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BUT FUCKING LOOK AT THE WIKIPEDIA PAGES, THEY FUCKING SHOW SCIENCE FUCKING FICTION THAT HAVE WHAT'S LISTED, NOW FUCK OFF!!!
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The following is a list of recurring themes in science fiction.
{{TOCright}}
{{Original research|date=August 2008}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}


==Overarching themes==
Science fiction is a broad [[genre]] of [[fiction]] that often involves speculations based on current or future [[science]] or [[technology]]. Science fiction is found in [[book]]s, [[art]], [[television]], [[film]]s, [[game]]s, [[theatre]], and other media. In organizational or marketing contexts, science fiction can be synonymous with the broader definition of [[speculative fiction]], encompassing creative works incorporating imaginative elements not found in contemporary reality; this includes [[fantasy]], [[Horror fiction|horror]], and related [[genre]]s.<ref name="spec def">{{cite web
|url=http://www.greententacles.com/articles/5/26/
|title=What is Speculative Fiction?
|author=N. E. Lilly
|date=2002-03
|accessdate=2007-01-16
}}</ref>

Science fiction differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though ''some'' elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".<ref>
{{cite web
| author = Marg Gilks, Paula Fleming and Moira Allen
| title = Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas
| work =
| publisher =WritingWorld.com
| year =2003
| url = http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml
| accessdate = }}
</ref> Science fiction is largely based on writing entertainingly and rationally about alternate possibilities<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Del Rey
| first = Lester
| title = The World of Science Fiction: 1926-1976
| publisher = Ballantine Books
| year =1979
| pages = 5
| id = ISBN 0-345-25452-x }}
</ref>
in settings that are contrary to known reality.

These may include:
*A setting in the future, in alternative time lines, or in a historical past that contradicts known facts of history or the archeological record
*A setting in [[outer space]], on other worlds, or involving [[Extraterrestrial life|aliens]]<ref>Sterling, Bruce. "Science fiction" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2008 [http://www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=66289&fullArticle=true&tocId=235716]</ref>
*Stories that involve technology or scientific principles that contradict known laws of nature<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Card
| first = Scott
| title = How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy
| publisher = Writer's Digest Books
| year =1990
| pages = 17
| id = ISBN 0-89879-416-1}}
</ref>
*Stories that involve discovery or application of new scientific principles, such as [[time travel]] or [[psionics]], or new technology, such as [[nanotechnology]], [[faster-than-light]] travel or [[robot]]s, or of new and different political or social systems<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Hartwell
| first = David G.
| title = Age of Wonders: Exploring the World of Science Fiction
| publisher = Tor Books
| year =1996
| pages = 109-131
| id = ISBN 0-312-86235-0 }}
</ref>

This article lists themes noted by critical commentators as being common to SF, and motifs that are often included in science fiction works.

==Common themes and tropes==
{{seealso|Science fiction genre}}
{{seealso|Science fiction genre}}
*[[Cosmology]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
===[[Cosmology]]===
*[[Creation myth|Creation of the Universe]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
*The [[future]]
*The [[future]] <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[Back to the Future]]"/> <ref name="[[The Time Machine]]"/>
*[[Parallel universe (fiction)|Parallel universe]]s<ref name=hist&paral/>
*[[History]] <ref name="Doctor Who"/>
**[[Alternate history (fiction)|Alternate history]] <ref name="Doctor Who"/>
===[[History]]===
**[[Social cycle theory|Historical cycles]]: history repeating itself (either on long or short scales)
**[[Alternate history (fiction)|Alternate history]]<ref name=hist&paral>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235732/Alternate-histories-and-parallel-universes#toc235732</ref>
**Scientific [[prediction]] of the future (e.g. [[Psychohistory (fictional)|psychohistory]]){{Fact|date=January 2009}}
**Scientific [[prediction]] of the future (e.g. [[Psychohistory (fictional)|psychohistory]])
**[[Secret history]] <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/>

*[[Language]]
===Military===
**Alien languages <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**All humans speaking one language (possibly [[Esperanto]])
**Current human languages evolving/splitting
**The [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]] being strongly true (e.g. [[Babel 17]] by [[Samuel R. Delany]] or [[The Languages of Pao]] by [[Jack Vance]])
**[[Universal Translator]]s <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]"/>
*[[Military science fiction|Military]] - strategy, weapons, ranks, technologies.
*[[Military science fiction|Military]] - strategy, weapons, ranks, technologies.
**[[Ray gun]]s
**[[Ray gun]]s <ref name="several [[James Bond]] books"/>
**[[Space warfare]]
**[[Space warfare]] <ref name="[[Star Wars]]"/> <ref name="[[Battlestar Gallactica]]"/>
**[[Alien invasion]]
*[[Omega Point]]
*[[Quantum suicide and immortality]]

*[[Parallel universe (fiction)|Parallel world]]s or universes. <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[Sliders]]"/>
===Alternative societies<ref name=altsoc>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235727/Alternative-societies#toc235727</ref>===
**There is a space based civilization variant of this theme. This plot device allows writers to write [[soft science fiction]] while accounting for the lack of technological advancement and thus similarity to the present day.
*[[Religious ideas in science fiction]]
*[[Religious ideas in science fiction]]
*[[Fantasy fiction|Sci fantasy]]
*[[Sex in science fiction]]<ref name=sex&gender>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235728/Sex-and-gender#toc235728</ref>
*[[Horror fiction|Sci horror]] <ref name="[[Frankenstein]]"/>, <ref name="[[The Demon Seed]]"/>, <ref name="[[the Alien series]]"/>
*[[Sex in science fiction|Sex]] (including [[gender role]]s, [[polygamy]], [[Human sexual behavior|sexuality]] and [[Reproduction|procreation]]) <ref name=sex&gender>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235728/Sex-and-gender#toc235728</ref>
** [[Homosexuality in science fiction]]
** [[Homosexuality in science fiction]]
* [[Gender in science fiction]]<ref name=sex&gender/>
** [[Gender in science fiction]]
** [[Sex in science fiction]]
** [[Reproduction and pregnancy in science fiction]]
** [[Reproduction and pregnancy in science fiction]]
** [[Nudity in science fiction]]
*[[Astrobiology]]{{Fact|date=December 2008}}
*[[Sociology]] and [[sociobiology]]
*[[First contact (science fiction)|First contact]]
*[[Space Opera]]
*Alien languages (e.g. [[Klingon language|Klingon]])


==Types of beings==
===Political structures<ref name=altsoc/>===
*Alternate intelligences
{{Main|Political ideas in science fiction}}
**[[Artificial intelligence]] <ref name="[[AI. Artifical intelligence]]"/>
*[[Dystopia]]s and [[utopia]]<ref>shttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235725/Major-science-fiction-themes#toc235725</ref>
**Beings of pure mentality <ref name="[[The Stones of Blood]]"/>
*[[Galactic empire]]s
**[[Hive mind]]s <ref name="[[Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]"/>
*[[Libertarianism]]'''
**[[Infomorph]]s - memories, characters and consciences of persons being uploaded to a computer or storage media
{{main|Libertarian science fiction}}
**[[Noosphere]] - the "sphere of human thought"
*[[Telepathy|Mind reading]] and [[mind control]]
**[[Solipsism]] & [[Solipsism syndrome]] - a belief that the universe is entirely the creation of one's own mind
*[[World government in science fiction]]
*[[Android]]s and [[Gynoid]]s <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[Star Trek]]"/> <ref name="[[Dragonball]]"/>
*[[post scarcity|Post-"Age of Scarcity"]] (arguments over how to distribute resources are irrelevant since anyone can have anything they reasonably want).{{Fact|date=November 2008}}
**[[Cyborg]]s <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Robot]]s and [[humanoid robot]]s <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Replicant]]s <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Pleasure Unit|Sexbot]]s
*Characters
**The [[Absent-minded professor]] or [[Monomane]] & [[Eclecticism]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**The [[Detective]]
**The God-Like Alien
**The Golem
**The Ignorant Friend
**[[Redshirt]]
**The Robot Clone
**The Robot Servant
**The [[Scientist]]
***The [[Mad Scientist]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
***The Amoral Scientist
***The Heroic Scientist
***The Lame Amoral Scientist
**The [[Wedge Antilles|Wedge]]
*[[Cloning|Clone]]s <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
*[[Extraterrestrial life]] (see [[Extraterrestrial life in culture]]) <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Alien invasion]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Astrobiology]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Benevolent aliens]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[First contact (science fiction)|First contact]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
***Principles of non-interference (e.g. [[Prime Directive]]) <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of time travelling stories"/>
*Living Planets <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
*[[Mutant (fictional)|Mutants]] <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
*[[Shapeshifting|Shapeshifters]] <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
*[[Superhuman]]s <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/> <ref name="[[DC Universe]]"/>
*[[Symbiont]]s <ref name="[[Men in Black]]"/>
*[[Biological uplift|Uplifted animals]] - using technology to "raise" non-human animals to human evolutionary levels <ref name="[[The Island of Dr. Moreau]]"/>


===Body and mind alterations===
==Body and mind alterations==
*[[Bio-implant]]s <ref name="[[The Island of Dr. Moreau]]"/> <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
*[[Bio-implant]]s
**[[Body modification]], including [[genetic modification]]
**[[Body modification]], including [[genetic modification]] <ref name="[[The Island of Dr. Moreau]]"/> <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
**[[Bionics]] <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
**[[Bionics]]
**[[Cybernetics]]
**[[Cybernetics]] <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
*[[Intelligence amplification]]
*[[Intelligence amplification]] <ref name="[[Planet of the Spiders]]"/> <ref name="[[The Lawnmower Man]]"/>
*[[Invisibility]]{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
*[[Invisibility]] <ref name="[[The Face of Evil]]"/>
*[[Life extension]], [[Biological immortality]], Universal immortalism and [[immortality]]
**[[Artificial organ]]s
**[[Artificial organ]]s
**[[Cloning]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Cloning]]
**[[Cryonics]]
**[[Cryonics]]
**[[Organlegging#The Organ Bank Problem|The Organ Bank Problem]] - a proposed problem in which the reduced death rate caused by [[organ transplant]]s would lead to a shortage of organs available for transplant
*Mind interfacing
**Memory removal/editing
**[[Mind control]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Mind uploading]]
**[[Mind uploading]]
**Neural implants to directly interface with machinery
*[[Molecular manufacturing]] & [[Nanotechnology]]
*[[Molecular manufacturing]] & [[Nanotechnology]] (nanomilitary, nanomaterials, nanoecology, nanomedicine, nanocomputing, nanospace, nanoenergy)
*[[Parapsychology|Psi powers and psychic phenomenon]]
*[[Parapsychology|Psi powers and psychic phenomenon]] <ref name="[[The Tomorrow People]]"/>
**[[Clairvoyance]]
**[[Clairvoyance]]
**[[Telepathy]]
**[[Telepathy]]
**[[Telekinesis]]
**[[Telekinesis]]
*[[Paradise engineering]]
*[[Paradise engineering]] <ref name="[[Forest of the Dead]]"/>
*[[Resizing (fiction)|Resizing]] (size-changing, miniaturization, magnification, shrinking, and enlargement) <ref name="[[X-Men]]"/> <ref name="[[Honey I Shrunk the Kids]]"/>
*[[Resizing (fiction)|Resizing]]
*[[Shapeshifting]]
*[[Shapeshifting]] <ref name="[[X-Men]]"/> <ref name="[[Animorphs]]"/>
*[[Telepathy]] <ref name="[[The Tomorrow People]]"/>
*[[Teleportation]]
*[[Teleportation]] <ref name="[[The Tomorrow People]]"/>


===Possible futures===
==Possible futures==
*[[Alien invasion]]s <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
*[[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Apocalypses or world wide disasters]]
*[[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Apocalypses or world wide disasters]]
*[[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-apocalyptic life]] - new societies that develop after the event
*[[Posthumanism]]
*[[Posthumanism]]
*[[Race of the Future]]
*[[Ultimate fate of the Universe]] & [[Kardashev scale]]
*[[Ultimate fate of the Universe]] & [[Kardashev scale]]


==Political structures==
===Habitats===
{{Main|Political ideas in science fiction}}
*[[Domed city]]{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
*[[First contact (science fiction)|Alien Contact]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
*[[Anarchism]]
*[[Anarcho-capitalism]] (see: [[Anarcho-capitalist literature]] and [[Libertarian science fiction]])
*[[Assassination]]
*[[Astrosociology]]
**return to [[feudalism]]
**hive-like [[eusocial]] societies
**future [[caste system]]s
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Dystopia]]s and [[utopia]]s <ref>shttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235725/Major-science-fiction-themes#toc235725</ref>
*[[Environmentalism]]
**Science fiction is used to raise awareness of environmental ideas. Lends itself well to dystopian futures. Frank Herbert and Kim Stanley Robinson are known for their serious concern with ecological issues.
*[[Economics]]
*[[Eugenics]]
*[[Fascism]]
*[[Galactic empire]]s <ref name="[[Star Wars]]"/>
*[[Interstellar federation of planets]]
*[[Legal personality]]
*[[Libertarianism]]'''
{{main|Libertarian science fiction}}
*Limited-franchise [[republic]]
*[[Militarism]]
*[[Mind reading]] and [[mind control]]
*[[National security]] state
*[[Nepotism]]
*[[Pacifism]]
*[[Plutocracy]]
*[[Proportional representation]]
*[[Racism]]
*[[Revolution]]
*[[Slavery]]
*[[Socialism]]
*[[Theocracy]]
*[[Totalitarianism]] vs. [[Libertarianism]] (see: [[Libertarian science fiction]])
*[[Treason]]
*[[World government]]
*[[Zero population growth]]

==Habitats==
*Alien [[Reality Television]], <ref name="[[The Truman Show]]"/>, <ref name="[[Cancelled (South Park]]"/> <ref name="[[Bad Wolf]]"/>
*Alien [[Zoo]], <ref name="[[The Chase (Doctor Who)|"/>
*[[Arcology|Arcologies]] - enormous habitats (hyperstructures) of extremely high human population density
*[[Domed city]]
*[[Endemic]]
*Exploring alien habitats.
*[[Floating city (science fiction)|Floating City]]
*[[Floating city (science fiction)|Floating City]]
*[[Space colonization]]
*[[Seasteading]] & [[Ocean colonization]]
**[[Pirate utopia]]
*[[Space colonization]] <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/>
**[[Terraforming]]
**[[Terraforming]]
**[[List of largest known stars]] & [[List of most luminous stars]]
*[[Underground city]]{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
*[[Underground city]]
*[[Walking City]]


==Travel==

===Travel===
*[[Space colonization|Colonization]] of other planets, moons, [[asteroid]]s, etc.
*[[Space colonization|Colonization]] of other planets, moons, [[asteroid]]s, etc.
**[[Terraforming]]
***[[Terraforming]]
*Moving planets
*[[Space exploration]]<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel" -->
*[[Space exploration]] <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel" -->
**[[Interstellar travel]]
**[[Interstellar travel]] <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
***[[Faster-than-light]] travel and communications
***[[Faster-than-light]] travel and communications <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
****[[Hyperspace (science fiction)|Hyperspace]]
****[[Hyperspace (science fiction)|Hyperspace]] <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
****[[Alcubierre drive|Warp drive]]s
****[[Alcubierre drive|Warp drive]]s <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
****[[Wormhole]]s
****[[Wormhole]]s <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
****[[Ansible]]s
****[[Ansible]]s <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
**Much slower than Light
**Much slower than Light <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
***[[Generation ship]]
***[[Generation ship]] <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
***[[Sleeper ship]]
***[[Sleeper ship]] <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
**[[Space station]]s
*[[Time travel]]<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref>
**Very nearly light speed <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
***[[Bussard ramjet]]s <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
**The [[Grandfather paradox]]
***Ursula LeGuin's NAFAL ships, and the [[Twin paradox]]
**[[Space station]]s <ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730</ref><!-- Nb, cite is for "space travel", and this is a form of space travel -->
*[[Time travel]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[Alternate history (fiction)|Alternate histories]]: time travel can be used as a plot device to explore [[Parallel universe (fiction)|parallel universes]]. While alternate history has its own category (see above), it often occurs in time travel stories as well.
**[[Anachronism]]
**The [[Grandfather paradox]] -- e.g. Can someone go back in time and kill his parents before they beget the killer?
*[[Travel to the Earth's center]]
*[[Travel to the Earth's center]]
*[[Planets in science fiction]]


==Technologies==
===High Technologies<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235733/High-technologies#toc235733</ref>===
*[[Artificial gravity]]
*[[Artificial gravity]]
*[[Artificial intelligence]]
*[[Artificial intelligence]] <ref name="If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of science fiction"/>
**[[von Neumann machine]]s
**[[von Neumann machine]]s
*[[Technological singularity|Singularity]]
*[[Technological singularity|Singularity]] <ref name="[[The War Machines]]"/> <ref name="[[DC Universe]]"/> <ref name="[[Marvel Universe]]"/>
*[[Star lifting]] & [[Stellar engineering]]
*[[Star lifting]] & [[Stellar engineering]]
*[[Megascale engineering]] & [[Planetary engineering]]
*[[Megascale engineering]] & [[Planetary engineering]]
*Technology
*[[Dry docks in science fiction]]
**Far advanced technology for the time.
*[[Railguns in science fiction]]
**Alien technology being found and used by humans. Most of the time for selfish purposes, or is being used incorrectly (not how it's supposed to work)
*[[Virtual reality]] and [[simulated reality]]
*[[Virtual reality]] <ref name="[[The Lawnmower Man]]"/> <ref name="[[Forest of the Dead]]"/>and [[simulated reality]]<ref name="[[Forest of the Dead]]"/>
*[[Weapons in science fiction|Weapons]]
*[[Weapons in science fiction|Weapons]] <ref name="[[Doctor Who]]"/> <ref name="[[Star Trek]]"/>

===Types of beings===

{{See also|List of stock characters in science fiction}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


==See also==
{{Science fiction}}
*[[Fictional technology]]
*[[List of science fiction topics]]
*[[Science fiction genre]]
*[[Protoscience]]


[[Category:Literature lists|Science fiction themes]]
[[Category:Literature lists|Science fiction themes]]
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[[Category:Science fiction related lists]]
[[Category:Science fiction related lists]]


[[de:Themen und Motive in der Science Fiction]]
[[pt:Temas da ficção científica]]
[[pt:Temas da ficção científica]]
[[ru:Жанры фантастики]]
[[ru:Жанры фантастики]]

Revision as of 08:58, 20 January 2009

The following is a list of recurring themes in science fiction.

Overarching themes

See also: Science fiction genre

Types of beings

Body and mind alterations

Possible futures

Political structures

Main article: Political ideas in science fiction
Main article: Libertarian science fiction

Habitats

Travel

Technologies

See also

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cite error: The named reference Doctor Who was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Back to the Future was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Time Machine was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Doctor Who was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Star Wars was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Battlestar Gallactica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sliders was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Frankenstein was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Demon Seed was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference the Alien series was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235728/Sex-and-gender#toc235728
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference AI. Artifical intelligence was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Stones of Blood was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Star Trek was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Dragonball was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference If you need a reference for this one, you must have only just heard of time travelling stories was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cite error: The named reference Marvel Universe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference DC Universe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Men in Black was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference The Island of Dr. Moreau was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Planet of the Spiders was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference The Lawnmower Man was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Face of Evil was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference The Tomorrow People was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Forest of the Dead was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference X-Men was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Honey I Shrunk the Kids was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Animorphs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ shttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235725/Major-science-fiction-themes#toc235725
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Truman Show was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cancelled (South Park was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bad Wolf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ {{broken ref |prefix=Cite error: {{broken ref |msg=The named reference {{{1|[[The Chase (Doctor Who)|}}} was invoked but never defined |lang=en |help=Cite error references no text |nocat= }} |lang=en |nocat= }}
  38. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  39. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  40. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  41. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  42. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  43. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  44. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  45. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  46. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  47. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  48. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  49. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  50. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235730/Space-travel#toc235730
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference The War Machines was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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