Arab Spring: Difference between revisions
→Saudi Arabia: Thomson-Reuters longer source for Jeddah 29 Jan demo |
|||
Line 124: | Line 124: | ||
Potential [[Egyptian presidential election, 2011|presidential candidate]] [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] warned of a "Tunisia-style explosion" in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/warning-egypt-could-follow-tunisia-20110119-19wly.html|title=Warning Egypt could follow Tunisia|author=Jack Shenker}}</ref> |
Potential [[Egyptian presidential election, 2011|presidential candidate]] [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] warned of a "Tunisia-style explosion" in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/warning-egypt-could-follow-tunisia-20110119-19wly.html|title=Warning Egypt could follow Tunisia|author=Jack Shenker}}</ref> |
||
This fear came true. |
|||
Starting about 00:10 to 00:35 28 January (Cairo time), in an unprecedented action in the history of Internet censorship, the Egyptian government has almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pomed.org/blog/2011/01/egypt-ap-confirms-government-has-disrupted-internet-service.html/ |title=Egypt: AP Confirms Government has Disrupted Internet Service |publisher=pomed.org |date= |accessdate=2011-01-28}}</ref> |
Starting about 00:10 to 00:35 28 January (Cairo time), in an unprecedented action in the history of Internet censorship, the Egyptian government has almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pomed.org/blog/2011/01/egypt-ap-confirms-government-has-disrupted-internet-service.html/ |title=Egypt: AP Confirms Government has Disrupted Internet Service |publisher=pomed.org |date= |accessdate=2011-01-28}}</ref> |
Revision as of 22:53, 31 January 2011
![]() | This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. (January 2011) |
2010–2011 Arab world protests | |
---|---|
![]() Demonstrators standing on an army truck in Tahrir Square, Cairo on January 29, 2011 | |
Date | December 18, 2010—ongoing |
Casualties | |
Death(s) | Around 270 (self-immolation protesters included) |
The 2010–2011 Arab world protests[1] are an unprecedented[2] series of major uprisings, demonstrations and protests in the North African and Western Asian countries of Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Algeria, and Jordan, with minor incidents occurring in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, Syria, Libya, Morocco, and Palestine.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The protests have been referred to as revolutions.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
These began on December 18, 2010 with the uprising in Tunisia, following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, who committed suicide to protest police corruption and ill-treatment.[18][19][20] Due to similar hardships in the region and ultimately successful protests in Tunisia, a chain of unrest was started which was followed by protests in Algeria, Jordan, Egypt and Yemen,[21][22] and to a lesser degree in other Arab states. In many cases the climactic days have been termed "day of rage," or some variation thereof.
The first and so far only government to be overthrown as a result of the protests was also Tunisia's (the event was termed the Jasmine Revolution in the Western media) when former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia. World attention is now focused on Egypt, which saw massive protests beginning on January 25, 2011. After four days of protests, President Mubarak offered reforms but not his personal resignation, which is the goal of the protesters. The protests in Egypt have drawn large attention and concern from across the world, because of an alliance which exists between Mubarak and the West, to which Mubarak has been an important ally in the War on Terror.[23]
The international conflict has killed hundreds of people, and injured thousands.
Timeline of protests
Date started | Country | Date ended | Type(s) of protests | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|
December 18, 2010 | ![]() |
Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation, major street demonstrations | Change of government | |
December 28, 2010 | ![]() |
major street demonstrations | ||
January 13, 2011 | ![]() |
January 16, 2011 | minor protests over housing | |
January 14, 2011 | ![]() |
minor protests | ||
January 17, 2011 | ![]() |
January 17, 2011 | self-immolation | |
January 17, 2011 | ![]() |
January 17, 2011 | ||
January 18, 2011 | ![]() |
internal government dissent against president,[24] major street demonstrations[25][26] | ||
January 21, 2011 | ![]() |
self-immolation[27], street demonstration[28] | ||
January 25, 2011 | ![]() |
major street demonstrations | ||
January 26, 2011 | ![]() |
self-immolation | ||
January 28, 2011 | ![]() |
|||
January 30, 2011 | ![]() |
|||
January 30, 2011 | ![]() |
Protests
Tunisia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg)
The 2010–2011 Tunisian uprising, is a continuing series of street demonstrations taking place throughout Tunisia from December 2010 onwards. The demonstrations and riots were reported to have started over unemployment, food inflation, corruption, freedom of speech and poor living conditions. The protests were exasperated by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi that eventually led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who stepped down from the presidency and fled Tunisia on 14 January 2011 after 23 years in power.
Algeria
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/110109_Algeria_slashes_food_prices_amid_riots_002.jpg/220px-110109_Algeria_slashes_food_prices_amid_riots_002.jpg)
On 29 December, clashes with police were also reported in neighbouring Algiers, Algeria, over protests about the lack of housing. At least 53 people were reported to have been injured and another 29 were arrested In total, three demonstrators were killed, more than 800 people were wounded, and at least 1100 were arrested.
From January 12 to January 19, a wave of self-immolation attempts swept the country, beginning on the 12th with Mohamed Aouichia, who set himself on fire in Bordj Menaiel in protest over his family's housing. On January 13, Mohsen Bouterfif set himself on fire after a meeting with the mayor of Boukhadra in Tebessa who was unable to offer Bouterfif a job and a house. Bouterfif was reported to have died a few days later; about 100 youths protested his death, causing the provincial governor to sack the mayor. At least ten other self-immolation attempts were reported that week.
On 22 January the RCD party organised a demonstration for democracy in Algiers attended by about 300 people, illegal under the State of Emergency in force since 1992; it was suppressed by the police, with 42 injuries.
On 29 January, at least 10 thousand people marched in the city of northeastern city of Bejaia.
Libya
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png/220px-Hosni_Mubarak_facing_the_Tunisia_domino_effect.png)
From 13 January to 16 January 2011, upset at delays and corruption, protesters in Darnah, Benghazi, Bani Walid and other cities in Libya broke into and occupied housing that the government was building. [29][30] By 27 January the government had responded to the unrest with a $24 billion investment fund to provide housing and development. [31]
Jordan
On 14 January 2011, protests took place in Jordan's capital Amman, Maan, Karak, Salt and Irbid and other cities. The protests, led by trade unionists and leftist parties, came after Friday prayers, and called for the government led by Prime Minister Samir Rifai to step down. They chanted anti-government slogans and called Rifai a "coward." One banner in the protest read "Jordan is not only for the rich. Bread is a red line. Beware of our starvation and fury," while protesters chanted "Down with Rifai's government. Unify yourselves because the government wants to eat your flesh. Raise fuel prices to fill your pocket with millions." Tawfiq al-Batoush, a former head of the Karak municipality, said: "We are protesting the policies of the government, high prices and repeated taxation that made the Jordanian people revolt."[32] The Muslim Brotherhood and 14 trade unions said they would hold a sit-down protest outside parliament the next day to "denounce government['s] economic policies." Parallels were drawn with the Tunisian protests.[33]
The Jordanian government reversed a fuel price rise following the protest.[34] Al Jazeera stated that protests are expected to continue for several weeks because of increasing food prices.[34]
On 21 January 2011, 5,000 people in Amman took part in the largest protest so far.[35]
Mauritania
There were also similar protests in Mauritania where Yacoub Ould Dahoud, a protester, burned himself near the Presidential Palace in opposition to the policies of Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz.[36][37]
Oman
In the Gulf country of Oman, 200 protesters marched demanding a raise in salaries and lower costs of living on the 17 January, 2011. The protest shocked news reporters who have viewed Oman as a "politically stable and sleepy country."[38]
Yemen
Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in mid-January. Protesters initially protested against governmental proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen, unemployment and economic conditions[39] and corruption[40]. Their demands increased to calls for President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who has been facing internal opposition from his closest advisors since 2009,[24] to resign.[41][26][40] A major demonstration of over 16,000 protestors took place in Sana'a on 27 January[25] and human rights activist and politician Tawakel Karman called for a "Day of Rage" on 3 February.[42]
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, an unidentified 65-year man died on 21 January 2011 after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[27][43] On 29 January, hundreds of protesters gathered in the city of Jeddah in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing eleven people.[28] Police stopped the demonstration about 15 minutes after it started. About 30 to 50 people were arrested.[44]
Egypt
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Day_of_Anger_marchers_with_out_signs.jpg/220px-Day_of_Anger_marchers_with_out_signs.jpg)
![]() |
On 16 January, Egypt's EGX stock market index fell on speculation the instability would spread.[45] Protests in Egypt then also led to a restaurant owner, Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafara, setting himself on fire. On 18 January, two other self-immolations, one by a lawyer in Cairo and another by an unemployed 25-year-old in Alexandria, were reported.[46] Many Egyptians set up Facebook pages calling for 25 January, Egypt's 'National Police Day' to be "a day of revolution against torture, poverty, corruption and unemployment."[47]
Potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei warned of a "Tunisia-style explosion" in the country.[48] This fear came true.
Starting about 00:10 to 00:35 28 January (Cairo time), in an unprecedented action in the history of Internet censorship, the Egyptian government has almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet.[49]
Later that day, as tens of thousand protested on the streets of Egypt's major cities, President Mubarak formally fired his government, and appointed a new one, which included the first Vice President in almost 30 years.
However, this did not mollify anyone, and over the next few days the crowds grew and grew, with some estimates in the hundreds of thousands. A climax of sorts was for a million person march in Cairo to take place on the first of February.
Syria
On 26 January 2011, Hasan Ali Akleh from Al-Hasakah poured gasoline and burned himself in the same way as Mohamed Bouazizi. According to eyewitnesses, the action was "a protest against the Syrian government"[50][51]. On 29 January 2011, news channel Al Arabiya reported that Internet connection was cut off, that was quickly denied by official sources[52]. On social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, Syrians call for a "Day of Anger" on February 5th.[53][54] On 28 January 2011, a demonstration was held in Ar-Raqqah during the evening, in protest against the killing of two soldiers of Kurdish descent.[55].
On 31 January 2011, Wall Street Journal made an exclusive interview with Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria, in which he said it's time to reform. In a comment on the protests in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen, he said a "new era" in coming to the Middle East, and that Arab rulers would need to do more to accommodate their people's rising political and economic aspirations.[56][57].
Palestine
On January 28, 2011, large protests against the Palestinian Authority and Al Jazeera's "Palestine Papers" were held in Gaza, Ramallah, and Jabalia.[58]
Morocco
Inspired by Tunisian and Egyptian protesters, at least four Moroccans have set themselves on fire and on January 30, 2011, a protest gathering was held in Tangier.[59]
Sudan
On 17 January 2011, security forces in Sudan arrested the head of the Popular Congress Party, Hassan al-Turabi, as well as five other members of the party, after he called for a similar style protest to oust the ruling government over electoral fraud, stoking inflation and abrogating civil liberties[60][61] at a time when Sudan was facing a secessionist referendum.
On 30 January 2011, police clashed with demonstrators in downtown Khartoum and at least two universities. Demonstrators had organized on online social networking sites since the Tunisian protests the month before. Hussein Khogali, editor in chief of the Al-Watan newspaper stated that his daughter had been arrested for organizing the protest via Facebook and opposition leader Mubarak al-Fadil's two sons were arrested while on their way to the main protest. Pro-government newspapers had warned that protests would cause chaos.[62] Some protesters called for President Omar al-Bashir to step down. Activists said that dozens of people had been arrested. The protests came on the same day the preliminary results for the referendum indicated some 99% of South Sudanese voted to secede.[63] One student died in hospital the same night from injuries received in the clashes.[64]
Self-Immolations
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Since Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia sparked an uprising that led to the ouster of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, a number of self-immolation protests emulating Bouazizi's have taken place in other Arab countries. In Algeria, Mohsen Bouterfif set himself on fire after a meeting with a town mayor failed in helping him find employment and housing on January 13, 2011. He later died of his wounds. Another Algerian man attempted but failed to burn himself.[65] In Egypt, Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar, a 49-year-old restaurant owner, set himself alight in front of the Egyptian Parliament.[66] In Saudi Arabia, an unidentified 65-year-old man died on January 21, 2011, after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[27][43]
Name | Residence | Date of self-immolation |
Date of death |
Ref(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Boukhadra | 13 January 2011 | 16 January 2011 | [67] |
2 | ![]() |
Bordj Menaïel | 15 January 2011 | [68] | |
3 | ![]() |
Jijel | 15 January 2011 | [69] | |
4 | ![]() |
El Oued | 16 January 2011 | [70] | |
5 | ![]() |
Mostaganem | 16 January 2011 | [68] | |
6 | ![]() |
Tidjikja | 17 January 2011 | 22 January 2011 | [68] |
7 | ![]() |
El-Qanater | 17 January 2011 | [68][66] | |
8 | ![]() |
Cairo | 18 January 2011 | [71] | |
9 | ![]() |
Alexandria | 18 January 2011 | 18 January 2011 | [72][73] |
10 | ![]() |
Cairo | 18 January 2011 | [72] | |
11 | ![]() |
Samtah | 21 January 2011 | 21 January 2011 | [27][43] |
12 | ![]() |
Al-Hasakah | 26 January 2011 | 26 January 2011 | [50][51] |
13 | ![]() |
Medjanafat | 28 January 2011 | 29 January 2011 | [74] |
"—" denotes that the individual survived. |
References
- ^ http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/26/will_the_arab_revolutions_spread
- ^ "The Arab World's 'Unprecedented' Protests - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. 2011-01-20. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government
- ^ Protest spreads in the Middle East - The Big Picture - Boston.com
- ^ "Mauritanie: mécontent du régime, un homme s'immole par le feu à Nouakchott - Flash actualité - Monde - 17/01/2011". leParisien.fr. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ "BBC News - Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ "PressTV - Sudan opposition leader arrested". Presstv.ir. 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/2011127111226715315.html
- ^ http://www.afrol.com/articles/37175
- ^ http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-29/opinion/pintak.arab.media_1_arab-media-egyptians-arabic?_s=PM:OPINION
- ^ http://freeinternetpress.com/story.php?sid=28595
- ^ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/01/arab-world-how-tunisia-revolution-changed-politics-of-egypt-and-region-.html
- ^ http://mmail.com.my/content/62425-arab-democratic-revolution
- ^ http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-28/opinion/shaikh.egypt.protests_1_rami-khouri-today-s-arab-arab-revolution?_s=PM:OPINION
- ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Revolution-in-fast-forward/742838/
- ^ http://napavalleyregister.com/news/opinion/columnists/michael-haley/article_069dc638-2b41-11e0-971f-001cc4c03286.html
- ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/video/arabs-use-social-media-to-fuel-revolution/article1887567/?cmpid=rss1
- ^ Slap to a Man’s Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia
- ^ Peddler's martyrdom launched Tunisia's revolution
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/28/us-palestinians-hamas-leaks-protests-idUSTRE70R3X120110128
- ^ UPDATE 1-Egypt, Algeria, Jordan risk political unrest -S&P | Reuters
- ^ Inspired by Tunisia and Egypt, Yemenis join in anti-government protests
- ^ AFP January 27, 2011 (1986-01-28). "Unrest across the Arab world". Vancouversun.com. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Bryan, Angie (2009-12-28). "Yemeni tribal leader: for Saleh, Saudi involvement in Sa'ada comes not a moment too soon" (Document). WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 09SANAA2279.
{{cite document}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|format=
,|coauthors=
, and|work=
(help); Unknown parameter|accessdate=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|archivedate=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|archiveurl=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url=
ignored (help) - ^ a b "Yemenis in anti-president protest". Irish Times. January 27, 2011.
- ^ a b BAKRI, NADA (27 Jan 2011). "Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d "Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia". BBC News. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011. Cite error: The named reference "saudi" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b "Flood sparks rare action". Montreal Gazette. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ^ "Libyans protest over delayed subsidized housing units". 2011-01-16.
- ^ Mohamed Abdel-Baky (2011-01-16). "Libya protest over housing enters its third day".
- ^ {{cite web | title= Libya sets up $24 bln housing fund amid Arab protests | url = http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=69087 | date = 2011-01-28
- ^ "Jordanians march against inflation – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ Johnny McDevitt. "Jordanians protest against soaring food prices".
- ^ a b Andoni, Lamis (2011-01-16). "To the tyrants of the Arab world..." Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2011-01-18. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ al-Khalidi, Suleiman (2011-01-21). "Thousands of Jordanians protest economic conditions". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|deadurl=
(help) - ^ "Wikiwix's cache". Wikiwix.com. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
{{cite web}}
: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ "Mauritanie: mécontent du régime, un homme s'immole par le feu à Nouakchott". Le Parisien. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ "Oman protestors call for fight against corruption - Culture & Society". ArabianBusiness.com. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ "Protests erupt in Yemen, president offers reform". Reuters. 2011-01-11. Archived from the original on 2011-01-20. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Yemen protests: 'People are fed up with corruption'". BBC News. 27 January 2011.
- ^ "Yemen protests urge leader's exit". Aljazeera. 23 Jan 2011.
- ^ "New protests erupt in Yemen". Al Jazeera. 2011-01-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-30. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Mohideen Mifthah (22 January 2011). "Man dies in possible first self-immolation in Saudi". The Sunday Times, http://sundaytimes.lk/. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help) Cite error: The named reference "saudi2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).|publisher=
- ^ "Dozens detained in Saudi over flood protests". The Peninsula (Qatar)/Thomson-Reuters. 2011-01-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Namatalla, Ahmed A (2011-01-16). "Egypt Stocks Drop Most in Six Weeks on Concern Tunisia Unrest May Spread". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ "Egyptian man dies after setting himself alight". BBC News. 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ "Man sets himself on fire in Cairo protest".
- ^ Jack Shenker. "Warning Egypt could follow Tunisia".
- ^ "Egypt: AP Confirms Government has Disrupted Internet Service". pomed.org. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
- ^ a b "Information on the death of a young man who burned himself in Al Hasakah". free-syria.com. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ a b "Syrian suicider is "Hasan Ali Akleh". Damascus has banned a demonstration in support of Egypt". metransparent.com. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ "Internet is Available across Syria". dp-news.com. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ William R Collier jr (January 30 2011). "Syrian Anger Day Planned Feb 5, 2011". The Freedomist. Retrieved January 31 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
and|date=
(help) - ^ TOPSY - Syrian Anger Day Planned Feb 5, 2011 | The Freedomist
- ^ "Demonstration in Ar-Raqqa, Syria". free-syria.com. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ "Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad". wsj.com. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ "Syria Strongman: Time for 'Reform'". wsj.com. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/28/us-palestinians-hamas-leaks-protests-idUSTRE70R3X120110128
- ^ http://www.afrol.com/articles/37175
- ^ "Sudan opposition leader arrested". PressTV. 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ "Al-Turabi arrested in Khartoum". Al Jazeera. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ Khaled Abdelaziz (2011-01-30). "Sudanese police clash with students in Khartoum". Reuters.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dateaccesed=
ignored (help) - ^ "Sudan protests 'echo Egypt unrest'". BBC News. 1-30-2011. Retrieved 1-30-2011.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
and|date=
(help) - ^ "Sudanese student dies after protests". Reuters. 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ Ian Black Middle East editor. "Tunisia's protests spark suicide in Algeria and fears through Arab world". Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b "In Egypt, man sets himself on fire, driven by economic woes". English.ahram.org.eg. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
- ^ "Tunisia triggers copycat suicides". Al Jazeera. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Tunisia copycat burnings in 3 North African countries". The Jordan Times, http://www.jordantimes.com/. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Yacoub Ould Dahoud, Self-Immolation Victim, Is Part Of Growing Trend". The Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Algerian father of four sets himself on fire to protest government". Monsters and Critics, http://www.monstersandcritics.com/. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ Dina Zayed (18 January 2011). "Egyptians set themselves ablaze after Tunisia unrest". Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ a b "Tunisia new government is fractured by resignations". yalibnan, http://www.yalibnan.com/. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Mother of Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed". Yahoo, http://news.yahoo.com/. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Yacoub Algeria: Third death by self-immolation". ennaharonline. 30 January 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.