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===Jaguar architecture (Kabini and Temash)===
===Jaguar architecture (Kabini and Temash)===
{{Main|Jaguar (microarchitecture)}}

<!-- Kabini and Temash -->
<!-- Kabini and Temash -->
In January 2013 the Jaguar-based Kabini and Temash APUs were unveiled as the successors of the Bobcat-based Ontario, Zacate and Hondo APUs.<ref name=hardwarecanucks_jaguar>{{cite web|title=Richland, Kaveri, Kabini & Temash; AMD’s 2013 APU Lineup Examined|url=http://www.hardwarecanucks.com/forum/hardware-canucks-reviews/59053-richland-kaveri-kabini-temash-amd-s-2013-apu-lineup-examined.html|publisher=Hardwarecanucks|accessdate=23 March 2013|author=SKYMTL|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=bittech_jaguar>{{cite web|last=Halfacree|first=Gareth|title=AMD unveils new APUs, SoCs and Radeon HD 8000 Series|url=http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2013/01/08/amd-ces-2013/1|publisher=Bit-Tech|accessdate=23 March 2013|date=January 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name=anandtech_jaguar>{{cite web|last=Lal Shimpi|first=Anand|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5491/amds-2012-2013-client-cpugpuapu-roadmap-revealed|title=AMD's 2012 - 2013 Client CPU/GPU/APU Roadmap Revealed|publisher=AnandTech|accessdate=August 8, 2012|date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The Kabini APU is aimed at the low-power, subnotebook, netbook, ultra-thin and small form factor markets, the Temash APU is aimed at the tablet, ultra-low power and small form factor markets.<ref name=anandtech_jaguar /> The 2-4 Jaguar cores of the Kabini and Temash APUs will feature numerous architectural improvements regarding power requirement and performance, such as support for newer x86-instructions, a higher [[Instructions per cycle|IPC]], a CC6 power state mode and clock gating.
In January 2013 the Jaguar-based Kabini and Temash APUs were unveiled as the successors of the Bobcat-based Ontario, Zacate and Hondo APUs.<ref name=hardwarecanucks_jaguar>{{cite web|title=Richland, Kaveri, Kabini & Temash; AMD’s 2013 APU Lineup Examined|url=http://www.hardwarecanucks.com/forum/hardware-canucks-reviews/59053-richland-kaveri-kabini-temash-amd-s-2013-apu-lineup-examined.html|publisher=Hardwarecanucks|accessdate=23 March 2013|author=SKYMTL|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=bittech_jaguar>{{cite web|last=Halfacree|first=Gareth|title=AMD unveils new APUs, SoCs and Radeon HD 8000 Series|url=http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2013/01/08/amd-ces-2013/1|publisher=Bit-Tech|accessdate=23 March 2013|date=January 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name=anandtech_jaguar>{{cite web|last=Lal Shimpi|first=Anand|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/5491/amds-2012-2013-client-cpugpuapu-roadmap-revealed|title=AMD's 2012 - 2013 Client CPU/GPU/APU Roadmap Revealed|publisher=AnandTech|accessdate=August 8, 2012|date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The Kabini APU is aimed at the low-power, subnotebook, netbook, ultra-thin and small form factor markets, the Temash APU is aimed at the tablet, ultra-low power and small form factor markets.<ref name=anandtech_jaguar /> The 2-4 Jaguar cores of the Kabini and Temash APUs will feature numerous architectural improvements regarding power requirement and performance, such as support for newer x86-instructions, a higher [[Instructions per cycle|IPC]], a CC6 power state mode and clock gating.

Revision as of 02:23, 16 April 2013

AMD Accelerated Processing Unit, formerly known as Fusion, is a marketing brand of AMD for a SoC aimed at adding Heterogeneous System Architecture ("HSA") features with the goal of making it easier to program, easier to optimize, easier to load balance, higher performance, and lower power.[1] Fusion was announced in 2006 and has been in development since then. The final design is the product of the merger between AMD and ATI, combining general processor execution as well as 3D geometry processing and other functions of modern GPUs (like GPGPU computation) into a single die.[2] This technology was shown to the general public in January 2011 at CES. Second-generation "Trinity" parts were released in June 2012.[3][4]

AMD APU
Release date2011
CodenameFusion
Desna
Ontario
Zacate
Llano
Hondo
Trinity
Weatherford
Richland
IGP
Wrestler
WinterPark
BeaverCreek
ModelsE2 Series
Cores2 to 4
Transistors1,178M 32 nm (Llano)
  • 1,303M 32 nm (Trinity)
API support
DirectXDirect3D 11
OpenCL1.1
OpenGL4.0
History
PredecessorRadeon HD 5xxx series

History

After the merger between AMD and ATI, an initiative codenamed AMD Fusion was announced that merges a CPU and GPU within the same chip, including a minimum 16 lane PCI Express link to accommodate external PCI Express peripherals, thereby eliminating the requirement of a northbridge chip completely from the motherboard. The initiative enabled some of the processing originally done on the CPU (e.g. floating-point unit operations) to be moved to the GPU, which is better optimized for calculations such as floating-point unit calculations. This is referred to by AMD as an accelerated processing unit (APU).[5]

The first AMD Accelerated Processing Units (APUs) were released on January 4, 2011 at the 2011 CES show in Las Vegas.[6] AMD's Financial Analyst Day 2010 revealed a new generation of Fusion APUs for 2012, codenamed Trinity.[7] Further details for the 2012 Fusion line were released in late-May 2011, by technology website DonanımHaber.[8]

Trinity-series APUs were released in May 2012 with the mobile versions, and featured Piledriver cores and Radeon HD 7000 Series Graphics processors, along with a new socket, FM2 and the A85 chipset.[9]

AMD has released several updates to the AMD Catalyst Driver Suite that increased the performance of the Radeon GPUs integrated into the performance APUs.[10][11][12][13]

In 2013, AMD cancelled the Bobcat 2.0 APUs.[14]

Trademark Dispute

The “AMD Fusion” branding entered into a trademark dispute between Advanced Micro Devices (“AMD”), the EU trademark owner Boost Up International Limited and Arctic Switzerland AG, who claimed to be the first to use “Fusion” for its range of computer power supply products since 2006.[15] In early 2012, AMD has laid out plans to cease the Fusion branding for its APUs in favor of the “Heterogeneous System Architecture” (“HSA”) branding.[16] However, the parties failed to reach a compromise regarding the compensations for licensing fees and legal expenses incurred to bring the matter to the discussion table. On 23 January 2013, Arctic announced the company and AMD have eventually arrived at an agreement to settle the issue in private.[17] To put the dispute to an end, distributors and resellers are asked to terminate the use of “Fusion” and “AMD Fusion” latest by 31 January 2013 in the sale of any AMD computer hardware or its OEMs products.[18]

Features

AMD APUs have unique architecture, they have the AMD CPU modules, cache, and a discrete-class graphics processor, all on the same die, using the same bus. this allows for the use of graphics accelerators, such as OpenCL, with the integrated graphics processor.[19] AMD is intending to create a "fully integrated" APU. According to AMD, the APU will eventually feature 'heterogeneous cores' capable of processing both CPU and GPU work automatically, depending on the workload requirement.[20]

SoC component Year integrated into Performance APU Year integrated into low/ultra low power APU Replaces SoC Component Notes
K10 2011
Bobcat 2011
Radeon HD 6000 Series 2011 2011
Northbridge[1][21] 2011 2011
PCIe[1][21] 2011 2011
DDR3[1][21] memory controller 2011 2011 Arbitrates between coherent and non-coherent memory request.[22] The physical memory is partitioned between the GPU (up to 2GB) and the CPU (the remainder).[22]
UVD[1][21] 2011 2011
Display Controller 2011 2011
Piledriver 2012 K10
Radeon HD 7000 Series non GCN 2012 Radeon HD 6000 Series
AMD HD Media Accelerator[23] 2012 UVD Includes AMD Perfect Picture HD, AMD Quick Stream technology, and AMD Steady Video technology[23]
HDMI, DisplayPort 1.2, DVI Controllers 2012
Unified Northbridge 2012 Northbridge Includes AMD Turbo Core 3.0 which enables automatic bi-directional power management between CPU modules and GPU. Power to the CPU and GPU is controlled automatically by changing the clock rate depending on the load. For example, for a non-overclocked A10-5800K APU the CPU frequency can change from 1.4 GHz to 4.2Ghz, and the GPU frequency can change from 304 MHz to 800 MHz. In addition, CC6 mode is capable of powering down individual CPU cores, while PC6 mode is able to lower the power on the entire rail."[24]
Jaguar 2013 est. Bobcat
Steamroller 2013 est. Piledriver
Radeon HD 7000 Series GCN 2013 est. 2013 est. Radeon HD 7000 Series non GCN RISC SIMD instructions replace VLIW MIMD
Southbridge 2013 est.
ARM Cortex-A5 2013 est.
Radeon HD 8000 Series GCN Radeon HD 7000 Series GCN
Excavator[25] Steamroller


Heterogeneous System Architecture

Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA), maintained by HSA Foundation, is a system architecture that allows accelerators, for instance, graphics processor, to be a first-class component as CPU in the system. HSA-compliant accelerators eases the programming of heterogeneous applications in various aspects, including being ISA agnostic for both CPUs and accelerators, supporting high-level programming languages, having the ability to access pagable system memory, and maintaining cache coherency for system memory with CPUs.[26] HSA is widely used in System-on-Chip devices, such as tablets, smartphones, and other mobile devices.[27] HSA allows programs to use the graphics processor for floating point calculations without separate memory or scheduling.[28]

AMD HSA Implementation

Type HSA Feature First Implemented Notes
Optimized
Platform		 GPU Compute C++ Support 2012
Trinity APU		 Support OpenCL C++ directions and Microsoft’s upcoming C++ AMP language. This eases programming of both CPU and GPU working together to process support parallel workloads.
HSA MMU GPU can access the entire system memory through the translation services and page fault management of HSA MMU.
Shared Power Management Power budget is now shared by CPU and GPU, while priority of having more power budget depends on which is more suited to the current tasks.
Architectural
Integration		 Unified Address Space for CPU and GPU[1][21] 2013
Kaveri APU		 CPU and GPU now access the memory with the same address space. Pointers can now be freely passed between CPU and GPU.
Fully coherent memory between CPU & GPU GPU can now access and cache data from coherent memory regions in the system memory, and also reference the data from CPU's cache. Cache coherency is maintained.
GPU uses pageable system memory via CPU pointers GPU can take advantage of the shared virtual memory between CPU and GPU, and pageable system memory can now be referenced directly by the GPU, instead of being copied or pinned before accessing.
System
Integration		 GPU compute context switch 2014 Compute tasks on GPU can be context switched, allowing a multi-tasking environment and also faster interpretation between applications, compute and graphics.
GPU graphics pre-emption Long-running graphics tasks can be pre-empted in order to allow processes having low latency access to the GPU.
Quality of Service[1] In addition to context switch and pre-emption, hardware resources can be either equalized or prioritized among multiple users and applications.

Desktop and Mobile

Desktop APUs
Platform Series Codename Launch date Process TDP CPU cores Radeon cores DirectX OpenGL OpenCL
Lynx A-series
E2-series		 Llano June 30, 2011 32 nm SOI 65–100 W 2–4 K10 cores Evergreen DirectX 11 OpenGL 4.2 OpenCL 1.2
Virgo A-series Trinity October 2, 2012 32 nm SOI 65–100 W 2-4 Piledriver cores Northern Islands
A-series Richland H1 2013 32 nm SOI 2-4 Piledriver cores Northern Islands
A-series Kaveri H2 2013 28 nm bulk 2-4 Steamroller cores Sea Islands DirectX 11.1 OpenGL 4.2 OpenCL 1.2
Mobile APUs
Platform Series Codename Launch date Process TDP CPU cores Radeon cores DirectX OpenGL OpenCL
Sabine A-series
E2-series		 Llano June 14, 2011 32 nm SOI 35–45 W 2–4 K10 cores Evergreen DirectX 11 OpenGL 4.2 OpenCL 1.2
Comal A-series Trinity May 15, 2012 32 nm SOI 17–35 W 2-4 Piledriver cores Northern Islands
A-series Richland March 12, 2013 32 nm SOI 2-4 Piledriver cores Northern Islands
A-series Kaveri H2 2013 28 nm bulk 2-4 Steamroller cores Sea Islands DirectX 11.1 OpenGL 4.2 OpenCL 1.2

K10 architecture (Llano)

Piledriver architecture (Trinity and Richland)

Main article: Piledriver (microarchitecture)

Trinity

  • Trinity contains up to four Piledriver CPU cores and Northern Islands based graphics

Richland

  • Richland will be a revised and updated version of the Trinity APU series
  • Richland will contain 2-4 revised Piledriver CPU cores and Northern Islands based graphics
  • Richland will feature improved memory compatibility and core frequency compared to Trinity
  • low-voltage and desktop variants of Richland are expected to be released in the first half of 2013.[29]

Steamroller architecture (Kaveri)

  • Steamroller is the codename for the new core design (Next-Generation Bulldozer-based) that will replace the Piledriver cores in the A-series line.[30][31]
  • Indus is the mobile platform codename for the Steamroller-based APU line. It is to replace the Comal mobile platform.
  • The chipset for Indus will be codenamed Bolton.
  • The processor package for the mobile variant will be revised from FS1r2 uPGA package to FS2 uPGA package.
  • Next-generation server chips will feature fully realized Steamroller cores that are more optimized than their APU cousins[32]
  • There is a high chance that this generation of chips will come with PCIe 3.0 support.[32]

Kaveri (28 nm)

  • Kaveri APU covers the A10, A8, and A6 series of the 3rd generation APUs.
  • Kaveri is to contain an ARM Cortex-A5 MPCore as part of AMD's use of TrustZone IP from ARM.[33]
  • Kaveri will contain GCN-based graphics, although it is unknown whether these will be Southern Islands or Sea Islands based GCN.
  • Includes support for DDR3-2133[34]

Low Power / Netbook / Tablet

Ultra-Mobile and Low Power APUs
Platform Series Codename Launch date Process TDP CPU cores Radeon cores DirectX OpenGL OpenCL
Brazos C-series Ontario January 4, 2011 40 nm bulk 9 W 1–2 Bobcat cores Evergreen DirectX 11 OpenGL 4.1 OpenCL 1.1
E-series Zacate 18 W
Brazos 2.0 E-series Zacate June 6, 2012 18 W 2 Bobcat cores
Deccan C-series Krishna Canceled 28 nm bulk 8 W 1-2 Enhanced Bobcat cores Northern Islands
E-series Wichita Canceled 20 W 2-4 Enhanced Bobcat cores
Kabini Q2 2013 2-4 Jaguar cores Southern Islands DirectX 11.1 OpenGL 4.2 OpenCL 1.2
Tablet and Ultra-Low Power APUs
Platform Series Codename Launch date Process TDP CPU cores Radeon cores DirectX OpenGL OpenCL
Brazos Z-series Desna June 1, 2011 40 nm bulk 5.9 W 2 Bobcat cores Evergreen DirectX 11 OpenGL 4.1 OpenCL 1.1
Brazos-T Z-Series Hondo October 9, 2012 40 nm bulk 4.5 W 2 Bobcat cores Evergreen DirectX 11 OpenGL 4.1 OpenCL 1.1
Temash Q2 2013 28 nm bulk 2-4 Jaguar cores Southern Islands DirectX 11.1 OpenGL 4.2 OpenCL 1.2

Bobcat architecture (Ontario, Zacate, Desna, Hondo)

Main article: Bobcat (microarchitecture)

The AMD Brazos platform was introduced on January 4, 2011 targeting the subnotebook, netbook and low power small form factor markets.[35] It features the 9-watt AMD C-Series APU (codename: Ontario) for netbooks and low power devices as well as the 18-watt AMD E-Series APU (codename: Zacate) for mainstream and value notebooks, all-in-ones and small form factor desktops. Both APUs feature one or two Bobcat x86 cores and a Radeon Evergreen Series GPU wth full DirectX11, DirectCompute and OpenCL support including UVD3 video acceleration for HD video including 1080p.[35]

AMD expanded the Brazos platform on June 5, 2011 with the announcement of the 5.9-watt AMD Z-Series APU (codename: Desna) designed for the Tablet market.[36] The Desna APU is based on the 9-watt Ontario APU, energy savings were achieved by lowering the CPU, GPU and north bridge voltages, reducing the idle clocks of the CPU and GPU as well as introducing a hardware thermal control mode.[36] A bidirectional turbo core mode was also introduced.

AMD announced the Brazos-T platform on October 9, 2012. It comprises the 4.5-watt AMD Z-Series APU (codename: Hondo) and the A55T Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), designed for the tablet computer market.[37][38] The Hondo APU is re-architectured variant of the Desna APU, the energy savings were achieved by optimizing the APU and FCH for tablet computers.[39][40]

The Deccan platform including Krishna and Witchita APUs of were canceled in 2011. They were planned to be released in the second half 2012.[41]

Jaguar architecture (Kabini and Temash)

In January 2013 the Jaguar-based Kabini and Temash APUs were unveiled as the successors of the Bobcat-based Ontario, Zacate and Hondo APUs.[42][43][44] The Kabini APU is aimed at the low-power, subnotebook, netbook, ultra-thin and small form factor markets, the Temash APU is aimed at the tablet, ultra-low power and small form factor markets.[44] The 2-4 Jaguar cores of the Kabini and Temash APUs will feature numerous architectural improvements regarding power requirement and performance, such as support for newer x86-instructions, a higher IPC, a CC6 power state mode and clock gating. [45][46][47] Kabini and Temash will be AMD's first, and also the first ever quad-core x86 based SoCs.[48] The integrated Fusion Controller Hubs (FCH) for Kabini and Temash are codenamed "Yangtze" and "Salton" respectively. [49] The Yangtze FCH features support for two USB 3.0 ports, two SATA 6Gbit/s ports, as well as the xHCI 1.0 and SD/SDIO 3.0 protocols for SD-card support.[49] Both chips will feature DirectX 11.1-compliant GCN-based graphics as well as numerous heterogeneous system architecture (HSA) improvements.[42][43] Both chips will be manufactured in 28 nm with a FT2 BGA package at TSMC and are expected to be released in the first half of 2013.[45][50]

IGP Overview

Brazos IGP overview
Model Released Code name Fab (nm) Core clock (MHz) Config core1 Fillrate Shared memory GFLOPS Combined TDP2 (W) Notes
Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Bandwidth (GB/s) Bus type Bus width (bit) Idle Max.
Radeon HD 6250[51] January 4, 2011 Palm[52][53][54][55][56]
, Sumo,[52][57] Wrestler[58][N 1] 		40 276/277[51] 80:8:4 1.12 2.24 8.525 DDR3-1066 64 44.8 9
Radeon HD 6290 August 22, 2011 276-400
Radeon HD 6310 January 4, 2011 488/492/500 2.0 4.0 80 18
Radeon HD 6320 August 22, 2011 508-600 ? DDR3-1333
  1. ^ Used in C-30 (1.2 GHz) and C-50 (1.0 GHz) APU, paired with Hudson-M1 SB, socket FT1 (BGA-413)

Competition

The AMD Fusion C- and E-series are the direct competitors of the Intel Atom processor line. The C-series (C-30: single-core, C-50 and C-70: dual-core) has a TDP (9 W) similar to the Atom, the higher clocked E-series (E-240: single-core, E-350 and E-450: dual-core) comes with a TDP of 18 watts, which corresponds more to an Atom including a dedicated GPU (e.g. ION2, ATI 5430). The processors include a single- or dual-core 64-bit CPU with out-of-order execution, DDR3 memory controller and an 80-core Radeon GPU. The performance for games is significantly better for the E-series – up to 326.5% better, although neither of the platforms is well-suited for gaming.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "The programmer's guide to the APU galaxy" (PDF).
  2. ^ ATI chipsets already include GPU
  3. ^ "AMD Trinity Desktop APU Specs Revealed". Cpu-world.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  4. ^ "AMD reveals its 2012-2013 roadmap, promises 28nm chips across the board by 2013". Engadget. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  5. ^ Stokes, Jon (February 8, 2010). "AMD reveals Fusion CPU+GPU, to challege Intel in laptops". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ AMD Fusion APU Era Begins
  7. ^ AMD begins shipping Brazos, announces Bulldozer-based APUs, [1] pdf
  8. ^ "AMD'nin 2012 için planladığı yeni nesil Fusion platformları detaylandı". Donanimhaber.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  9. ^ Building an AMD 'Trinity' desktop PC | ZDNet
  10. ^ "AMD Catalyst 12.11 Driver Performance Never Settle".
  11. ^ "AMD Catalyst".
  12. ^ "AMD Catalyst".
  13. ^ "AMD Catalyst".
  14. ^ Hruska, Joel. "Manufacturing bombshell: AMD cancels 28nm APUs, starts from scratch at TSMC".
  15. ^ "AMD targeted by Arctic over Fusion bran", bit-tech, 23 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013
  16. ^ "AMD ditches Fusion branding", bit-tech, 19 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013
  17. ^ "ARCTIC and Boost Up Announce Negotiated Solution with AMD Regarding "FUSION" Trademark in European Union", www.arctic.ac, 23 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013
  18. ^ "Use of the terms "AMD" and "AMD Fusion"", 18 December 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  19. ^ phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9ODUyOTR8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1|APU101_Final_Jan 2011.pdf
  20. ^ AnandTech - AMD Outlines HSA Roadmap: Unified Memory for CPU/GPU in 2013, HSA GPUs in 2014
  21. ^ a b c d e "AMD Outlines HSA Roadmap: Unified Memory for CPU/GPU in 2013, HSA GPUs in 2014".
  22. ^ a b "AMD Fusion Architecture and Llano".
  23. ^ a b "AMD's 2nd Generation APU, Codenamed "Trinity," Will Enable Superior Multimedia Experience for Our "Connected" Generation".
  24. ^ "CPU + GPU = APU: East Meets West".
  25. ^ The Bulldozer Review: AMD FX-8150 Tested, AnandTech, 2011-10-12, retrieved 2012-01-23
  26. ^ What is Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA)? | AMD
  27. ^ Heterogeneous System Architecture: Purpose and Outlook - GPU Science
  28. ^ Heterogeneous system architecture: Multicore image processing using a mix of CPU and GPU elements - Embedded Computing Design
  29. ^ WCCFtech
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  31. ^ "Nuove roadmap AMD sulle future APU in programma nel 2012 e nel 2013 per il mercato mobile". Xtremehardware.it. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
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  33. ^ "AMD and ARM Fusion redefine beyond x86". Tech News Pedia. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  34. ^ "Kaveri 2013 Fusion supports DDR3 2133". Fudzilla.com. 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  35. ^ a b AMD (4 January 2011). "AMD Fusion APU Era Begins". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  36. ^ a b Nita, Sorin (1 June 2011). "AMD Releases More Details Regarding the Desna Tablet APU". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  37. ^ AMD (9 October 2013). "New AMD Z-Series APU for Tablets Enables Immersive Experience for Upcoming Microsoft Windows® 8 Platforms". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  38. ^ Shvets, Anthony (10 October 2012). "AMD announces Z-60 APU for tablets". {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  39. ^ Hruska, Joel (9 October 2012). "AMD's Hondo Z-Series APU To Challenge Intel's Atom In Windows 8 Tablet Market". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  40. ^ Shilov, Anton (9 October 2012). "AMD Introduces Its First Accelerated Processing Unit for Media Tablets". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  41. ^ Demerjian, Charlie. "Exclusive: AMD kills Wichita and Krishna". SemiAccurate. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  42. ^ a b SKYMTL (9 January 2013). "Richland, Kaveri, Kabini & Temash; AMD's 2013 APU Lineup Examined". Hardwarecanucks. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  43. ^ a b Halfacree, Gareth (January 8, 2013). "AMD unveils new APUs, SoCs and Radeon HD 8000 Series". Bit-Tech. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  44. ^ a b Lal Shimpi, Anand (2 February 2012). "AMD's 2012 - 2013 Client CPU/GPU/APU Roadmap Revealed". AnandTech. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  45. ^ a b Shilov, Anton (2 January 2013). "AMD to Officially Roll-Out "Kabini" and "Temash" Low-Power APUs This Quarter". X-bit labs. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  46. ^ Shilov, Anton (24 July 2013). "AMD's New Low-Power Micro-Architecture to Support AVX, BMI Other New Instructions". X-bit labs. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  47. ^ Paul, Donald (21 October 2012). "Leaked details of the future some Kabini APU AMD". Technewspedia. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  48. ^ Paine, Steve Chippy (9 January 2013). "AMD Shares SoC Line-Up for 2013. Kabini is for Ultrathins". Ultrabooknews. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  49. ^ a b Abazovic, Fuad (24 January 2013). "Kabini chipset is Yangtze". Fudzilla. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
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  51. ^ a b "Zacate CPU and Platform Details", AMD's Low Power Fusion APU: Zacate Unveiled, HotHardware, 9 November 2010, p. 2
  52. ^ a b "firmware-linux-nonfree". packages.debian.org Radeon HD drivers. debian.org. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
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  54. ^ "Radeon Driver Fusion (PALM)". help.ubuntu.com. ubuntu.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  55. ^ "radeon-firmware". ATI R600/R700/Evergreen/Fusion Firmware. rpmfind.net. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
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  57. ^ McGill, Yancy Dr. "AMD A-Series APUs Arrive – Llano". Mobile Cloud Computing Concepts -what-is-AMD-Llano. Houston Cloud Providers and Custom Builders, Inc. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  58. ^ Ontario/Zacate (Bobcat-Based APUs) And Beta Drivers
  59. ^ "Low-Power Gaming: AMD's E-350 Vs. Intel Atom D525 And Ion 2". Tom's Hardware. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
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