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| {{TUR}} || {{dts|6 May 2015}}<ref name=TUR /><ref>http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/assoc/turkey.html</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}} || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}% || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}
| {{TUR}} || {{dts|6 May 2015}}<ref name=TUR /><ref>http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/assoc/turkey.html</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}} || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}% || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}
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| {{PAK}} || signed on {{dts|19 June 2014}},<ref name=PAK /> not yet ratified<ref>http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/pakistan.html</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}} || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}% || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}
| {{PAK}} || signed on {{dts|19 June 2014}},<ref name=PAK /> ratified on 31st Jul 2015.<ref>[http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2015/07/pakistan-becomes-associate-member-state-cern Pakistan becomes Associate Member State of CERN]</ref><ref>http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/pakistan.html</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}} || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}% || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}
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|- class="sortbottom" style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|| {{hs|za}}'''Total Members, Candidates and Associates''' || || style="text-align:right;"| '''{{nts|1117.5}}'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Member States' Contributions – 2014 |url=http://dg-rpc.web.cern.ch/dg-rpc/Scale/MemberStatesContributions2014.html |work=CERN website |publisher=CERN |accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| '''{{nts|92.7}}%''' || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}
|| {{hs|za}}'''Total Members, Candidates and Associates''' || || style="text-align:right;"| '''{{nts|1117.5}}'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Member States' Contributions – 2014 |url=http://dg-rpc.web.cern.ch/dg-rpc/Scale/MemberStatesContributions2014.html |work=CERN website |publisher=CERN |accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| '''{{nts|92.7}}%''' || style="text-align:right;"| {{nts|}}

Revision as of 03:30, 1 August 2015

For the company with the ticker symbol CERN, see Cerner. For the rocket nozzle, see SERN.

46°14′03″N 6°03′10″E / 46.23417°N 6.05278°E / 46.23417; 6.05278

European Organization
for Nuclear Research
Organisation européenne
pour la recherche nucléaire
Formation29 September 1954[1]
HeadquartersMeyrin, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland
Membership
22 countries
Official languages
English and French
Council President
Agnieszka Zalewska[2]
Rolf-Dieter Heuer
Websitewww.cern.ch

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), known as CERN (/ˈsɜːrn/; French pronunciation: [sɛʁn]; derived from the name "Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire"; see History) is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, the organization is based in a northwest suburb of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border, (46°14′3″N 6°3′19″E / 46.23417°N 6.05528°E / 46.23417; 6.05528) and has 22 member states. Israel is the first (and currently only) non-European country granted full membership.[3]

The term CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory, which in 2013 had 2,513 staff members, and hosted some 12,313 fellows, associates, apprentices as well as visiting scientists and engineers[4] representing 608 universities and research facilities.[5]

CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – as a result, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN as a result of international collaborations.

CERN is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web. The main site at Meyrin has a large computer facility containing powerful data processing facilities, primarily for experimental-data analysis; because of the need to make these facilities available to researchers elsewhere, it has historically been a major wide area networking hub.

History

The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954 [1] (map borders from 1989)

The convention establishing CERN was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe.[1] The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1954.[6] According to Lew Kowarski, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed, the acronym could have become the awkward OERN, and Heisenberg said that the acronym could "still be CERN even if the name is [not]".[citation needed]

CERN's first president was Sir Benjamin Lockspeiser. The first Director General was Edoardo Amaldi.

The laboratory was originally devoted to study of atomic nuclei, but was soon applied to higher-energy physics, concerned mainly with the study of interactions between subatomic particles. Therefore the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European laboratory for particle physics (Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules), which better describes the research being performed there.

Scientific achievements

Several important achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at CERN. They include:

The 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that resulted in the discoveries of the W and Z bosons. The 1992 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber."

Computer science

See also: History of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web began as a CERN project named ENQUIRE, initiated by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and Robert Cailliau in 1990.[14] Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the Association for Computing Machinery in 1995 for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.

Based on the concept of hypertext, the project was intended to facilitate sharing of information among researchers. The first website was activated in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. A copy[15] of the original first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the World Wide Web Consortium's website as a historical document.

Prior to the Web's development, CERN had pioneered the introduction of Internet technology, beginning in the early 1980s. A short history of this period can be found at CERN.ch.[16]

More recently, CERN has become a facility for the development of grid computing, hosting projects including the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE) and LHC Computing Grid. It also hosts the CERN Internet Exchange Point (CIXP), one of the two main internet exchange points in Switzerland.

Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly

Main article: Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly

On 22 September 2011, the OPERA Collaboration reported the detection of 17 GeV and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers (450 miles) from CERN near Geneva, Switzerland to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy, traveling apparently faster than light by a factor of 2.48×10−5 (approximately 1 in 40,000), a statistic with 6.0-sigma significance.[17] However, in March 2012 it was reported by a new team of scientists for CERN, Icarus, that the previous experiment was most likely flawed and will be retested by scientists of both the Opera and Icarus teams;[18] on 16 March, CERN stated in a press release that the results were flawed due to an incorrectly connected GPS-synchronization cable.[19]

Particle accelerators

Current complex

Map of the CERN accelerator complex
Map of the Large Hadron Collider together with the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN

CERN operates a network of six accelerators and a decelerator. Each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. Currently active machines are:

  • Two linear accelerators generate low energy particles. Linac2 accelerates protons to 50 MeV for injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), and Linac3 provides heavy ions at 4.2 MeV/u for injection into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR).[20]
  • The Proton Synchrotron Booster increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators.
  • The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator, before transferring them to the Proton Synchrotron (PS). This accelerator was commissioned in 2005, after having been reconfigured from the previous Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR).
  • The 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), built during 1954—1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful SPS.
  • The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1976. It was designed to deliver an energy of 300 GeV and was gradually upgraded to 450 GeV. As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments (currently COMPASS and NA62), it has been operated as a proton–antiproton collider (the SppS collider), and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). Since 2008, it has been used to inject protons and heavy ions into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
  • The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE), which is used to study unstable nuclei. The radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1.0–1.4 GeV from the Proton Synchrotron Booster. It was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992.
  • The Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10% of the speed of light for research of antimatter.
  • The Compact Linear Collider Test Facility, which studies feasibility for the future normal conducting linear collider project.

Large Hadron Collider

Main article: Large Hadron Collider

Most of the activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project.

Construction of the CMS detector for LHC at CERN

The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes will be used to pre-accelerate protons which will then be injected into the LHC.

Seven experiments (CMS, ATLAS, LHCb, MoEDAL,[21] TOTEM, LHC-forward and ALICE) will be performed on the collider; each of them will study particle collisions from a different aspect, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. For example, a special crane was rented from Belgium to lower pieces of the CMS detector into its underground cavern, since each piece weighed nearly 2,000 tons. The first of the approximately 5,000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at 13:00 GMT on 7 March 2005.

The LHC has begun to generate vast quantities of data, which CERN streams to laboratories around the world for distributed processing (making use of a specialized grid infrastructure, the LHC Computing Grid). During April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB/s to seven different sites across the world.

The initial particle beams were injected into the LHC August 2008.[22] The first attempt to circulate a beam through the entire LHC was at 8:28 GMT on 10 September 2008,[23] but the system failed because of a faulty magnet connection, and it was stopped for repairs on 19 September 2008.

The LHC resumed operation on 20 November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 trillion electron volts. The challenge for the engineers was then to try to line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like "firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other" according to the LHC's main engineer Steve Myers, director for accelerators and technology at the Swiss laboratory.

At 1200 BST on 30 March 2010 the LHC successfully smashed two proton particle beams travelling with 3.5 TeV (trillion electron volts) of energy, resulting in a 7 TeV event. However, this was just the start what was needed for the expected discovery of the Higgs boson. When the 7 TeV experimental period ended, the LHC revved to 8 TeV (4 TeV acceleration in both directions) during March 2012, and soon began particle collisions at that rate. In early 2013 the LHC was deactivated for a two-year maintenance period, to strengthen the huge magnets inside the accelerator. Eventually it will attempt to create 14 TeV events. In July 2012, CERN scientists announced the discovery of a new sub-atomic particle that was possibly the much sought after Higgs boson believed to be essential for formation of the Universe.[24] In March 2013, CERN announced that the measurements performed on the newly found particle allowed it to conclude that this is a Higgs boson.[25]

On 5 April 2015 and after two years of maintenance and consolidation, the LHC restarted for a second run. Proton beams successfully circulated in the 27-kilometer ring in both directions. The first ramp to the record-breaking energy of 6.5 TeV was performed on 10 April 2015.[26][27]

Decommissioned accelerators

Sites

Interior of office building 40 at the Meyrin site. Building 40 hosts many offices for scientists from the CMS and ATLAS collaborations.

The smaller accelerators are on the main Meyrin site (also known as the West Area), which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones. There are six entrances to the Meyrin site:[citation needed]

  • A, in Switzerland, for all CERN personnel at specific times.
  • B, in Switzerland, for all CERN personnel at all times. Often referred to as the main entrance.
  • C, in Switzerland, for all CERN personnel at specific times.
  • D, in Switzerland, for goods reception at specific times.
  • E, in France, for French-resident CERN personnel at specific times. Named "Porte Charles de Gaulle" in recognition of his role in the creation of CERN.[28]
  • Inter-site tunnel, in France, for equipment transfer to and from CERN sites in France by personnel with a specific permit. This is the only permitted route for such transfers. By the CERN treaty, no taxes are payable when such transfers are made. Controlled by customs personnel.[25]
CERN's main site, from Switzerland looking towards France

The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are almost entirely outside the main site, and are mostly buried under French farmland and invisible from the surface. However, they have surface sites at various points around them, either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as cryogenic plants and access shafts. The experiments are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites.

Three of these experimental sites are in France, with ATLAS in Switzerland, although some of the ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in Switzerland. The largest of the experimental sites is the Prévessin site, also known as the North Area, which is the target station for non-collider experiments on the SPS accelerator. Other sites are the ones which were used for the UA1, UA2 and the LEP experiments (the latter which will be used for LHC experiments).

Outside of the LEP and LHC experiments, most are officially named and numbered after the site where they were located. For example, NA32 was an experiment looking at the production of so-called "charmed" particles and located at the Prévessin (North Area) site while WA22 used the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) at the Meyrin (West Area) site to examine neutrino interactions. The UA1 and UA2 experiments were considered to be in the Underground Area, i.e. situated underground at sites on the SPS accelerator.

Most of the roads on the CERN campus are named after famous physicists, such as Richard Feynman, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein.

Participation and funding

Member states and budget

Member states of CERN and current enlargement agenda
  CERN members
  Accession in progress
  Declared intent to join

Since its foundation by 12 members in 1954, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organization continuously since their accession, except Spain and Yugoslavia. Spain first joined CERN in 1961, withdrew in 1969, and rejoined in 1983. Yugoslavia was a founding member of CERN but quit in 1961. Of the 22 members, 18 are European Union member states. Switzerland and Norway are not. Israel joined CERN as a full member on 6 January 2014,[29] becoming the first (and currently only) non-European member.[30] In June 2015 Romania became a full member of CERN, after an unanimous vote in favor.[31]

As of 2014, CERN receives contributions from states with a total population of about 517 million people. Averaged across those states, the contribution per person during 2014 is about 2.2 Swiss francs/year.

Member state Status since Contribution
(million CHF for 2014) 		Contribution
(fraction of total for 2014) 		Contribution per capita[note 1]
(CHF/person for 2014)
Founding Members[note 2]
 Belgium 29 September 1954 30.5 2.5% 2.7
 Denmark 29 September 1954 19.3 1.6% 3.4
 France 29 September 1954 169.2 14.0% 2.6
 Germany 29 September 1954 222.9 18.5% 2.8
 Greece 29 September 1954 18.0 1.5% 1.6
 Italy 29 September 1954 126.2 10.5% 2.1
 Netherlands 29 September 1954 50.6 4.2% 3.0
 Norway 29 September 1954 28.0 2.3% 5.4
 Sweden 29 September 1954 28.7 2.4% 3.0
 Switzerland 29 September 1954 40.0 3.3% 4.9
 United Kingdom 29 September 1954 152.6 12.7% 2.4
Acceded Members[note 3]
 Austria 1 June 1959 24.4 2.0% 2.9
 Spain 1 January 1983 91.1 7.6% 2.0
 Portugal 1 January 1986 13.2 1.1% 1.3
 Finland 1 January 1991 15.3 1.3% 2.8
 Poland 1 July 1991 29.3 2.4% 0.8
 Hungary 1 July 1992 7.1 0.6% 0.7
 Czech Republic 1 July 1993 11.3 0.9% 1.1
 Slovakia 1 July 1993 5.5 0.5% 1.0
 Bulgaria 11 March 1999 3.1 0.3% 0.4
 Israel 6 January 2014[29] 22.1 1.8% 2.7
 Romania 20 June 2015[36] 7.9 0.7% 0.4
Associate Member in the pre-stage to Membership[note 4]
 Serbia 15 March 2012[37] 1.0 0.1% 0.1
 Cyprus signed on 5 October 2012,[38] not yet ratified[39] %
Associate Members
 Ukraine signed on 3 October 2013,[40] not yet ratified[41] %
 Turkey 6 May 2015[42][43] %
 Pakistan signed on 19 June 2014,[44] ratified on 31st Jul 2015.[45][46] %
Total Members, Candidates and Associates 1,117.5[47] 92.7%
 European Union[48] 1 July 1985[49] 18.8 1.6%
Other income — 69.2 5.7%
Total CERN 1,205.5[48] 100.0%
  1. ^ Based on the population in 2014.[32]
  2. ^ 12 founding members drafted the Convention for the Establishment of a European Organization for Nuclear Research which entered into force on 29 September 1954.[33][34]
  3. ^ Acceded members became CERN member states upon signing an accession agreement.[35]
  4. ^ Additional contribution from Candidates for Accession and Associate Member States.[35]

Enlargement

Associate Members, Candidates:

  •  Serbia became a candidate for accession to CERN on 19 December 2011, signed an association agreement on 10 January 2012[50][51] and became an official "Associate Member in the pre-stage to Membership" on 15 March 2012.[37]
  •  Cyprus signed an agreement to Associate Membership in the pre-stage to Membership on 5 October 2012[38] and not yet fully ratified.
  •  Ukraine signed an agreement to Associate Membership on 3 October 2013[40] and not yet fully ratified.
  •  Brazil was approved by CERN Council on 13 December 2013[52] to become the first Latin American associate member. As of July 2014, Brazil still needs to sign and ratify its accession agreement.[53]
  •  Turkey signed an agreement to Associate Membership on 12 May 2014[42] became an associate member on 6 May 2015.
  •  Pakistan signed an agreement to Associate Membership on 19 June 2014[44] and not yet fully ratified.

More countries have confirmed their wish to become members and are awaiting approval from the CERN Council:[54]

  •  Slovenia, which cooperates scientifically with CERN since 1991, applied for membership in 2009.[55]
  •  Russia, working with CERN in practice since 1959 (as the former Soviet Union) and currently an observer state, formally applied for membership in 2012.[56]

International relations

A world map highlighting the nature of relations of nations with CERN.
  CERN member states: 21 c.
  Accession in progress: 3 c.
  Declared intent to join: 2 c.
  Observers: 4 c. + EU
  Cooperation agreement: 35 c. + Slovenia, Cyprus, Turkey
  Scientific contacts: 19 c.

Five countries have observer status:[57]

2

Also observers are the following international organizations:

Non-Member States (with dates of Co-operation Agreements) currently involved in CERN programmes are:

2

CERN also has scientific contacts with the following countries:[63]

2

International research institutions, such as CERN, can aid in science diplomacy.[64]

Public exhibits

The Globe of Science and Innovation at CERN

Facilities at CERN open to the public include:

line 18 goes to CERN
The statue of Shiva engaging in the Nataraja dance presented by the Department of Atomic Energy of India.
  • CERN's Large Hadron Collider is the subject of a (scientifically accurate) rap video starring Katherine McAlpine with some of the facility's staff.[68][69]
  • CERN is depicted in an episode of South Park (Season 13, Episode 6) called "Pinewood Derby". Randy Marsh, the father of one of the main characters, breaks into the "Hadron Particle Super Collider in Switzerland" and steals a "superconducting bending magnet created for use in tests with particle acceleration" to use in his son Stan's Pinewood Derby racer. Randy breaks into CERN dressed in disguise as Princess Leia from the Star Wars saga. The break-in is captured on surveillance tape which is then broadcast on the news.[70]
  • John Titor, a self-proclaimed time traveler, alleged that CERN would invent time travel in 2001.
  • CERN is depicted in the visual novel/anime series Steins;Gate as SERN, a shadowy organization that has been researching time travel in order to restructure and control the world.
  • In a documentary entitled Particle Fever, CERN is explored throughout the inside, and depicts the events surrounding the discovery of the Higgs Boson in 2013
  • In Dan Brown's mystery-thriller novel Angels & Demons, a canister of antimatter is stolen from CERN.[71]
  • In the popular children's series The 39 Clues, CERN is said to be an Ekaterina stronghold hiding the clue hydrogen.
  • In Robert J. Sawyer's science fiction novel Flashforward, at CERN, the Large Hadron Collider accelerator is performing a run to search for the Higgs boson when the entire human race sees themselves twenty-one years and six months in the future.
  • In season 3 episode 15 of the popular TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory titled "The Large Hadron Collision", Leonard and Rajesh travel to CERN to attend a conference and see the LHC.
  • The 2012 student film Decay, which centers around the idea of the Large Hadron Collider transforming people into zombies, was filmed on location in CERN's maintenance tunnels.[72]
  • The Compact Muon Solenoid at CERN was used as the basis for the Megadeth's Super Collider album cover.
  • In Denpa Kyoushi, the main character is scouted by "CERM"
  • In Super Lovers, Haruko (Ren's mother) worked at CERN, and Ren was taught by CERN professors
  • CERN forms part of the back story of the massively multiplayer augmented reality game Ingress.[73]

Associated institutions

See also

References

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  2. ^ "CERN – Council Delegates". cern.ch.
  3. ^ The boycott movement is losing the battle – for now
  4. ^ "CERN Annual Report 2013 – CERN in Figures". CERN. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  5. ^ "A global endeavour". CERN. 15 July 2015.
  6. ^ "The Name CERN". CERN. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  7. ^ "CERN.ch". Public.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  8. ^ "CERN.ch La". Public.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  9. ^ "CERN.ch". Public.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  10. ^ Fanti, V.; et al. (1998). "A new measurement of direct CP violation in two pion decays of the neutral kaon". Physics Letters B. 465: 335. arXiv:hep-ex/9909022. Bibcode:1999PhLB..465..335F. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01030-8.
  11. ^ "Antihydrogen isolation". CNN. 18 November 2010.
  12. ^ Jonathan Amos [6 June 2011]BBC © 2011 Retrieved 2011-06-06
  13. ^ CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson | CERN press office. Press.web.cern.ch (2012-07-04). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
  14. ^ "CERN.ch". Public.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  15. ^ "W3.org". W3.org. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  16. ^ "CERN.ch". CERN.ch. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  17. ^ Adrian Cho, Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment, Science NOW, 22 September 2011.
  18. ^ The Associated Press, "Einstein Proved Right in Retest of Neutrinos' Speed", The Associated Press, 17 March 2012.
  19. ^ "CERN Press Release". Press.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  20. ^ "CERN Website – LINAC". Linac2.home.cern.ch. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  21. ^ CERN Courier, "MoEDAL becomes the LHC's magnificent seventh", 5 May 2010
  22. ^ Overbye, Dennis (29 July 2008). "Let the Proton Smashing Begin. (The Rap Is Already Written.)". The New York Times.
  23. ^ "CERN press release, 7 August 2008". Press.web.cern.ch. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  24. ^ "'God particle': New particle found, could be the Higgs boson, CERN scientists say". The Times Of India. 4 July 2012.
  25. ^ a b "New results indicate that particle discovered at CERN is a Higgs boson". CERN press release. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Cite error: The named reference "intersitetunnel" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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  27. ^ O'Luanaigh, Cian. "Proton beams are back in the LHC". CERN: Accelerating science. CERN. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  28. ^ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (November 2004). "Red Carpet for CERN's 50th". CERN bulletin.
  29. ^ a b "CERN Internationl Relations – Israel". Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  30. ^ Rahman, Fazlur. (2013-11-11) Israel may become first non-European member of nuclear research group CERN – Diplomacy and Defense Israel News. Haaretz. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  31. ^ http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2015/06/20/romania-becomes-member-of-the-european-organization-for-nuclear-research-cern-14-33-42
  32. ^ List of countries by population
  33. ^ ESA Convention (PDF) (6th ed.). European Space Agency. September 2005. ISBN 92-9092-397-0.
  34. ^ "CONVENTION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH". CERN Council website. CERN. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  35. ^ a b "CERN Member States". CERN Council website. CERN. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  36. ^ "Romania becomes member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research - CERN". Agerpres. 20 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  37. ^ a b "CERN Associate Members". CERN. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  38. ^ a b "The Republic of Cyprus becomes a CERN Associate Member State". CERN press release. CERN. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  39. ^ http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/cyprus.html
  40. ^ a b "Ukraine to become Associate Member State of CERN". CERN press release. CERN. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  41. ^ http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/ukraine.html
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  43. ^ http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/assoc/turkey.html
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  45. ^ Pakistan becomes Associate Member State of CERN
  46. ^ http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/pakistan.html
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  48. ^ a b "Final Budget of the Organization for the sixtieth financial year 2014" (PDF). CERN. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
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