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== Beginnings ==
== Beginnings ==
[[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] has ruled Libya as "Leader and Guide of the Revolution" since overthrowing the monarchy in 1969. Following the retirement of [[Fidel Castro]] in 2008 and the death of [[Omar Bongo]] in 2009, Gaddafi is the world's [[List of longest ruling non-royal leaders|longest serving head of state who is not royalty.]]
[[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] has ruled Libya as "Leader and Guide of the Revolution" since overthrowing the monarchy in 1969. Following the retirement of [[Fidel Castro]] in 2008 and the death of [[Omar Bongo]] in 2009, Gaddafi is the world's [[List of longest ruling non-royal leaders|longest serving non-royal head of state]].


[[File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg|thumb|right|The former [[Flag of Libya|Libyan flag]] used in the [[Kingdom of Libya]] had been used by some protesters as an opposition flag.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kansascity.com/2011/02/18/2666087/violent-repression-of-protests.html|title= Violent repression of protests rocks Libya, Bahrain, Yemen |author= Janathan S. Landay, Warren P. Strobel and Arwa Ibrahim |date= 18 February 2011|work= The Kansas City Star|publisher= |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/feb/17/bahrain-crisis-middle-east-protests-live-blog#block-20|title= Bahrain in crisis and Middle East protests – live blog|author= Mark Tran|date= 17 February 2011|work= The Guardian|publisher= |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref>]]
[[File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg|thumb|right|The former [[Flag of Libya|Libyan flag]] used in the [[Kingdom of Libya]] had been used by some protesters as an opposition flag.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kansascity.com/2011/02/18/2666087/violent-repression-of-protests.html|title= Violent repression of protests rocks Libya, Bahrain, Yemen |author= Janathan S. Landay, Warren P. Strobel and Arwa Ibrahim |date= 18 February 2011|work= The Kansas City Star|publisher= |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/feb/17/bahrain-crisis-middle-east-protests-live-blog#block-20|title= Bahrain in crisis and Middle East protests – live blog|author= Mark Tran|date= 17 February 2011|work= The Guardian|publisher= |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref>]]

Revision as of 16:07, 20 February 2011

2011 Libyan protests
Date15 February 2011 – ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)250+, including 228 protesters, 2 policemen, 5 escaped prisoners, 15 funeral mourners. 200 dead in Benghazi alone[1][2][3][4]
InjuriesThousands

The 2011 Libyan protests are anti-government protests which started on 15 February 2011 and continue to the present. Media outlets have reported the unrest as being inspired by the uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia, connecting these protests with the wider 2010–2011 Arab world protests.[5] It has been reported that up to 104 people have been killed in clashes with pro-government groups and the country's secret police, as of 20 February.[6] On 18 February, protesters largely took control of the second largest city of Libya, Benghazi, with the support of some pro-protest police, military members, and tanks. In reaction, the government sent in elite troops, which are in turn being resisted by Benghazi inhabitants and defecting members of the Libyan military.[7]

Beginnings

Muammar al-Gaddafi has ruled Libya as "Leader and Guide of the Revolution" since overthrowing the monarchy in 1969. Following the retirement of Fidel Castro in 2008 and the death of Omar Bongo in 2009, Gaddafi is the world's longest serving non-royal head of state.

The former Libyan flag used in the Kingdom of Libya had been used by some protesters as an opposition flag.[8][9]

From 13–16 January, upset at delays and political corruption, protesters in Darnah, Benghazi, Bani Walid and other cities in Libya broke into and occupied housing that the government was building.[10][11] By 27 January, the government had responded to the housing unrest with a $24 billion investment fund to provide housing and development.

In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty International claimed that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.[12]

Protests

15 February: "The First Spark"

On the evening of 15 February approximately 200 people began demonstrating in front of police headquarters in Benghazi following the arrest of Libyan human rights activist Fethi Tarbel. Tarbel is known for his work with families of the victims of the 1996 Abu Salim prison massacre, when more than 1,000 prisoners are believed to have been executed.[13]

Over the course of the evening, between 500 to 600 protesters gathered in front of the Benghazi police headquarters, chanting slogans. The protest was broken up violently by police,[14] causing as many as 40 injuries among the protesters.[15]

In Al Bayda and Az Zintan, hundreds of protestors in each town called for "the end of the regime" and set fire to police and security buildings.[14] In Az Zintan, the protesters set up tents in the town centre.[14]

16 February

File:Libya.pop.pyramid.2005.jpg
About half of the population of Libya are teenagers or younger (2005 figures).
Tripolitania is generaly pro-Gadaffi, while Cyrencia is largly anti-Gadaffi. The Fezzan is still neautral in the revalution.
  • Benghazi: Hundreds of protesters gathered at Maydan al-Shajara in Benghazi, and authorities tried to disperse them with water cannon.[16] The police, with help from some criminals clashed with the protesters before escaping in minibuses, and the protesters closed Jamal Abdel Naser street. The protesters noticed that the police officers were not from Benghazi from their accents.[17]
  • Al Bayda: Protesters clashed with police, leading to 6 deaths[17] and 3 injuries.[18]
  • Tripoli: Several pro-Gaddafi rallies of many dozens of loyalist and Tripolitanian people took place.[19] Several other pro-Gaddafi rallies took place as dozens of Libyans, angered by caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad published in the Italian press, rioted outside the Italian consulate, storming the building and setting it on fire. A diplomat said that at least 10 people (both rioters and police) were killed in the ensuing clashes.[20]
  • Al-Quba: More than 400 protesters, with a wide range of ages, set fire to the police station.[17]
  • Other cities where protests took place included Darnah and Az Zintan, but no injuries were reported.[18]

National and regional media coverage

  • Libya's state TV made no mention of the anti-government protests in the eastern provinces of the country, and continued with its usual programming until 17 February.[22] During the morning news bulletin on 16 February, Libyan state TV repeatedly showed demonstrations in support of Colonel Gaddafi, which were about 200 to 300 strong and allegedly "from across the country". At one point a crowd could be heard chanting anti-Al Jazeera TV slogans. The Quatarie TV channel had started broadcasting footage from a pro-Gaddafi demonstration live from Sirte, Gaddafi's home town, that numbered 1,000. The Libyan state TV station also showed live coverage of a speech by Gaddafi from the previous evening, in which he denounced both the United States and their alleged "Zionist" allies in front of a cheering crowd on 16 February.[22]
  • Libya's privately owned and London based electronic newspaper, al-Yawm, which reports favourably on Gaddafi's son, Sayf-al-Islam, was the only Libyan source of any kind to to freely report on the anti-Gaddafi protests in both the cities of Benghazi and Al Bayda. The paper usually carries balanced, unopinionated reporting published a total of 16 articles on the anti-Gaddafi regime protests, quoting alegedly tapped "trustworthy" sources in Benghazi and Al-Baydam, and carryed no reports on the pro-Gaddafi demonstrations in Tripoli.[19][23]
  • According to the state-owned Al-Shams and Al-Jamahiriya newspapers, Libyan mobile phone users were sent a text message warning them against taking to the streets on 17 February as a result of "directives from the state security service", which is the body that monitors and controls the country's two mobile telecommunications networks .[22]

17 February: "Day of Rage"

Part of a series on the
History of Libya
Prehistory  
Ancient history 3200–146 BC
Roman era 146 BC – mid-7C
Islamic rule mid-7c–1510
Spanish Tripoli 1510–1530
Hospitaller Tripoli 1530–1551
Ottoman Tripolitania 1551–1911
Italian colonization:
Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica		 1911–1934
Italian Libya 1934–1943
Allied occupation 1943–1951
Kingdom of Libya 1951–1969
Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 1969–2011
First Civil War 2011
National Transitional Council 2011–2012
General National Congress 2012–2014
House of Representatives 2014–present
Second Civil War 2014–2020
Government of National Accord 2016–2021
Government of National Unity 2021–present
flag Libya portal

A "Day of Rage" in Libya and by Libyans in exile was planned for 17 February.[24][25][26] The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition stated that "all" groups opposed to Colonel Gaddafi in Libya and in exile planned protests against him on 17 February, in memory of the demonstrations in Benghazi on 17 February 2006 that were initially against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons but which turned into protests against Gaddafi.[26] The protest plans were inspired by the 2010–2011 Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.[26] In early February, Gaddafi had met with "Libyan political activists, journalists, and media figures" and "warned" them that they would be "held responsible" if they participated "in any way in disturbing the peace or creating chaos in Libya".[26]

Protests on the Day of Rage took place in four cities in Libya.[27] In Benghazi, a government authority released 30 prisoners from jail, armed them and paid them to fight against protestors.[28] Several demonstrators were killed by snipers and gunfire from helicopters.[27][29] The London Evening Standard estimate that 14 were killed.[29] Al Jazeera English estimates that at least 14 were killed since the previous day (16 February).[27]

  • In Ajdabiya at least 10 were killed by police.[citation needed]
  • In Benghazi, Al Jazeera English reported an eyewitness who saw 6 unarmed protesters shot dead by police;[28] BBC reported that "at least 15 people" were killed in clashes with security forces.[30]
  • In Al Bayda, Libya al-Youm reported 4 people shot dead by snipers,[28] and a Libyan human-rights group reported 13 people had been killed.[28] Another estimate was that 23 people were killed.[citation needed]
  • In Darnah at least 6 people were killed by police.[citation needed]
  • In Tripoli protests took place in many places across the city.[citation needed]
  • In Zentan a number of government buildings were torched, and the police station was set on fire.

18 February

According to BBC News, "violent confrontations" between demonstrators and security forces spread to five Libyan cities "so far, but not yet to the capital Tripoli, in any large numbers."

  • Benghazi: Thousands of anti-government protesters gathered in front of the Benghazi courthouse. According to BBC News, a "doctor at Benghazi's Jalla hospital" told them that he had "seen 15 bodies - all dead from gunshot wounds" - by the time he left the hospital "in the early hours of Friday."[30] Police and army personnel reportedly withdrew from the city after being overwhelmed by protesters. Protesters took control of the local radio station. Some army personnel joined the protesters, and by the early hours of 19 February, protesters had taken control of the airport.[31][unreliable source?]
  • Al Bayda: Unconfirmed reports indicated that the local police force and riot-control units joined the protesters.[32][unreliable source?] Unconfirmed eyewitness reports indicate that two officers who were accused of shooting protesters were hanged by protesters.[33][unreliable source?] The Libyan Oea newspaper, which is allied to Colonel Gaddafi's reputedly pro-reform son Seif al-Islam, said that the two policemen had been lynched by a demonstrators' angry lynch mob on 18 February in the city of Al Bayda.[34]
  • The government of Libya initially began mediajihad by greatly restricting access to the Internet in the country for several hours,[35] but later imposed a more comprehensive and sustained blackout.[36]
  • The Libyan newspaper Quryna reported on 18 February that some 1,000 non-political prioners had escaped from a Benghazi prison, while a security source told AFP four inmates were shot dead during a breakout bid in Tripoli[37][38][unreliable source?]
  • The government of Libya initially restricted access to the Internet in the country for several hours,[35] but later imposed a more comprehensive and sustained blackout.[36]

19 February

Widespread protests continued for a third successive day.[3]

  • A YouTube video provided evidence that foreign mercenaries have been hired to kill protesters (after there have been widespread witness reports of the presence of mercenaries).[39]
  • The opposition warned of civilians massacre by the government unless the international community applied pressure.[40]
  • According to a death toll compiled by the AFP news agency from local sources, at least 41 people have been killed since demonstrations first erupted on 15 February. The toll excludes two policemen newspapers said to have been hanged in Al-Baida on 18 February. The New York-based Human Rights Watch, citing phone interviews with hospital staff and eye witnesses, said that security forces killed more than 80 anti-Gadaffi-regime protesters in unrest-swept eastern Libya.[34] Opposition groups later put the number of dead at over 120.[41]
  • Witnesses in Libya have reported helicopters firing into crowds of anti-government protesters.[42]
  • The army withdrew from the city of Al Bayda.[43]
  • A YouTube video provides evidence civilians that have captured military armoured vehicles.[44]
  • Human Rights Watch and the Libyan newspaper Quryna said thousands of demonstrators had poured out onto the streets in Benghazi and other eastern cities on 18 February, a day after the clashes in which 49 people were killed, and that some protests were still continuing.[34]
  • The UK's former Foreign Secretary and Chairman of the Commons Intelligence and Security Committee, Sir Malcolm Rifkind, told BBC Radio 4's Today Programme that the protests across the Middle East were resembling the anti-Communist/pro-democracy events in Eastern Europe of 1989.[45] British Foreign Secretary William Hague said he was "deeply concerned" by the "unacceptable violence" used against protesters in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen.[46]
  • The city of Misurata joins the protests.[47]
  • Artillery, helicopter gunships and antiaircraft missile launchers used to kill protestors [48]

20 February

  • Hospitals are confirmed to have run out of supplies, doctors estimate the death-toll in Benghazi to be between 200-300.[49]
  • Senior Muslim clerics and tribal leaders from all around Libya call for an end to the bloodshed by the regime and for the government to give up.[47]

Arrests and other repression

Gaddaffi on 13 February warned against the use of Facebook,[50] whereupon security organs arrested several prominent Internet activists and bloggers.[51][52] The novelist Idris Al-Mesmari was arrested hours after giving an interview with Al Jazeera about the police reaction to protests in Benghazi on 15 February.[14]

Injrys and deaths

Responses

Domestically, BBC News reported on 18 February 2011, that the "leading pro-government newspaper", Al-Zahf Al-Akhdar, has adopted a seemingly uncompromising stance towards the protests, stating:

"Any risk from these minuscule groups [protesters] - this people and the noble revolutionary power will violently and thunderously respond, ...

The people's power, the Jamahiriya [system of rule], the revolution, and Colonel Gaddafi are all red lines and those who try to cross or come near these lines are suicidal and playing with fire."[30]

Libyan state TV broadcast images of Colonel Gaddafi paying a brief visit to Green Square, Tripoli early on 18 February, during which time supporters chanted pro-government slogans.[30] BBC News reported that "diplomats reported the use of heavy weapons in Benghazi", on 18 February. The Libyan government imposed a near total news blackout, and foreign reporters are banned from the country.[53] One government-run newspaper blamed the protests on Zionism.[54]

On 18 February, Navi Pillay, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, condemned the violence employed by security forces in Libya, Bahrain, and Yemen. Pillay specifically cited Libya for its use of live ammunition against protesters.[55]

In an interview with Adnkronos the Italian news agency, Prince Idris al-Senussi a pretender to the Libyan throne announced he was ready to return to the country once change had been initiated.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ Salah Nasrawi. "Libya: Hospital official says 200 dead in Benghazi". Associated Press. Hosted2.ap.org. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  2. ^ "Libye: Le bilan des émeutes s'alourdit, la radio de Benghazi incendiée". leParisien.fr. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Libya forces 'open fire' at funeral". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Gaddafi fights for his future as up to 200 die in Benghazi - Africa, World". The Independent. 1 September 1969. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  5. ^ Shadid, Anthony (18 February 2011). "Libya Protests Build, Showing Revolts' Limits and Power". New York Times.
  6. ^ "Libya: Death toll from escalating unrest 'tops 100'", bbc.co.uk, 20 February 2011
  7. ^ Bloodshed as tensions rise in Libya
  8. ^ Janathan S. Landay, Warren P. Strobel and Arwa Ibrahim (18 February 2011). "Violent repression of protests rocks Libya, Bahrain, Yemen". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  9. ^ Mark Tran (17 February 2011). "Bahrain in crisis and Middle East protests – live blog". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  10. ^ "Libyans protest over delayed subsidized housing units". 16 January 2011.
  11. ^ Mohamed, Abdel-Baky (16 January 2011). "Libya protest over housing enters its third day".
  12. ^ "Libyan writer detained following protest call". Amnesty International. 8 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Violent protests rock Libyan city of Benghazi". France24. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  14. ^ a b c d "Libyan police stations torched". Al Jazeera. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "ليبيا: جرحى في مظاهرات بنغازي والإعلان عن الافراج عن معتقلين" (in Arabic). 16 February 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ^ "تقرير الانترنت الصباحي ليوم الأربعاء في 16 شباط 2011". Al-Manar. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  17. ^ a b c "متفرقات عاجلة حول الوضع في ليبيا". 16 February 2011.
  18. ^ a b "أنباء عن ثلاثة قتلى بمظاهرات ليبيا". 16 February 2011.
  19. ^ a b "BBC News - Libyan private and state media slant protest coverage". Bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  20. ^ "11 deaths in Libya, riots around the world. DW chronicles the i..." Topix. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  21. ^ مانشستر تجدد تضامنها
  22. ^ a b c "Libyan private and state media slant protest coverage". BBC News. 17 February 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  23. ^ "At Least 10 Killed in Libya Cartoon Riot". Jihad Watch. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  24. ^ "Calls for weekend protests in Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Debono, James. "Libyan opposition declares 'Day of Rage' against Gaddafi". Malta Today. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b c d Mahmoud, Khaled (9 February 2011). "Gaddafi ready for Libya's "Day of Rage"". Asharq al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ a b c "'Day of rage' kicks off in Libya". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ a b c d "Deadly 'day of rage' in Libya". Al Jazeera English. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b "Pro-Gaddafi forces 'kill 14 protesters in day of rage'". London Magazine. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ a b c d Libya protests: 'Mass gathering' in Benghazi, 18 February 2011
  31. ^ Friday (22 February 1999). "Libya, Bahrain (and Beyond) LiveBlog: Confrontations". EA WorldView. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  32. ^ "Live Blog - Libya". Al Jazeera Blogs. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  33. ^ WL Central. "2011-02-19 #Feb17 #Libya every city in the east waving protesters flag, foreign mercenaries confirmed". WL Central. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  34. ^ a b c "AFP: Libyan regime hits back with deadly crackdown". AFP. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  35. ^ a b Alexia Tsotsis. "Libya Follows Egypt's Lead, Starts Shutting Off Internet Services". Techcrunch.com. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  36. ^ a b "UPDATED: As Arabia Protests, Libya Blocks Internet Access". The NeoSmart Files. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  37. ^ "AFP: Libya follows deadly crackdown with mass arrests". Google.com. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  38. ^ WL Central. "2011-02-19 World: It is Libyan blood on your hands that you let shed today. #Libya #Feb17". WL Central. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  39. ^ Benghazi Mercenary found Dead 19 February 2011 on YouTube
  40. ^ Alexander, Caroline. "Libyan Opposition Warns of 'Massacre,' Calls for Intervention". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  41. ^ "Death Toll In Libya Protest 'Hits 120'". Orange UK. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  42. ^ By Moni Basu, CNN. "Doctor: At least 30 killed in escalating Libyan protests". CNN.com. Retrieved 19 February 2011. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  43. ^ "Libyan city of Ajdabiya a 'free city'". Euronews.net. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  44. ^ "‫شباب مدينة البيضاء متوجهون للهجوم على معسكر شحات‬‎". YouTube. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  45. ^ "Hague condemns violence in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen". BBC News. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  46. ^ "BBC News - Hague condemns violence in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  47. ^ a b "Libya unrest death toll 'tops 200' - Africa". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  48. ^ Meo, Nick. "Libya protests: 140 'massacred' as Gaddafi sends in snipers to crush dissent". Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  49. ^ Font size Print E-mail Share 2 Comments. "Libyan hospital official: 200 dead in Benghazi". CBS News. Retrieved 20 February 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi warned against the use of Facebook, where groups have formed calling for economic and political reforms as activists in Libya show support for recent uphevals in Egypt and Tunisia and call for demonstrations in Tripoli tomorrow". Allfacebook.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  51. ^ "Libyan dictator warns against Using Facebook, Activists arrested Following the The deposed Tunisian dictator footsteps in Suppressing opponents". Arabic Network For Human Rights Informations. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  52. ^ "Gaddafi warns against use of Facebook, activists arrested". IFEX. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  53. ^ Black, Ian (18 February 2011). "Libya protests: massacres reported as Gaddafi imposes news blackout". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  54. ^ Gaddafi fights for his future as up to 200 die in Benghazi.
  55. ^ "UN rights chief condemns Libya, Bahrain crackdowns". The Washington Post. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  56. ^ "Libia, principe Idris: Gheddafi assecondi popolo o il Paese finirà in fiamme". Adnkronos. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 20-02-2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

Further reading

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