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|subdivision_name = {{USA}}
|subdivision_name = {{USA}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Springfield's state|Unknown]]<!---DO NOT put Vermont, Missouri, Kentucky or any state!!! It will be changed back!!--->
|subdivision_name1 = [[Oregon]]<ref>[http://www.registerguard.com/news/2007/07/27/d1.cr.simpsons.0727.p1.php?section=cityregion The Register-Guard, Eugene, Oregon, USA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|subdivision_type2 = County
|subdivision_type2 = County
|subdivision_name2 =Springfield County <ref>{{cite episode|title=Dog of Death|episodelink=Dog of Death|series=The Simpsons|serieslink=The Simpsons|credits=Reardon, Jim; Swartzwelder, John|network=Fox Broadcasting Company|airdate=1992-03-12|season=3|number=19}}</ref>
|subdivision_name2 =[[Lane County, Oregon |Lane]]


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Revision as of 02:46, 16 August 2008

City of Springfield
A panoramic view of Springfield as seen in The Simpsons Movie.
A panoramic view of Springfield as seen in The Simpsons Movie.
Motto: 
"A Noble Spirit Embiggens the Smallest Man" - "Springfield: Good" [2]
Country United States
StateUnknown
CountySpringfield County [1]
Founded1796
FounderJebediah Springfield
Incorporated1796
Government
 • MayorJoe Quimby (D)
 • Police chiefClancy Wiggum
Elevation
[3]
1,582 ft (482 m)
Population
[3]
 • Total158,962
Area code402
Websitewww.thesimpsons.com

Springfield is the fictional city in which the animated American sitcom The Simpsons is set. Springfield is a mid-sized city in an unknown state. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society.[4] The geography of Springfield and its surroundings are flexible, changing to address whatever an episode’s plot calls for.[5] In The Simpsons' universe, Time magazine is said to have done a cover story on Springfield entitled "America's Worst City;"[6] Newsweek is said to have characterized the city as "America's Crud Bucket".[7]

There are no geographical coordinates or references to US states that might identify which part of the country it represents. Nevertheless, fans have tried to determine the town's location by taking the town's characteristics, surrounding geography, and nearby landmarks as clues. Whenever an episode attempts to show or say what state it is in, the audience is somehow prevented from learning what is revealed. In one episode Lisa Simpson says that the location is a mystery and instructs the viewer to follow the clues to figure it out.[8] As a response, the show has become intentionally evasive in regard to Springfield's location.

Creation

The name Springfield was chosen by Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, as the setting for the show because it is one of the most common place-names in the United States.[9] The town was partly inspired by Melonville, the town in Second City Television, which featured a large cast of recurring characters. Groening liked the idea of a town that was its own mini-universe and partially based The Simpsons on it.[10]

"Well, for me, SCTV was such a huge hit...But the idea of creating a show where the locale—in SCTV's case, Melonville—was populated with all these different characters that kept on running into each other, and it was a whole world, and you could imagine all sorts of other things going on in the world...And I was hoping that would happen to Springfield. And back on The Tracey Ullman Show, I tried to begin to build the world with Krusty the Clown, and Itchy & Scratchy, and the various little cereals and things like that. And then it certainly expanded beyond my wildest dreams."
— Matt Groening[10]

The uncertain location of Springfield is a running gag in the series. There are 34 states in the United States that have at least one community with that name.[11] Episodes frequently make fun of the fact that Springfield's state has never been revealed, by adding further conflicting descriptions, obscuring onscreen map representations, and interrupting conversational references. There has been much speculation on the location of the state. Though the state in which Springfield appears is never actually stated, numerous episodes discuss other states, thereby implying that Springfield is not located in them. A web page discussing Springfield's location states that, due to the many contradictory clues, it is impossible for Springfield to exist in any set location.[12]

David Silverman, a director for the Simpsons, has claimed that Springfield is in the fictional state of "North Tacoma" (or "North Takoma"). This is substantiated by the state abbreviations NT and TA used within the show. However, this has never been officially confirmed in any canonical episode of The Simpsons or by other Simpsons producers.[citation needed]

In The Simpsons Movie, the idea that Springfield cannot exist for real is further emphasized when Ned Flanders identifies the four bordering states as Ohio, Nevada, Maine and Kentucky, most of which are vastly separated from each other, while Kentucky and Ohio border each other with no state in between.[13] Also during the closing credits,there is a line which reads "Filmed on location in Springfield, (-empty space-)." To promote the movie, various towns and cities across the United States called Springfield competed to hold the premiere of the movie in their town. Springfields from many different states entered the competition.[14] The town of Springfield, Vermont was elected to host the movie's premiere.[15][16] In response to this, Groening revealed that he had always intended Springfield to represent Springfield, Oregon, and his hometown of Beaverton.[17]

History

File:Realspringfield.jpg
Springfield as seen in the live-action theme song.

Colonial Era

Springfield was founded in 1796 by Maryland settlers who were trying to find a course to New Sodom after misinterpreting a passage in the Bible. In its early days, the city was the target of many Native American raids, and to this day many forts and trading posts remain (including Fort Springfield and Fort Sensible). It was also the site of at least two battles during the American Civil War.

The founder of Springfield was the pioneer Jebediah Springfield, widely celebrated in the town as a brave and patriotic American hero. He famously tamed a wild buffalo and killed a bear with his bare hands, and his deeds are immortalized in a bronze statue in front of the city hall. (Revisionist historians have since determined that the bear actually killed Springfield, but this has been deemed to be mean-spirited 'fact-mongering'). The town motto, "a noble spirit embiggens the smallest man" is attributed to the cromulent Jebediah.

Lisa Simpson once discovered that 'Jebediah Springfield' was actually just the alias of Hans Sprungfeld, a murderous pirate and enemy of George Washington (Lisa the Iconoclast). Amongst other things, his 'taming' of the wild buffalo is a lie: he actually merely shot a tame buffalo; he also had an actual tongue made of silver, but history has taken this to mean that he was a talented orator. Lisa eventually decided that the myth of Springfield should be preserved and did not reveal her findings. Horace Hurlbut, the local antiquarian, supported her decision, if only because it meant that Jebediah's silver tongue could remain a fetching cowboy model in his museum.

History from Colonial Era to Mid-Twentieth Century

In the mid-20th century, the city reached the pinnacle of its success when it became the home of a factory producing Aquacars, a car which could be driven in water like a boat. One-half of the US was said to wear Springfield galoshes. At this point, the city was truly 'On the GROW' (look out, Utica!) and its streets were (literally) paved with gold. But, unfortunately, the economy collapsed when it was discovered that the Aquacar was prone to spontaneous explosion after 600 miles and/or knots. The town never really recovered from this tragedy (the gold was reportedly shipped to the Sultan of Brunei to encase one of his many animal herds)

Present Day

Despite the shutdown of the Aquacar factory, some heavy manufacturing remains in the town, including several factories producing and processing foodstuffs: 'Ah! Fudge' chocolate; 'Southern Cracker' and 'Allied Biscuit' snacks; and peanuts, though this last industry has been ransacked at least once by a hungry elephant. Duff Beer employs many local people, though its competitor, Fudd, has some market-share, too. Fireworks are assembled in Springfield, and millions of boxes are produced (though these are finished in Flint, Michigan). At one point, there was a major 'Spirograph' factory in the town, but this has closed down. There was also a pillow factory in town, but it was demolished, with "Sideshow" Luke Perry inside. Springfield is also the proud home of a (flaming) steel mill. The town's largest employer is probably the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. At some point after World War II the U.S. government designated Springfield as an NWB or Nuclear Whipping-Boy. This means that in the event of a nuclear war, all nations allied with the United States will bombard Springfield in order to calibrate their weapons (Worst Episode Ever).

Springfield was nearly chosen as the host for the Summer Olympic Games, but Bart Simpson's antics angered representatives from the IOC. It was also nearly awarded an NFL franchise team, but Abraham Simpson attacked the commissioner - mistaking him for a burglar - while he was trying to use the Simpsons' phone.

The town's name was changed temporarily to "Libertyville" after Bart Simpson accidentally mooned the United States flag. As a result, Bart and his family appeared on a talk show where the host made it appear that the Simpsons and Springfield, hate America by twisting the words of Bart's mother, Marge. When the rest of the U.S. reciprocated this affront, Mayor Joe Quimby changed the name of Springfield to "Libertyville". An enormous patriotic craze ensued, wherein all items were priced at $17.76, including pizza "By the Slice" and houses.[18]

For a brief period, Springfield divided itself into two cities because of an area code dispute. Homer Simpson, upset that he had to memorize a new area code, 939, while the rich side of town retained the familiar 636 area code, riled up the lower class citizens of Springfield to rebel and establish their side of Springfield as a separate town, to be called New Springfield. They erected a wall dividing the two area codes and elected Homer as their new mayor. Mayor Quimby maintained control of the rich side, which came to be called Olde Springfield. The two towns reunited when the band The Who, while in Springfield for a concert, suggested speed dial to solve the town's problem and agreed to play if the wall was torn down, a reference to that of the Berlin Wall.[19]

The town also briefly declared martial law by the U.S Army when Homer Simpson and a few other soldiers deserted the army. [20]

In The Simpsons Movie, the entire town was trapped inside a dome by Russ Cargill, head of the EPA. During the time, the town was devastated and was plagued with frequent power outages (Mr Burns refused to give free power) and shortage of supplies. The town was repaired after the dome was destroyed.

Geography

Physical geography

File:Texasspringfield.jpg
Map of Springfield that states that Springfield might be in Texas

Springfield's geography changes with the special needs of each episode. It has included forests, meadows, mountain ranges, a desert, a gorge, beaches, canyons, swamps, waterholes and waterways. Springfield is sometimes shown located on the coast of a large body of water, although other episodes show skyline shots of the city with no signs of a coastline. Major named geographical features include Springfield Gorge, Springfield National Forest, Mt. Springfield, the Springfield Badlands (also known as the Alkali Flats)[21], The Murderhorn (a play on Matterhorn), Springfield Glacier, Mt. Useful National Park, Springfield Mesa and Springfield National Park. Wildlife includes grizzly bears in the Springfield Forest, wolves, some of which prowl into the urban areas of Springfield, vultures in the Alkali Flats, manatees south of Springfield in the coastal waters, alligators in the swamps, snow leopards and mountain goats in the mountains, and badgers in the hills.

Cityscape

The city is divided into many neighborhoods, including: Rats Nest, Bum Town, Chinatown, Crackton, East Springfield, Greek Town, Junkyville, Little Bangkok, Little Italy, Little Newark, Little Seattle, Ethnictown, Lower Eastside, Pressboard Estates, Recluse Ranch Estates, Skid Row, Springfield Harbor, Springfield Heights, Springshire, Tibet Town, flammable district, a gay district, the fast food district (Which was destroyed by Homer in the episode "E Plurbius Wiggum".), and a Russian district. There is also a housing project in Springfield called Lincoln Park Village.

Pollution

In Trash of the Titans, Homer Simpson was elected Sanitation Commissioner. After Homer spent the entire yearly budget in his first month of office, he was forced to take in the garbage of other cities in order to make enough money to pay the city's trash collectors. Eventually the mines that were storing the collected trash erupted and littered the entire city, prompting the entire city, population and structures, to literally move five miles (8 km) down the road to establish a “new” Springfield away from the massive dump that “old” Springfield had become.[22]

Visitors to Springfield are advised to wear radiation suits and carry Geiger counters, since the city is perhaps the most radioactive in the United States. This is because the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant was built during an incredibly lax period for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the plant's nuclear core was surrounded not by several layers of protective concrete, lead and graphite but by ordinary plaster and a horseshoe hanging from a nail. Lake Springfield has also been a point of interest when it comes to pollution, as Bart once caught a fish with three eyes in the lake, named Blinky.

Springfield is home to the state's largest self-sustaining tire fire which has been burning continuously since 1966 or 1989. [23]

In The Simpsons Movie, Lake Springfield was quite polluted by the trash and carelessness of the townspeople. Lisa Simpson managed to petition the town to clean up the lake, and the lake was cleaned up, surrounded by barriers, and a Hazardous Waste Center was built for the garbage of citizens. However, the lake was severely re-polluted after Homer Simpson dumped a large silo of pig waste into the lake. The lake was so polluted that a squirrel jumped into the water and emerged with multiple eyes, and the EPA came to action and sealed the town in a large glass dome, and ultimately decided to blow up Springfield by putting a bomb inside the dome. However, the dome was destroyed after Homer Simpson and Bart Simpson managed to throw the bomb on to the top of the dome, seconds before detonation. Once the dome was destroyed, it was presumed that the town cleaned the lake again.

Government and infrastructure

Elected officials

The current mayor of Springfield is Joe Quimby (D), while their representative in congress is Krusty the Clown (R). Despite being a congressman, Krusty continues to host his eponymous children's television show on a daily basis, and in fact treats congressional duties as an afterthought to his entertainment career.

Mayor Quimby is manifestly incompetent and immoral as well as being a conspicuously corrupt and fraudulent politician. Quimby is a sleazy womanizer and has had multiple affairs on his wife. Quimby vacationed to Jamaica during a flu epidemic in Springfield and used the town treasury to fund the murder of his enemies and for his acquittal when he later confessed to the crime. The citizens of Springfield are normally accepting of this conduct, except on certain issues, such as when the citizens blamed Quimby for traffic jam caused by Bart Simpson - the largest in the history of the town.[24] “Diamond” Joe, as he is called, has been the mayor of Springfield since the beginning of The Simpsons — so long that he’s gotten tired of having to be reelected — and has only during brief times not been mayor.

The Springfield Police Department, led by Police Chief Clancy Wiggum, is also corrupt and incompetent, although it manages to foil most of the crimes with the help of citizens.

Laws

Upon reading the town charter, prohibition was discovered to have been a standing law that hadn't been enforced for 200 years ("Spirituous beverages are hereby prohibited in Springfield under penalty of catapult."). After a brief period of reinforcement, it was ended after further reading of the charter found that the law was repealed one year after its inception. [25]

Gambling [26] and same-sex marriage [27] are legal in Springfield.

Crime

Springfield crime elements include Krusty's former sidekick Sideshow Bob, the career criminal Snake Jailbird, as well as organized crime. The organized crime in Springfield is run by mob boss Fat Tony and his henchmen, Louie, Legs and Johnny Tightlips. They have paid off the civil servants of Springfield such as when they paid a bribe to police officers Eddie and Lou to smuggle alcohol into the city during the reinstating of prohibition [25] Springfield is located in a state that retains the death penalty by electric chair, by catapult[25] , the guillotine,[28] and gas chamber. Penitentiaries located in Springfield are The Charles Montgomery Burns State Penitentiary, Springfield City Jail, Springfield Correctional Institute, Springfield Juvenile Correctional Facility, Springfield Juvenile Hall, Springfield Penitentiary, Springfield Prison, Springwood Minimum Security Prison, Springfield State Penitentiary, Springfield State Prison, Springfield Women's Prison and the re-opened (after being condemned for 30 years) Morningwood Penitentiary (despite it being completely run-down).

People and culture

Arts and entertainment

Springfield boasts an opera house, an outdoor amphitheater, an arboretum, a vibrant jazz scene and was previously regarded as the entertainment capital of its state.[29] There is also an unusually high number of museums, including Springfield Museum (which features the world's largest cubic zirconium), Springfield Knowledgeum, Springfield Museum of Natural History, The Museum of Swordfish, Springsonian Museum, and a stamp museum. It was also once home to a concert hall designed by Frank Gehry which promptly became a prison. Springfield based rock band, Sadgasm, created a new style of music known as grunge in the 90's.

Media

Main article: Media in The Simpsons
  • KBBL Broadcasting Inc. serves as the major media outlet, owning at least three radio stations and one television station:
  • KUDD 570 AM is a Country radio station located in Spittle County, which can also be heard in Springfield.
  • KZUG 530 AM
  • Channel Ocho is a Spanish-language television station whose most notable personality, Bumblebee Man, stars in a slapstick soap-opera.
  • The Springfield Shopper is a city newspaper.

Sports

Baseball

The town is home to the Springfield Isotopes, an AA minor league baseball team. Home games are played at Duff Stadium. The Springfield Isotopes were the inspiration for the new name of the Florida Marlins' AAA affiliate, the Albuquerque Isotopes, when they relocated to Albuquerque, New Mexico from Calgary. [30] The plot of the "Hungry, Hungry Homer" episode revolves around Homer Simpson's attempts to thwart a planned move by the team to Albuquerque. Isotope Player Buck Mitchell's wife has stripped for the crowd trying to promote her new CD during a game.[31]

Other sports

  • Springfield has a basketball and hockey arena, which is home to the Springfield Ice-O-Topes hockey team. The town may also have a WNBA franchise which also plays at the facility.
  • Springfield also has a large soccer field. At one time, the Portuguese and Mexican soccer teams played in that arena in a match.
  • Springfield Speedway, (an oval track where stock car races are held),
  • Springfield Downs, (a horse racing track), and a dog track.
  • Association of Springfield Semi-Pro Boxers.
  • NFL team, the Meltdowns, designed by Homer.
  • Springfield Atoms [Football] ("Homer Loves Flanders" (1F14))
  • Springfield Atoms [Baseball] ("Homer at the Bat" (8F13))

Rivalry with Shelbyville

There is a strong rivalry between Springfield and its closest neighboring town, Shelbyville, starting with the rivalry that existed between Jebediah Springfield and Shelbyville Manhattan, the founder of Shelbyville. Manhattan wanted to found a city where men were free to marry their cousins, but Springfield refused to allow it. This caused Manhattan to break away with his supporters and found the town of Shelbyville. The rivalry extends to the present day through American football and even a Lemon tree near the two towns' borders. Plays have been written which depict the rivalry of the two cities; in this case Springfield was on the receiving end of some rather obnoxious 'hooting'.

Notes

  1. ^ Reardon, Jim; Swartzwelder, John (1992-03-12). "Dog of Death". The Simpsons. Season 3. Episode 19. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Simpsons Series 19 - Episode 16 - s19e16
  3. ^ a b Gould, Dana; Michels, Pete (2002-05-22). "Papa's Got a Brand New Badge". The Simpsons. Season 13. Episode 22. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Turner, p. 55
  5. ^ Turner, p. 30
  6. ^ Archer, Wes; O'Brien, Conan (1992-11-12). "New Kid on the Block". The Simpsons. Season 4. Episode 8. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Greaney, Dan; Kirkland, Mark (1996-05-19). "Summer of 4 Ft. 2". The Simpsons. Season 7. Episode 25. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Bendetson, Bob; Moore, Steven Dean (2002-03-31). "Blame It On Lisa". The Simpsons. Season 13. Episode 15. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Simpsons launch hits Springfield BBC News retrieved July 21 2007
  10. ^ a b Groening, Matt (2006). The Simpsons The Complete Eighth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Homer vs. The Eighteenth Amendment" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. {{cite AV media}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  11. ^ Basile, Nancy. "Where Is Springfield on "The Simpsons?"" (html). About.com. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
  12. ^ Hughes, Sam. "Where Is The Simpsons' Springfield?" (html). Retrieved 2007-06-13.
  13. ^ Richmond, Ray (2007-05-11). "Springfield of dreams" (html). The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2007-06-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Associated Press (2007-06-08). "Springfield hopes to host 'Simpsons' premiere" (html). Lansing State Journal. Retrieved 2007-06-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Cindy, Clark (2007-07-10). "'The Simpsons Movie' Hometown Premiere Contest". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-07-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ McGourty, Carry (2007-07-10). "Peace, Granola and Now 'The Simpsons'". ABC News. Retrieved 2007-07-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Kalkstein, Meghan (2007-07-27). "Groening: Springfield is the real deal!". KVAL. CBS. Retrieved 2007-11-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Frink, John; Moore, Steven Dean (2004-05-16). "Bart-Mangled Banner". The Simpsons. Season 15. Episode 21. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Cashman, Shaun; Swartzwelder, John (2000-11-05). "A Tale of Two Springfields". The Simpsons. Season 12. Episode 2. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Chun, Daniel; Kruse, Nancy (2006-11-12). "G.I. (Annoyed Grunt)". The Simpsons. Season 18. Episode 5. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Feresten, Spike; Polcino, Dominic (1995-11-26). "Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming". The Simpsons. Season 7. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episode= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Maxtone-Graham, Ian; Reardon, Jim (1998-05-26). "Trash of the Titans". The Simpsons. Season 9. Episode 22. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |epiosdelink= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Anderson, Mike. B; Cohen, Joel H. (2006-01-08). "Homer's Paternity Coot". The Simpsons. Season 17. Episode 10. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Gillis, Stephanie; Kruse, Nancy (2005-11-20). "See Homer Run". The Simpsons. Season 17. Episode 6. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ a b c Anderson, Bob; Swartzwelder, John (1997-03-16). "Homer vs. The Eighteenth Amendment". The Simpsons. Season 8. Episode 18. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Archer, Wes; Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh (1993-12-16). "$pringfield". The Simpsons. Season 5. Episode 10. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Burns, J. Stewart; Kruse, Nancy (2005-02-20). "There's Something About Marrying". The Simpsons. Season 16. Episode 10. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Text "episodelink+There's Something About Marrying" ignored (help)
  28. ^ Jean, Al; Marcantel, Michael (2001-02-18). "Day of the Jackanapes". The Simpsons. Season 12. Episode 13. Fox Boadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David (1993-05-13). "Krusty Gets Kancelled". The Simpsons. Season 04. Episode 22. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Albuquerque Isotopes Official website
  31. ^ Anderson, Bob; Cohen, Joel H. (2006-05-21). "Homer and Marge Turn a Couple Play". The Simpsons. Season 17. Episode 22. Fox Broadcasting Company. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)

References

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