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===2008–2009 proposals===
===2008–2009 proposals===
In 2008 and 2009, there was a new attempt to reach a consensus on a unified date on the part of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant leaders.<ref name="Sandri">{{Cite web | title = New attempt to achieve a common date for Easter | last = Sandri | first = Luigi | work = Ekklesia | date = 6 December 2008 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/8130 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="Ekklesia">{{Cite web | title = Hope for a common date for Easter affirmed again | author = | work = Ekklesia | date = 29 May 2009 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/9553 | quote = }}</ref> This effort largely relies on earlier work carried out during the 1997 Aleppo conference.<ref name="byzcath.org"/><ref name="Christianpost">{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/ecumenical-christians-look-forward-to-shared-easter-dates-38932/ |title=Ecumenical Christians Look Forward to Shared Easter Dates |newspaper=Christianpost.com |date=1 June 2009 |author= Aaron J. Leichman |accessdate= 2016-01-24}}</ref> It was organized by academics working at the Institute of Ecumenical Studies of [[Lviv University]].<ref name="CathNews ">{{Cite web | title = Hopes rise for East-West common Easter | author = | work = CathNews | date = 29 May 2009 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20130209094946/http://cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=14084 |archive-date=2013-02-09 | language = | quote = }}</ref>
In 2008 and 2009, there was a new attempt to reach a consensus on a unified date on the part of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant leaders.<ref name="Sandri">{{Cite web | title = New attempt to achieve a common date for Easter | last = Sandri | first = Luigi | work = Ekklesia | date = 6 December 2008 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/8130 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="Ekklesia">{{Cite web | title = Hope for a common date for Easter affirmed again | author = | work = Ekklesia | date = 29 May 2009 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/9553 | quote = }}</ref> This effort largely relies on earlier work carried out during the 1997 Aleppo conference.<ref name="byzcath.org"/><ref name="Christianpost">{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/ecumenical-christians-look-forward-to-shared-easter-dates-38932/ |title=Ecumenical Christians Look Forward to Shared Easter Dates |newspaper=Christianpost.com |date=1 June 2009 |author= Aaron J. Leichman |accessdate= 2016-01-24}}</ref> It was organized by academics working at the Institute of Ecumenical Studies of [[Lviv University]].<ref name="CathNews ">{{Cite web|title=Hopes rise for East-West common Easter |author= |work=CathNews |date=29 May 2009 |accessdate=2016-01-24 |url=http://cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=14084 |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |language= |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209094946/http://cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=14084 }}</ref>


Part of this attempt was reportedly influenced by ecumenical efforts in Syria and Lebanon, where the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek-Melkite Church]] has played an important role in improving ties with the Orthodox.<ref>[http://www.soufanieh.com/PETITION/19820107.lettre.unite.eveques.htm 1982 petition for a unified Easter date]</ref><ref name="Spero">{{Cite web | title = Christians eye common date for Easter | author = | work = Spero News | date = 8 December 2008 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://www.speroforum.com/a/16989/Christians-eye-common-date-for-Easter#.VqTRtlnwhek | quote = }}</ref>
Part of this attempt was reportedly influenced by ecumenical efforts in Syria and Lebanon, where the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek-Melkite Church]] has played an important role in improving ties with the Orthodox.<ref>[http://www.soufanieh.com/PETITION/19820107.lettre.unite.eveques.htm 1982 petition for a unified Easter date]</ref><ref name="Spero">{{Cite web | title = Christians eye common date for Easter | author = | work = Spero News | date = 8 December 2008 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | url = http://www.speroforum.com/a/16989/Christians-eye-common-date-for-Easter#.VqTRtlnwhek | quote = }}</ref>

Revision as of 17:19, 31 March 2016

Template:Dates for Easter Reform of the date of Easter has been proposed several times because the current system for determining the date of Easter is seen as presenting two significant problems:

  1. Its date varies from year to year (by the Western system of calculation, it can fall on any of 35 dates on the Gregorian calendar). While many Christians do not consider this to be a problem, it can cause frequent difficulties of co-ordination with civil calendars, for example academic terms. Many countries have public holidays around Easter weekend (or tied to the date of Easter but well before or well after Easter, such as Pentecost, Ascension and Shrove Tuesday/Mardi Gras).
  2. The Eastern and Western Christian churches calculate Pascha using two different calendars (the Julian and Gregorian, respectively); hence in most years Easter is celebrated on a different date in the East and the West.

Fixed date

It has been proposed that the first problem could be resolved by making Easter occur on a date fixed relative to the western Gregorian calendar every year, or alternatively on a Sunday within a fixed range of seven dates. The Pepuzites, a 5th-century sect, celebrated Easter on the Sunday following April 6 (on the Julian calendar).[1] The April 6 date was apparently arrived at because it was equivalent to the 14th of the month of Artemisios in an earlier calendar used in the area, hence, the 14th of the first month of spring.[2]

While tying it to one fixed date would serve to underline the belief that Easter commemorates an actual historical event, without an accompanying calendar reform that changes the pattern of the days of the week (itself a subject of religious controversy) it would also break the tradition of Easter always being on a Sunday, established since the 2nd century AD and by now deeply embedded in the liturgical practice and theological understanding of almost all Christian denominations.

The two most widespread proposals for fixing the date of Easter would set it on either the second Sunday in April (8 to 14), or the Sunday after the second Saturday in April (9 to 15). In both schemes, account has been taken of the fact that—in spite of the many difficulties in establishing the dates of the historical events involved—many scholars attribute a high degree of probability to Friday April 7, 30, as the date of the crucifixion of Jesus, which would make April 9 the date of the Resurrection. Another date which is supported by many scholars is April 3,[3][4][5][6] making April 5 the date of the Resurrection.

In the late 1920s and 1930s, this idea gained some momentum (along with other calendar reform proposals, such as the World Calendar), and in 1928 a law was passed in the United Kingdom authorising an Order in Council which would fix the date of Easter in that country as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April.[7] However, this was never implemented. In 1977, some Eastern Orthodox representatives objected to separating the date of Easter from lunar phases.[8]

Unified date

Proposals to resolve the second problem have made greater progress, but they are yet to be adopted.

1923 proposal

An astronomical rule for Easter was proposed by the 1923 fr [Pan-Orthodox Congress of Constantinople] that also proposed the Revised Julian calendar: Easter was to be the Sunday after the midnight-to-midnight day at the meridian of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (35°13'47.2"E or UT+2h20m55s for the small dome) during which the first full moon after the vernal equinox occurs.[9][10]

Although the instant of the full moon must occur after the instant of the vernal equinox, it may occur on the same day. If the full moon occurs on a Sunday, Easter is the following Sunday. This proposed astronomical rule was rejected by all Orthodox churches and was never considered by any Western church.

1997 proposal

The World Council of Churches (WCC) proposed a reform of the method of determining the date of Easter at a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997:[11] Easter would be defined as the first Sunday following the first astronomical full moon following the astronomical vernal equinox, as determined from the meridian of Jerusalem.[12] The reform would have been implemented starting in 2001, since in that year the Eastern and Western dates of Easter would coincide.

This reform has not been implemented. It would have relied mainly on the co-operation of the Eastern Orthodox Church, since the date of Easter would change for them immediately; whereas for the Western churches, the new system would not differ from that currently in use until 2019. However, Eastern Orthodox support was not forthcoming, and the reform failed.[13] The much greater impact that this reform would have had on the Eastern churches in comparison with those of the West led some Orthodox to suspect that the WCC's decision was an attempt by the West to impose its viewpoint unilaterally on the rest of the world under the guise of ecumenism.

2008–2009 proposals

In 2008 and 2009, there was a new attempt to reach a consensus on a unified date on the part of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant leaders.[14][15] This effort largely relies on earlier work carried out during the 1997 Aleppo conference.[8][16] It was organized by academics working at the Institute of Ecumenical Studies of Lviv University.[17]

Part of this attempt was reportedly influenced by ecumenical efforts in Syria and Lebanon, where the Greek-Melkite Church has played an important role in improving ties with the Orthodox.[18][19] There is also a series of apparition phenomena known as Our Lady of Soufanieh that has urged for a common date of Easter.[20]

2014-2016 proposals

In May 2014, on the anniversary of the meeting between himself and Pope Francis, Coptic Pope Tawadros II wrote a letter to Pope Francis asking for him to consider making renewed effort at a unified date for Easter.[21]

In response, on 12 June 2015, Catholic Pope Francis remarked to the International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Services 3rd World Retreat of Priests at the Basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome that “we have to come to an agreement” for a common date on Easter, the date calculated under the Orthodox churches' Gregorian Calendar. it, an historian, writing in the Vatican daily newspaper L’Osservatore Romano, said the Pope is offering this initiative to change the date of Easter “as a gift of unity with the other Christian churches” adding that a common date for Easter would encourage “reconciliation between the Christian churches and …a sort of making sense out of the calendar.” A week later Aphrem II, the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, met with Pope Francis and noted that the celebration of Easter "on two different dates is a source of great discomfort and weakens the common witness of the church in the world."[22]

In January 2016, Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby announced that he had been in discussions with the Catholic, Coptic and Orthodox leaders over a fixed date for Easter, and that he hoped it would happen within the next five to ten years.[23] Welby has suggested that Easter be fixed on either second or third Sunday of April (relative to the Gregorian calendar).[24] This proposal remains to be approved, especially by Eastern churches which currently determine Easter using the Julian calendar.

See also

References

  1. ^ Sozomen (1846). Ecclesiastical History: A History of the Church : in Nine Books, from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440 : a New Translation from the Greek, with a Memoir of the Author. Bagster. p. 353.
  2. ^ Talley, Thomas J (2003). "Afterthoughts on The Origins of the Liturgical Year". In Sean Gallagher; et al. (eds.). Western Plainchant in the First Millennium: Studies in the Medieval Liturgy and Its Music. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780754603894. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |editor2= (help)
  3. ^ Schaefer, B. E. (1990). "Lunar Visibility and the Crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 31 (1): 53–67. Bibcode:1990QJRAS..31...53S.
  4. ^ Humphreys, Colin J.; Waddington, W. G. (1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". Nature. 306 (5945): 743–746. doi:10.1038/306743a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  5. ^ Humphreys, Colin J.; Waddington, W. G. (March 1985). "The Date of the Crucifixion". Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  6. ^ Humphreys, Colin J. (2011). The Mystery of the Last Supper: Reconstructing the Final Days of Jesus. Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0.
  7. ^ Richards, Edward Graham (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-286205-1.
  8. ^ a b Ukrainian Catholic University Organizes Seminar on Easter Date
  9. ^ Milankovitch, M. (1923). "Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen". Astronomische Nachrichten (in German). 220 (23): 379–384. doi:10.1002/asna.19232202303. ISSN 0004-6337.
  10. ^ Shields, Miriam Nancy (1924). "The new calendar of the eastern churches". Popular Astronomy. 32: 407. Bibcode:1924PA.....32..407S. This is a translation of Milankovitch, 1923 {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ^ "Towards a Common Date of Easter - World Council of Churches/Middle East Council of Churches Consultation Aleppo, Syria, March 5–10, 1997". World Council of Churches. 10 March 1997.
  12. ^ "World Council of Churches Press Release: THE DATE OF EASTER: SCIENCE OFFERS SOLUTION TO ANCIENT RELIGIOUS PROBLEM". 24 March 1997. Archived from the original on 2012-06-26.
  13. ^ Luke Luhl (1997). "The Proposal for a Common Date to Celebrate Pascha and Easter". Orthodox Christian Information Center.
  14. ^ Sandri, Luigi (6 December 2008). "New attempt to achieve a common date for Easter". Ekklesia. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  15. ^ "Hope for a common date for Easter affirmed again". Ekklesia. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  16. ^ Aaron J. Leichman (1 June 2009). "Ecumenical Christians Look Forward to Shared Easter Dates". Christianpost.com. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  17. ^ "Hopes rise for East-West common Easter". CathNews. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved 2016-01-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ 1982 petition for a unified Easter date
  19. ^ "Christians eye common date for Easter". Spero News. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  20. ^ Petition for a Common date of Easter
  21. ^ Will Pope Francis change the date of Easter?, Catholic News Agency, 19 June 2015, accessed 21 June 2015
  22. ^ Ieraci, Laura (June 19, 2015), "Pope, Orthodox patriarch express commitment for unity", National Catholic Reporter, retrieved 16 January 2016
  23. ^ "Archbishop Justin Welby hopes for fixed Easter date". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  24. ^ Bingham, John; Jamieson, Sophie (16 January 2016). "Easter date to be fixed 'within next five to 10 years'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-01-24. He said that Easter should most likely be fixed for the second or third Sunday of April
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