbourg and Nantes (Nantes has the largest French network). Recently the tram has seen a huge revival with many experiments such as ground level power supply in Bordeaux (to avoid the need for overhead wires) or trolleybuses masquerading as trams in Nancy (to provide a quick fix for traffic congestion).
This mode of transport started disappearing in France at the end of the 1930s. Only Lille, Marseille and Saint-Etienne have never abandoned their tram systems. Since the 1980s, several cities have re-introduced it.
The following French towns and cities run light rail or tram systems:
- Bordeaux, since 2003
- Caen, since 2002, 'trams on tyres' guided bus system featuring a single guidance rail while running on tyres (partially separate tracks)
- Clermont-Ferrand, since 2006, 'trams on tyres'
- Grenoble, since 1987
- Île-de-France (Paris metropolitan area)
- T1 between Saint Denis and Noisy-le-Sec, since 1992
- T2 between La Defense and Issy Plaine, since 1997
- T3, on the south edge of the city of Paris, between Boulevard Victor and Porte d'Ivry, since 2006
- T4, a tram-train between Bondy and Aulnay-sous-Bois RER stations, run by the SNCF, since 2006
- Lille — Roubaix — Tourcoing (non-stop since 1909)
- Lyon, since 2001
- Le Mans, since 2007
- Marseille, since 2007 (historical network opened 1893 closed in 2004 for renewal)
- Montpellier, since 2000
- Mulhouse, since 2006
- Nancy, since 2000, 'trams on tyres' guided bus system featuring a single guidance rail while running on tyres (partially separate tracks)
- Nice, since 2007
- Nantes, since 1985
- Orléans, since 2000
- Rouen, since 1994
- Saint-Etienne (non-stop since 1881)
- Strasbourg, since 1994
- Valenciennes, since 2006
Light rail and tram systems are under construction in the following locations in France:
Systems are planned in these locations:
Roads
There is a total of 893,300 km of roads in the country, including 12 000 km of motorways and 30 500 km of Routes Nationales (1998 est.). Most motorways in France are toll and operated by private companies such as the Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie (SAPN).
- See also
- Autoroutes of France
- Paris's ring road, the Périphérique
Waterways / canals
There are 14,932 km of waterways in France, of which 6,969 km are heavily travelled.
See also:
Pipelines
Pipelines in France total 3,059 km in length for the transport of crude oil and for petroleum products, 4,487 km. Natural gas pipelines total 24,746 km.
Sea
France possesses an extensive merchant marine, including 55 ships of size 1,000 GRT GRT uses unsupported parameter (help) and above. The country also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in Iles Kerguelen (French Southern and Antarctic Lands).
France also possesses a number of seaports and harbours, including the following: Bayonne, Bordeaux, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brest, Calais, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-sur-Mer, La Rochelle-La Pallice, Le Havre, Lorient, Marseille, Nantes, Nice, Paris, Port-la-Nouvelle, Port-Vendres, Roscoff, Rouen, Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Malo, Sète, Strasbourg, Toulon.
Air travel
There are approximately 478 airports in France (1999 est.) (see List of French Airports) and by a 2005 estimate, there are three heliports. Of the airports, 288 have paved runways, with the remaining 199 being unpaved.
Among the airspace governance authorities active in France, one is Aéroports de Paris, which has authority over the Paris region, managing 14 airports including Charles de Gaulle International Airport and Orly Airport.[2] The former, located in Roissy en France near Paris, is one of Europe's principal aviation centres and is also France's main international airport.
The national carrier of France is Air France.
Notes and references
- ^ Map of the network: http://www.rff.fr/biblio_pdf/rf_inv_r_carte.pdf
- ^ "Laurine Feinberg appointed to guide the Parisian airports towards the ISO 14001 certification (Press Release)". Aéroports de Paris. February 16, 2005.