Vaccination and religion: Difference between revisions
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[[Islam]] and [[Judaism]], religions with dietary prohibitions which regard particular animals as unclean, make exceptions for medical treatments derived from those animals.<ref>{{cite web |author= Mynors G, Ghalamkari H, Beaumont S, Powell S, McGee P |url=http://www.npci.org.uk/therapeutics/cardio/diabetes1/resources/library_other_publications_drugs_of_porcine_origin.pdf |title=Drugs of porcine origin and their clinical alternatives: an introductory guide |format=PDF |publisher= National Prescribing Centre |year=2004 |accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/concerns/porcine.pdf |format=PDF |title= (Form letter EDB.7/3 P6/61/3) |publisher= World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |date=2001-07-17 |author=Gezairy HA |accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> |
[[Islam]] and [[Judaism]], religions with dietary prohibitions which regard particular animals as unclean, make exceptions for medical treatments derived from those animals.<ref>{{cite web |author= Mynors G, Ghalamkari H, Beaumont S, Powell S, McGee P |url=http://www.npci.org.uk/therapeutics/cardio/diabetes1/resources/library_other_publications_drugs_of_porcine_origin.pdf |title=Drugs of porcine origin and their clinical alternatives: an introductory guide |format=PDF |publisher= National Prescribing Centre |year=2004 |accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/concerns/porcine.pdf |format=PDF |title= (Form letter EDB.7/3 P6/61/3) |publisher= World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |date=2001-07-17 |author=Gezairy HA |accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> |
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A major factor in the failure of polio immunization programs is opposition by Muslim fundamentalists. In Pakistan and Afghanistan, the [[Taliban]] have issues ''[[fatwa]]s'' opposing vaccination as an attempt to avert Allah's will, and as an American plot to sterilize Muslims. The Taliban have kidnapped, beaten, and assassinated vaccination officials, including assassinating the head of Pakistan's vaccination campaign in [[Bajaur Agency]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Warraich HJ |title= Religious opposition to polio vaccination |journal= Emerg Infect Dis |volume=15 |issue=6 |doi=10.3201/eid1506.090087 |url=http://cdc.gov/eid/content/15/6/978a.htm}}</ref> |
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In the early 2000s Islamic religious leaders in northern [[Nigeria]] advised their followers to not have their children vaccinated with oral polio vaccine. The boycott caused cases of polio to arise not only in Nigeria but also in neighboring countries. The followers were also wary of other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported over 20,000 measles cases and nearly 600 deaths from measles from January through March 2005.<ref name=Clements>{{cite journal |journal= Curr Drug Saf |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2006 |pages=117–9 |title= How vaccine safety can become political – the example of polio in Nigeria |author= Clements CJ, Greenough P, Shull D |url=http://bentham.org/cds/samples/cds1-1/Clements.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-28 |doi=10.2174/157488606775252575 |pmid=18690921}}</ref> In 2006 Nigeria accounted for over half of all new polio cases worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title= Wild poliovirus 2000–2008 |date=2008-02-05 |url=http://www.polioeradication.org/content/general/casecount.pdf |format=PDF |publisher= Global Polio Eradication Initiative |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> Outbreaks continued thereafter; for example, at least 200 children died in a late-2007 measles outbreak in [[Borno State]].<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Hundreds' dead in measles outbreak |publisher=IRIN |date=2007-12-14 |url=http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75883 |accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> |
In the early 2000s Islamic religious leaders in northern [[Nigeria]] advised their followers to not have their children vaccinated with oral polio vaccine. The boycott caused cases of polio to arise not only in Nigeria but also in neighboring countries. The followers were also wary of other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported over 20,000 measles cases and nearly 600 deaths from measles from January through March 2005.<ref name=Clements>{{cite journal |journal= Curr Drug Saf |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2006 |pages=117–9 |title= How vaccine safety can become political – the example of polio in Nigeria |author= Clements CJ, Greenough P, Shull D |url=http://bentham.org/cds/samples/cds1-1/Clements.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-28 |doi=10.2174/157488606775252575 |pmid=18690921}}</ref> In 2006 Nigeria accounted for over half of all new polio cases worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title= Wild poliovirus 2000–2008 |date=2008-02-05 |url=http://www.polioeradication.org/content/general/casecount.pdf |format=PDF |publisher= Global Polio Eradication Initiative |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> Outbreaks continued thereafter; for example, at least 200 children died in a late-2007 measles outbreak in [[Borno State]].<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Hundreds' dead in measles outbreak |publisher=IRIN |date=2007-12-14 |url=http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75883 |accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 05:35, 5 June 2009
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 | This article has no lead section. (September 2008) |
Historical
 | This section possibly contains original research. (August 2008) |
Catholic and Anglican missionaries vaccinated Northwest Coast Indians during a 1862 smallpox epidemic.[1]
Iceland in 1816 made the clergy responsible for small pox vaccination and gave them the responsibility of keeping vaccination records for their parishes, Sweden also had similar practices.[2]
When vaccination was introduced into UK public policy, and adoption followed overseas, there was opposition from social cranks and trade unionists, including sectarian ministers and those interested in self help and alternative medicines like homeopathy.[3]
Anti-vaccination proponents were most common in protestant countries; those that were religious often came from minority religious movements outside of mainstream protestantism, including Quakers in England and Baptists in Sweden.[4]
Several Boston clergymen and devout physicians formed the Anti-vaccination Society in 1798, only two years after Jenner's publication of smallpox vaccination. Others complained that the practice was dangerous, going so far as to demand that doctors who carried out these procedures be tried for attempted murder.[5]
Aims and results of the early movements
In Massachusetts, the argument continued from that about variolation, with a minority religious view strongly put that others should eschew immunization and accept the smallpox that God sent. Cotton Mather and other leaders favored efforts to prevent disease.
In the USA, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was the first to make vaccination mandatory, in 1908.[6] In the UK, vaccination was provided free from 1840 under the Vaccination Act. In 1873, a further Vaccination Act made vaccination compulsory. Resistance to compulsion grew, and in 1885, after riots in Leicester, a Royal Commission sat and reported 7 years later, recommending the abolition of cumulative penalties. This was accomplished in the 1898 Act, which also introduced a conscience clause, allowing parents who did not believe that vaccination was efficacious or safe to obtain exemption. This extended the concept of the "conscientious objector" in English law. The aims of the protesters and organisations had thus been achieved in 1898.
| Name | Started | Finished | Location | Unique Proposition / Notes |
| Anti-vaccination Society | 1798 | Boston USA | Against the will of God | |
| Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League | 1866 | 1880 (segue) | Mr. R. B. Gibbs (d. 1871) started it [citation needed]. Revived 1876, President: Rev. W. Hume-Rothery | |
| The Anti-Vaccination Society of America | 1879 | |||
| New England Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League | 1882 | |||
| Anti-Vaccination League of New York City | 1885 | |||
| London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination | 1880 | 1896 (segue) | Victoria Street, Westminster, London | Secretary: Mr William Young. Adopted The Vaccination Inquirer (established 1879 by William Tebb) as the organ of the Society.
Published: |
| The National Anti-Vaccination League | 1896 (Feb) | before 1970? | England | objectives:— repeal of the Vaccination Acts; disestablishment and disendowment of vaccination; abolition of all regulations in regard to vaccination as conditions of employment in State Departments or of admission to Educational or other Institutions.[citation needed] Added in 1921:— vindication of the legitimate freedom of the subject in matters of medical treatment. |
Current
Islam and Judaism, religions with dietary prohibitions which regard particular animals as unclean, make exceptions for medical treatments derived from those animals.[7][8]
A major factor in the failure of polio immunization programs is opposition by Muslim fundamentalists. In Pakistan and Afghanistan, the Taliban have issues fatwas opposing vaccination as an attempt to avert Allah's will, and as an American plot to sterilize Muslims. The Taliban have kidnapped, beaten, and assassinated vaccination officials, including assassinating the head of Pakistan's vaccination campaign in Bajaur Agency.[9]
In the early 2000s Islamic religious leaders in northern Nigeria advised their followers to not have their children vaccinated with oral polio vaccine. The boycott caused cases of polio to arise not only in Nigeria but also in neighboring countries. The followers were also wary of other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported over 20,000 measles cases and nearly 600 deaths from measles from January through March 2005.[10] In 2006 Nigeria accounted for over half of all new polio cases worldwide.[11] Outbreaks continued thereafter; for example, at least 200 children died in a late-2007 measles outbreak in Borno State.[12]
The cell culture media of some viral vaccines, and the virus of the rubella vaccine, are derived from tissues taken from therapeutic abortions performed in the 1960s, leading to moral questions. For example, the principle of double effect, originated by Thomas Aquinas, holds that actions with both good and bad consequences are morally acceptable in specific circumstances, and the question is how this principle applies to vaccination.[13] The Vatican Curia has expressed concern about the rubella vaccine's embryonic cell origin, saying Catholics have "a grave responsibility to use alternative vaccines and to make a conscientious objection with regard to those which have moral problems."[14] The Vatican concluded that until an alternative becomes available it is acceptable for Catholics to use the existing vaccine, writing, "This is an unjust alternative choice, which must be eliminated as soon as possible."[14]
Some conservative U.S. Christian groups oppose mandatory vaccination for diseases typically spread via sexual contact, arguing that the possibility of disease deters risky sexual contact. For example, the Family Research Council opposes mandatory use of vaccines against the human papillomavirus, writing, "Our primary concern is with the message that would be delivered to nine- to 12-year-olds with the administration of the vaccines. Care must be taken not to communicate that such an intervention makes all sex 'safe'."[15][16]
Exemptions
In the U.S., all but two states allow parents to opt out of their children's otherwise-mandatory vaccinations for religious reasons. The number of religious exemptions rose greatly in the late 1990s and early 2000s; for example, in Massachusetts, the rate of those seeking exemptions rose from 0.24% in 1996 to 0.60% in 2006. Some parents are falsely claiming religious beliefs in order to get exemptions, and some pediatricians are advising parents to lie on their applications.[17] The American Medical Association opposes such exemptions, which endanger not only the health of the unvaccinated individual, but also the health of the individual's neighbors and the community at large.[18]
References
- ^ Boyd RW (1999). "A final disaster: the 1862 smallpox epidemic in coastal British Columbia". The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 172–201. ISBN 0-295-97837-6.
- ^ Pétursson P (1983). Church and Social Change: A Study of the Secularization Process in Iceland, 1830–1930. Studies in religious experience and behaviour, nr. 4. Helsingborg, Sweden: Plus Ultra. pp. 70, 79. ISBN 9197035599.
- ^ Durbach, Nadja. 2005. Bodily matters: the anti-vaccination movement in England, 1853-1907. Radical perspectives. Durham: Duke University Press. pp 40-45.
- ^ Bourdelais, Patrice. 2006. Epidemics laid low: a history of what happened in rich countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp25-26.
- ^ Andrew Dickson White (1896). "Theological opposition to inoculation, vaccination, and the use of anæsthetics". A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. Appleton.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Vaccine Information (Smallpox)". National Network for Immunization Information. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
- ^ Mynors G, Ghalamkari H, Beaumont S, Powell S, McGee P (2004). "Drugs of porcine origin and their clinical alternatives: an introductory guide" (PDF). National Prescribing Centre. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gezairy HA (2001-07-17). "(Form letter EDB.7/3 P6/61/3)" (PDF). World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
- ^ Warraich HJ. "Religious opposition to polio vaccination". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (6). doi:10.3201/eid1506.090087.
- ^ Clements CJ, Greenough P, Shull D (2006). "How vaccine safety can become political – the example of polio in Nigeria" (PDF). Curr Drug Saf. 1 (1): 117–9. doi:10.2174/157488606775252575. PMID 18690921. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Wild poliovirus 2000–2008" (PDF). Global Polio Eradication Initiative. 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "'Hundreds' dead in measles outbreak". IRIN. 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
- ^ Grabenstein JD (1999). "Moral considerations with certain viral vaccines"" (PDF). Christ Pharm. 2 (2): 3–6. ISSN 1094-9534. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ a b Pontifical Academy for Life (2005). "Moral reflections on vaccines prepared from cells derived from aborted human foetuses". Medicina e Morale. Center for Bioethics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Danny Fortson (2006-06-11). "Moral majority take on GSK and Merck over cancer drugs". The Independent. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
- ^ Sprigg P (2006-07-15). "Pro-family, pro-vaccine—but keep it voluntary". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ LeBlanc S (2007-10-17). "Parents use religion to avoid vaccines". USA Today. AP. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ American Medical Association (2009). "Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates" (PDF). pp. 460–461. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
H-440.970 Religious Exemptions from Immunizations