Nigerian Army: Difference between revisions
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During the [[Second World War]], British-trained Nigerian troops saw action with the [[1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade]], the [[81st (West Africa) Division|81st]] and the [[82nd (West Africa) Division]]s which fought in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)]] and in the Far East. |
During the [[Second World War]], British-trained Nigerian troops saw action with the [[1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade]], the [[81st (West Africa) Division|81st]] and the [[82nd (West Africa) Division]]s which fought in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)]] and in the Far East. |
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In Nigeria, from a force of 18,000 in infantry battalions and supporting units, strength rose to around 126,000 in three divisions by the end of the [[Nigerian Civil War]] in |
In Nigeria, from a force of 18,000 in infantry battalions and supporting units, strength rose to around 126,000 in three divisions by the end of the [[Nigerian Civil War]] in 1970 .<ref>Scott report, ''Sunday Telegraph'', 11 January 1970, via N.J. Miners, ''The Nigerian Army 1956-65'', Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971, p.229</ref> In terms of doctrine, the task of the Federal Nigerian army did not fundamentally change: its task remained to close with and defeat an organised enemy. |
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The rapid expansion saw a severe decline in troop quality. The Nigerian expansion process led to an extreme shortage of commissioned officers, with newly created lieutenant-colonels commanding brigades, and platoons and companies often commanded by sergeants and warrant officers. This resulted in tentative [[command and control|command-and-control]] and in rudimentary staff work.<ref>Neville Brown, "The Nigerian Civil War," Military Review, vol. 48, October 1968, p. 28, cited in Major Michael Stafford, Quick Kill in Slow Motion, Marine Corps CSC, 1984, at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm</ref> One result of the weak direction was that the Federals' three divisions fought independently, and competed for men and material. Writing in a 1984 study, Major Michael Stafford of the US Marine Corps noted that "Inexperienced, poorly trained and ineptly led soldiers manifested their lack of professionalism and indiscipline by massacres of innocent civilians and a failure to effectively execute infantry tactics." <ref>Stafford study, 1984</ref> Among the results was the 1967 [[Asaba massacre]]. |
The rapid expansion saw a severe decline in troop quality. The Nigerian expansion process led to an extreme shortage of commissioned officers, with newly created lieutenant-colonels commanding brigades, and platoons and companies often commanded by sergeants and warrant officers. This resulted in tentative [[command and control|command-and-control]] and in rudimentary staff work.<ref>Neville Brown, "The Nigerian Civil War," Military Review, vol. 48, October 1968, p. 28, cited in Major Michael Stafford, Quick Kill in Slow Motion, Marine Corps CSC, 1984, at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm</ref> One result of the weak direction was that the Federals' three divisions fought independently, and competed for men and material. Writing in a 1984 study, Major Michael Stafford of the US Marine Corps noted that "Inexperienced, poorly trained and ineptly led soldiers manifested their lack of professionalism and indiscipline by massacres of innocent civilians and a failure to effectively execute infantry tactics." <ref>Stafford study, 1984</ref> Among the results was the 1967 [[Asaba massacre]]. |
Revision as of 11:27, 17 August 2014
Nigerian Army | |
---|---|
File:Nigerian Army crest.gif | |
Founded | 1960-present |
Country | Nigeria |
Type | Army |
Size | 130,000 active frontline personal, 32,000 active reserve personal |
Headquarters | Abuja, Nigeria |
Motto(s) | Victory is from God alone |
Commanders | |
Chief of Army Staff | Maj General Kenneth Tobiah Minimah [1] |
The Nigerian Army (NA) is the largest component of Nigerian Armed Forces, with 130,000 active frontline personal and 32,000 reserve personal. [2] The original elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) in Nigeria were formed in 1900.
During the Second World War, British-trained Nigerian troops saw action with the 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, the 81st and the 82nd (West Africa) Divisions which fought in the East African Campaign (World War II) and in the Far East.
In Nigeria, from a force of 18,000 in infantry battalions and supporting units, strength rose to around 126,000 in three divisions by the end of the Nigerian Civil War in 1970 .[3] In terms of doctrine, the task of the Federal Nigerian army did not fundamentally change: its task remained to close with and defeat an organised enemy.
The rapid expansion saw a severe decline in troop quality. The Nigerian expansion process led to an extreme shortage of commissioned officers, with newly created lieutenant-colonels commanding brigades, and platoons and companies often commanded by sergeants and warrant officers. This resulted in tentative command-and-control and in rudimentary staff work.[4] One result of the weak direction was that the Federals' three divisions fought independently, and competed for men and material. Writing in a 1984 study, Major Michael Stafford of the US Marine Corps noted that "Inexperienced, poorly trained and ineptly led soldiers manifested their lack of professionalism and indiscipline by massacres of innocent civilians and a failure to effectively execute infantry tactics." [5] Among the results was the 1967 Asaba massacre.
The influence of individual personalities are generally greater in the armies of developing states, as they tend to have weaker institutional frameworks. Key personalities involved in Nigeria included then-Colonel Olusegun Obasanjo. Obasanjo is particularly important due to his efforts to reorganise his command, 3 Division, during the civil war to improve its logistics and administration. The reorganisation he instituted made the Division capable of carrying out the offensive that ended the civil war.
The Nigerian Army fought the civil war significantly under-resourced; Obasanjo's memoirs chronicle the lack of any stocks of extra equipment for mobilisation, and the "haphazard and unreliable system of procurement and provisioning" which lasted for the entire period of the war.[6] Arms embargoes imposed by several Western countries made the situation more difficult.
Involvement in politics
The U.S. intelligence community concluded in November 1970 that "..The Nigerian Civil War ended with relatively little rancor. The Igbos are accepted as fellow citizens in many parts of Nigeria, but not in some areas of former Biafra where they were once dominant. Igboland is an overpopulated, economically depressed area where massive unemployment is likely to continue for many years.[7]
The U.S. analysts said that "..Nigeria is still very much a tribal society..." where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Federal Military Government (FRG) is the accepted national leader and his popularity has grown since the end of the war. The FMG is neither very efficient nor dynamic, but the recent announcement that it intends to retain power for six more years has generated little opposition so far. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. We think Gowon will have great difficulty in staying in office through the period which he said is necessary before the turnover of power to civilians. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability."
Structure
This article needs to be updated.(January 2014) |
Divisions in the Nigerian Army originated during the Nigerian Civil War, when in August–September 1967, 1 Area Command at Kaduna was redesignated 1 Infantry Division, 2 Division was formed under Colonel Murtala Mohammed, and the then Lagos Garrison Organisation was renamed 3 Infantry Division, later to be renamed 3 Marine Commando under Colonel Benjamin Adekunle.[8]
At the end of the Civil War, the three divisions of the army were reorganised into four divisions, with each controlling territories running from North to South in order to deemphasise the former regional structure. Each division thus had access to the sea thereby making triservice cooperation and logistic support easier. This deployment formula was later abandoned in favour of the present assignment of sectors to the divisions. Thus 1 Division with HQ at Kaduna is allocated the North West sector; 2 Division with HQ at lbadan South West sector, 3 Division with HQ at Jos North East sector and 82 Division with HQ at Enugu South East sector.[citation needed]
Its formations include the 1st Division, headquartered in Kaduna in the north-west, and 2nd Division (HQ Ibadan in the South-West, which includes 32 Artillery Brigade at Abeokuta).[9] 2nd Division also possibly includes 4 Brigade at Benin City, with 19 Battalion at Okitipupa and 195 Battalion at Agenebode. 52 Signal Regiment may be the divisional signals unit. 3rd Armoured Division's headquarters is at Rukuba Cantonment, Jos, in the North-East, and includes 21 Armoured Brigade Maiduguri, 23 Brigade Yola, and 33 Artillery Brigades.[10] 81st Division (Amphibious) HQ in Lagos, which includes the 9th Brigade, based at the Ikeja compound in Lagos, 82nd Division (Airborne and Amphibious) HQ in Enugu in the South-East, which includes the 2 Brigade at Port Harcourt, 13 Brigade at Calabar and the 34 Artillery Brigade at Obinze/Owerri. The Composite Division at Enugu was formed in 1964 as 4th Infantry Division, in 1975 became Lagos Garrison Organization; in 1981 became 4th Composite Division; became a Composite Division in May 2002.[11] 3rd Armoured Division was responsible in 1983 for the security of areas bordering Chad.[12]
Lagos and Abuja have garrison commands, with the Lagos garrison as large as a division. 81 Division was the youngest Division in the Nigerian Army. The Division was formed on 26 May 2002 when the Lagos Garrison Command (as it then was) was upgraded to a full-fledged Division. The Division therefore inherited the security roles hitherto performed by the defunct Lagos Garrison Command.[13] However a later undated article in a Nigerian online newspaper says the 81 Division was later again renamed the Lagos Garrison Command. In the 1980s, the Army's brigades included the 7th Infantry Brigade in Sokoto. There are also Divisional Artillery Brigades, among which are the 32 and 34 Artillery Brigades,[14] ordnance corps units as well as Combat Engineer Regiments, and many other service support units spread across the country.
Training and Doctrine Command formed in 1981, and is located at Minna. It supervises the army's schools, including the Depot. The Army sponsors the Nigerian Military School at Zaria. 7th infantry Division with headquarters in Maduguri, in the north eastern Nigeria. This division was recently instituted for the purpose of combating the Islamist terrorists that are now engaged in terrorism in the noerthern parts of Nigeria.
Nigerian military forces abroad
In December 1983, the new Major General Muhammadu Buhari regime announced that Nigeria could no longer afford an activist anti-colonial role in Africa. Anglophone members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) established ECOMOG, dominated by the Nigerian Army, in 1990 to intervene in the civil war in Liberia. The Army has demonstrated its capability to mobilize, deploy, and sustain brigade-sized forces in support of peacekeeping operations in Liberia. Smaller army forces have been previously sent on UN and ECOWAS deployments in the former Yugoslavia, Angola, Rwanda, Somalia, and Sierra Leone.[citation needed]
That policy statement did not deter Nigeria under Generals Ibrahim Babangida in 1990 and Sani Abacha in 1997 from sending peacekeeping troops as part of ECOMOG under the auspices of ECOWAS into Liberia and later Sierra Leone when civil wars broke out in those countries. President Olusegun Obasanjo in August 2003 committed Nigerian troops once again into Liberia, at the urging of the United States, to provide an interim presence until the UN's force UNMIL arrived. Charles Taylor was subsequently eased out of power and exiled to Nigeria.
In October 2004, Nigerian troops again deployed into Darfur, Sudan to spearhead an African Union force to protect civilians in Darfur.
In January 2013, Nigeria began to deploy troops to Mali as part of the African-led International Support Mission to Mali.
Nigeria claimed to have contributed more than 20,000 troops and police officers to various UN missions since 1960. The Nigeria Police Force and troops have served in places like UNIPOM (UN India-Pakistan Observer mission) 1965, UNIFIL in Lebanon 1978, the UN observer mission, UNIIMOG supervising the Iran-Iraq ceasefire in 1988, former Yugoslavia 1998, East Timor 1999, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 2004.
Nigerian officers have served as chiefs of defence in other countries, with Brigadier General Maxwell Khobe serving as Sierra Leone chief of staff in 1998-1999,[15] and Nigerian officers acting as Command Officer-in-Charge of the Armed Forces of Liberia from at least 2007.
Chiefs of the Nigerian Army
Following is a chronological list of officers holding the position of General Officer Commanding (GOC) or Chief of Army Staff (COAS).[16]
Officer | Title | Period Served | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Maj Gen Kenneth G. Exham | 1956–1959 | Duke of Wellington's Regiment | |
Maj Gen Foster | GOC | ||
Maj Gen John Alexander Mackenzie | GOC | 1963 | |
Maj Gen Sir Christopher Welby-Everard | GOC | 1963–1965 | Last British GOC |
Maj Gen Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi | GOC | 1965–1966 | Later military ruler |
Lt Col Yakubu Gowon FSS | COAS | January 1966 - July 1966 | Later military ruler |
Lt Col Joseph Akahan OFR FSS | COAS | May 1967 - May 1968 | |
Maj Gen Hassan Katsina rcds psc | COAS | May 1968 - January 1971 | |
Maj Gen David Ejoor | COAS | January 1971 - July 1975 | |
Lt Gen Theophilus Danjuma | COAS | July 1975 - October 1979 | |
Lt Gen Ipoola Alani Akinrinade CFR FSS | COAS | October 1979 - April 1980 | nil |
Lt Gen Gibson Jalo CFR FSS JSS | COAS | April 1980 - October 1981 | |
Lt Gen Mohammed Inuwa Wushishi CFR FSS | COAS | October 1981 - October 1983 | |
Maj Gen Ibrahim Babangida | COAS | January 1984 - August 1985 | Later military ruler |
Lt Gen Sani Abacha GCON, DSS mni | COAS | August 1985 - August 1990 | Later military ruler |
Lt Gen Salihu Ibrahim FSS FHWC | COAS | August 1990 - September 1993 | |
Lt Gen Aliyu Gusau Mohammed DSS rcds | COAS | September 1993 - November 1993 | |
Maj Gen Chris Alli CRG DSS ndc psc(+) | COAS | November 1993 - August 1994?? | |
Maj Gen Alwali Kazir DSS Usawc psc(+) | COAS | August 1994 - March 1996 | |
Lt Gen Ishaya Bamaiyi DSS Usawc psc(+) | COAS | March 1996-May 1999 | |
Lt Gen Victor Malu DSS mni fwc psc | COAS | May 1999 - April 2001 | |
Lt Gen Alexander Ogomudia | COAS | April 2001 - June 2003 | Later Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). |
Lt Gen Martin Luther Agwai | COAS | June 2003 June 2006 | Later Commander of the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur. |
Lt Gen Owoye Andrew Azazi | COAS | 1 June 2006 - May 2007 | Later Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). |
Lt Gen Luka Yusuf CFR GSS GPP DSO psc(+) fwc Msc | COAS | June 2007 - August 2008 | |
Lt Gen Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau CFR GSS psc ndc fwc(+) PhD | COAS | August 2008 - September 2010 | |
Lt Gen Onyabor Azubuike Ihejirika CFR GSS psc(+) fwc fniqs | COAS | September 2010 - January 2014 | |
Maj Gen Kenneth Tobiah Minimah GSS psc(+) fwc | COAS | January 2014 - Present |
Army equipment
Small arms
Name | Type | Country of Origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Beretta 92[17] | Semi-automatic pistol | Italy | |
Beretta M1951[18] | Semi-Automatic Pistol | Italy | |
Browning Hi-Power | Semi-Automatic Pistol | Belgium | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[19] |
Walther P5[17] | Semi-Automatic Pistol | West Germany | |
Beretta M12[20] | Submachine gun | Italy | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[21] |
Heckler & Koch MP5[18] | Submachine gun | Germany | |
Sa vz. 23 | Submachine gun | Czechoslovakia | |
Sten[22] | Submachine gun | United Kingdom | |
Sterling[18] | Submachine gun | United Kingdom | |
Uzi[18] | Submachine gun | Israel | |
AK-47 | Assault Rifle | Soviet Union | Produced as OBJ-006.[23][24] |
AKM[25] | Assault Rifle | Soviet Union | |
FN FAL | Battle Rifle | Belgium | Local variant designated NR1.[26][27][28] |
Heckler & Koch G3 | Battle Rifle | West Germany | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[29] |
Beretta BM-59 | Battle Rifle | Italy | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[30] |
Vz. 52 rifle | Semi-automatic rifle | Czechoslovakia | |
M16A1[31] | Assault Rifle | United States | |
FN FNC[18] | Assault Rifle | Belgium | |
Beretta AR70/90[18] | Assault Rifle | Italy | |
SIG SG 540[18] | Battle Rifle | Switzerland | |
Daewoo K2[32] | Assault Rifle | South Korea | |
Browning M2[18] | Heavy machine gun | United States | |
Degtyaryov 1938/46 | Light machine gun | Soviet Union | |
FN MAG | General purpose machine gun | Belgium | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[21] |
RPK | Light machine gun | Soviet Union | |
RPG-7 | Anti-tank weapon | Soviet Union | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[33] |
Missiles and Recoilless Rifles
Name | Type | Country of Origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Swingfire[34] | Anti-tank missile | United Kingdom | 100 in stock.[35] |
M40[36] | Anti-tank weapon | United States | |
Carl Gustav | Anti-tank weapon | Sweden | 30 in service.[18] |
Vehicles
Name | Type | Country of Origin | In Service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-54/55 | Main Battle Tank | Soviet Union | 24[36] | 50 delivered.[35] |
Vickers Tank | Main Battle Tank | United Kingdom | 108[36] | Mk III. |
AMX-30 | Main Battle Tank | France | 16[36] | |
FV101 Scorpion | Reconnaissance Vehicle | United Kingdom | 157[36] | |
FV107 Scimitar | Reconnaissance Vehicle | United Kingdom | 5[36] | |
Saurer 4K 4FA | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Austria | 250[36] | 300 delivered.[37] |
MT-LB | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Soviet Union | 67[35] | Ex-Poland. |
Mowag Piranha | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Switzerland | 110[36] | |
BTR-3 | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Ukraine | 47[35] | BTR-3U "Guardian" variant. |
BTR-70 | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Soviet Union | 18[38] | |
BTR-60 | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Soviet Union | 6[39] | |
Saracen | Armoured Personnel Carrier | United Kingdom | 10[36] | 20 delivered.[35] |
Saxon | Armoured Personnel Carrier | United Kingdom | 75[35] | Serviceability doubtful.[36] |
Panhard M3 | Armoured Personnel Carrier | France | 18[36] | |
Igirigi | Armoured Personnel Carrier | Nigeria | Replaced the Pf1.[40] | |
Otokar Cobra | Multipurpose Armoured Vehicle | Turkey | 204[36] | |
RG-34 | MRAP | South Africa | Local variant designated Proforce Pf1.[41] | |
Casspir | MRAP | South Africa | 5[36] | Casspir III variant. |
ERC-90 | Armoured Car | France | 80[37] | 40 with Lynx turret. |
EE-9 Cascavel | Armoured Car | Brazil | 70[36] | Delivered in 1994.[35] |
Panhard AML | Armoured Car | France | 130[36] | AML-60 and AML-90 variants. |
Saladin | Armoured Car | United Kingdom | 16[35] | |
Shorland | Armoured Car | United Kingdom | Mk 3.[42] | |
Fox | Scout Car | United Kingdom | 55[35] | |
Panhard VBL | Scout Car | France | 72[35] | |
Ferret | Scout Car | United Kingdom | 25[37] | 40 delivered.[35] |
FV104 Samaritan | Tracked Ambulance | United Kingdom | ||
Pinzgauer[43] | Utility Truck | Austria | ||
Land Rover | Utility Vehicle | United Kingdom | Some of local manufacture.[42] | |
Haflinger | Utility Vehicle | Austria | 400[43] | |
Toyota Hilux[44] | Light Truck | Japan |
Artillery
Name | Type | Country of Origin | In Service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Palmaria | Self-propelled Howitzer | Italy | 25[37] | |
BM-21 Grad | Multiple Rocket Launcher | Soviet Union | 30[36] | APR-21 variant. |
L16 | 81mm Mortar | United Kingdom | 200[37] | Some of Nigerian manufacture.[45] |
ZiS-3[37] | Antitank Gun | Soviet Union | ||
D-30 | Howitzer | Soviet Union | 90[35] | |
D-74 | Howitzer | Soviet Union | 90[35] | |
M46 | Howitzer | Soviet Union | 7[36] | |
D-20 | Howitzer | Soviet Union | 4[36] | Delivered in 1992.[35] |
Haubits FH77 | Howitzer | Sweden | 24[37] | Likely in storage.[36] |
OTO Melara Mod 56 | Howitzer | Italy | 124[36] | 200 delivered.[35] |
Air defence
Name | Type | Country of Origin | In Service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bofors L/60 | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Sweden | 12[36] | |
ZPU[37] | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Soviet Union | ||
ZSU-23-4 | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun | Soviet Union | 30[36] | |
ZU-23-2 | Towed anti-aircraft gun | Soviet Union | 350[36] | |
Blowpipe | Surface-to-air missile | United Kingdom | 48[37] | |
Roland | Surface-to-air missile | France | 16[37] | Mounted on AMX-30 chassis. |
Strela 2 | Surface-to-air missile | Soviet Union | 100[36] |
References
- ^ http://www.nigerian-army.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=1&fontstyle=f-default
- ^ http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=nigeria
- ^ Scott report, Sunday Telegraph, 11 January 1970, via N.J. Miners, The Nigerian Army 1956-65, Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971, p.229
- ^ Neville Brown, "The Nigerian Civil War," Military Review, vol. 48, October 1968, p. 28, cited in Major Michael Stafford, Quick Kill in Slow Motion, Marine Corps CSC, 1984, at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm
- ^ Stafford study, 1984
- ^ Olunsegun Obasanjo, My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War, Heinemann, Ibadan/London/Nairobi, 1980, p.61
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2 November 1970), National Intelligence Estimate 64.2-70: Prospects for Postwar Nigeria (PDF), United States Department of State [dead link]
- ^ General Olunsegun Obasanjo, 'My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-70,' Heinemann, Ibadan/London/Nairobi, p.18 (Via Joint Services Command and Staff College Library)
- ^ Army Games Begin in Abeokuta
- ^ Nigerian Army 3 Division, verified October 2008
- ^ Orbat.com, Concise World Armies 2006
- ^ Jimi Peters, The Nigerian military and the state, I.B. Tauris, 1997, p.174, via Google Books
- ^ Nigerian Army Website, accessed August 2008
- ^ Saxone Akhaine, Army chief decries military's involvement in politics, Guardian, Kaduna, 13 October 2008
- ^ Dr Nowa Omoigui
- ^ "Chronicle of Command". The Nigerian Army. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ a b Diez, Octavio (2000). Armament and Technology: Handguns. Lema Publications, S.L. ISBN 84-8463-013-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
- ^ Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria Retrieved on May 1, 2013.
- ^ Gander, Jerry (2002). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003. Jane's Information Group. pp. 214, 899–906. ISBN 0-7106-2434-4.
- ^ a b Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria Retrieved on May 1, 2013.
- ^ McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-476-3.
- ^ "Nigeria to mass-produce Nigerian version of AK-47 rifles." Retrieved on 5 October 2008.
- ^ "DICON – Defence Industry Corp. of Nigeria" Retrieved on 23 June 2012.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon (2011). The AK-47 Kalashnikov series assault rifles. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-461-1.
- ^ "Licensed and unlicensed production of FN Herstal products, to August 2006" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ "Nigeria - Arms Procurement and Defense Industries". June 1991. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ "DOSSIER - The Question of Arms in Africa". Agenzia Fides. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Nigeria: Arms Procurement and Defense Industries. Retrieved on October 5, 2008.
- ^ German small arms: The Nigerian connection. Retrieved on October 5, 2008.
- ^ Jane's Special Forces Recognition Guide, Ewen Southby-Tailyour (2005) p. 446
- ^ "한국의 무기 이야기".
- ^ Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria Retrieved on May 1, 2013.
- ^ "Nigeria Armee nigeriane forces terrestres equipements vehicules blindes militaires information descr - Army Recognition". Armyrecognition.com. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Defenceweb
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Metz, Helen Chapin. Nigeria: A Country Study. pp. 336–349.
- ^ BTR-70 Report between 1992 and 2012
- ^ Tank Nut Dave
- ^ Nigeria opens ballistic armour factory; showcases first indigenous APC
- ^ Nigeria to unveil indigenous armoured personnel carrier
- ^ a b Celestine Bassey & Charles Dokubo. Defence Policy of Nigeria: Capability and Context (2011 ed.). AuthorHouse Publishing. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-1-4567-3156-4.
- ^ a b Haflinger delivery to Lagos
- ^ Fayemi donates pickup to army
- ^ Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria Retrieved on May 1, 2013.
- ^ "Nigerian Army Examination Centres – Exam Date for 2014 71th [sic] Recruitment Screening" Retrieved 2014