Gang of Four: Difference between revisions
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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Immediately after the arrests, Hua Guofeng, Marshal [[Ye Jianying]], and economic czars [[Chen Yun]] and [[Li Xiannian]] formed the core of the next party leadership.<ref>http://www.chaos.umd.edu/history/prc4.html and http://www.wm.edu/cwa/A04PDFs/05.pdf, p.26-27</ref> These three, together with the newly rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping and [[Wang Dongxing]], were elected party Vice Chairmen at the August 1977 [[National Congress of the Communist Party of China|National Party Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/china2.htm |title=Political Leaders: China |publisher=Terra.es |date= |accessdate=2011-07-22}}</ref> |
Immediately after the arrests, Hua Guofeng, Marshal [[Ye Jianying]], and economic czars [[Chen Yun]] and [[Li Xiannian]] formed the core of the next party leadership.<ref>http://www.chaos.umd.edu/history/prc4.html and http://www.wm.edu/cwa/A04PDFs/05.pdf, p.26-27</ref> These three, together with the newly rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping and [[Wang Dongxing]], were elected party Vice Chairmen at the August 1977 [[National Congress of the Communist Party of China|National Party Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/china2.htm |title=Political Leaders: China |publisher=Terra.es |date= |accessdate=2011-07-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806030501/http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/china2.htm |archivedate=2011-08-06 |df= }}</ref> |
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At the politburo level, the membership of all four living marshals, seven other generals and at least five others with close military ties reflected the deep concern for national stability. |
At the politburo level, the membership of all four living marshals, seven other generals and at least five others with close military ties reflected the deep concern for national stability. |
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Revision as of 19:05, 7 January 2017
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The Gang of Four (simplified Chinese: 四人帮; traditional Chinese: 四人幫; pinyin: Sìrén bāng) was a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and were later charged with a series of treasonous crimes. The gang's leading figure was Mao Zedong's last wife Jiang Qing. The other members were Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen.[1]
The Gang of Four controlled the power organs of the Communist Party of China through the later stages of the Cultural Revolution, although it remains unclear which major decisions were made by Mao Zedong and carried out by the Gang, and which were the result of the Gang of Four's own planning.
The Gang of Four, together with disgraced general Lin Biao, were labeled the two major "counter-revolutionary forces" of the Cultural Revolution and officially blamed by the Chinese government for the worst excesses of the societal chaos that ensued during the ten years of turmoil. Their downfall on October 6, 1976, a mere month after Mao's death, brought about major celebrations on the streets of Beijing and marked the end of a turbulent political era in China.
Formation
The group was led by Jiang Qing, and consisted of three of her close associates, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen. Two other men who were already dead in 1976, Kang Sheng and Xie Fuzhi, were named as having been part of the "Gang". Chen Boda and Mao Yuanxin, the latter being Mao's nephew, were also considered some of the Gang's closer associates.
Most Western accounts consider that the actual leadership of the Cultural Revolution consisted of a wider group, referring predominantly to the members of the Central Cultural Revolution Group. Most prominent was Lin Biao, until his purported flight from China and death in a plane crash in 1971. Chen Boda is often classed as a member of Lin's faction rather than Jiang Qing's.[2]
Role
At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, on November 10, 1965, Yao Wenyuan in one of Yao's most famous pieces of writing published an article "On the New Historical Beijing Opera 'Hai Rui Dismissed from Office'" in Wenhuibao criticizing the play Hai Rui Dismissed from Office.[1] The writing argues that portraying Peng Dehuai's position sympathetically was an attack on Chairman Mao's Great Leap Forward which led Mao to purge Peng.[3][4] This article is cited as launching the Cultural Revolution.[5]
Jiang Qing staged revolutionary operas during the Cultural Revolution and met with the Red Guards.[6][7]
The removal of this group from power is sometimes considered to have marked the end of the Cultural Revolution, which had been launched by Mao in 1966 as part of his power struggle with leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen. Mao placed his wife Jiang Qing, a former film actress who before 1966 had not taken a public political role, in charge of the country's cultural apparatus. Zhang, Yao and Wang were party leaders in Shanghai who had played leading roles in securing that city for Mao during the Cultural Revolution.
Around the time of the death of Lin Biao, the Cultural Revolution began to lose momentum. The new commanders of the People's Liberation Army demanded that order be restored in light of the dangerous situation along the border with the Soviet Union (see Sino-Soviet split). Premier Zhou Enlai, who had accepted the Cultural Revolution, but never fully supported it, regained his authority, and used it to bring Deng Xiaoping back into the Party leadership at the 10th Party Congress in 1973. Liu Shaoqi had meanwhile died in prison in 1969.
Near the end of Mao's life, a power struggle occurred between the Gang of Four and the alliance of Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, and Ye Jianying.
Downfall
It is now officially claimed by the Communist Party of China that Mao in his last year turned against Jiang Qing and her associates, and that after his death on 9 September 1976, they attempted to seize power (the same allegation made against Lin Biao in 1971). Even decades later, it is impossible to know the full truth of these events.
It does appear that their influence was in decline before Mao's death: Zhou Enlai died in January 1976 and the radicals were successful in once more having Zhou's associate Deng Xiaoping purged in April. However, Zhou's successor as Premier was not one of the radicals, but the relatively unknown Hua Guofeng. Upon Mao's death, Hua was named Communist Party chairman as well. The radicals hoped that the key military leaders Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian would support them, but it seems that Hua won the Army over to his side. On 6 October 1976, Hua had the four leading radicals and a number of their lesser associates arrested. A massive media campaign was then launched against them, dubbing them the Gang of Four and blaming them for all the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Han Suyin gave a detailed account of their overthrow:
An emergency session of the Politburo was to take place in the Great Hall of the People that evening. Their presence was required. Since Wang Dongxing had been their ally, they did not suspect him... As they passed through the swinging doors into the entrance lobby, they were apprehended and led off in handcuffs. A special 8341 unit then went to Madam Mao's residence at No. 17 Fisherman's Terrace and arrested her. That night Mao Yuanxin was arrested in Manchuria, and the propagandists of the Gang of Four in Peking University and in newspaper offices were taken into custody. All was done with quiet and efficiency. In Shanghai, the Gang's supporters received a message to come to Beijing "for a meeting". They came and were arrested. Thus, without shedding a drop of blood, the plans of the Gang of Four to wield supreme power were ended.[8]
Beginning on 21 October, nationwide denunciations of the Gang began, which culminated in the December release of files related to the Gang's alleged crimes to the public. Celebrations were prominent and not limited to the streets of Beijing and other major cities.
Aftermath
Immediately after the arrests, Hua Guofeng, Marshal Ye Jianying, and economic czars Chen Yun and Li Xiannian formed the core of the next party leadership.[9] These three, together with the newly rehabilitated Deng Xiaoping and Wang Dongxing, were elected party Vice Chairmen at the August 1977 National Party Congress.[10] At the politburo level, the membership of all four living marshals, seven other generals and at least five others with close military ties reflected the deep concern for national stability.
Trial
In 1981, the four deposed leaders were subjected to a show trial and convicted of anti-party activities. During the trial, Jiang Qing in particular was extremely defiant, protesting loudly and bursting into tears at some points. She was the only member of the Gang of Four who bothered to argue on her behalf. The defence's argument was that she obeyed the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong at all times. Zhang Chunqiao refused to admit any wrong. Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen expressed repentance and confessed their alleged crimes.[citation needed]
The prosecution separated political errors from actual crimes. Among the latter were the usurpation of state power and party leadership; the persecution of some 750,000 people, 34,375 of whom died during the period 1966-1976.[11] The official records of the trial have not yet been released.
Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao received death sentences that were later commuted to life imprisonment, while Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan were given life and twenty years in prison, respectively. All members of the Gang of Four have since died; Jiang Qing committed suicide in 1991, Wang Hongwen died in 1992, and Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao died in 2005, having been released from prison in 1996 and 1998, respectively.
Supporters of the Gang of Four, including Chen Boda and Mao Yuanxin, were also sentenced.
"Little Gang of Four"
In the struggle between Hua Guofeng's and Deng Xiaoping's followers, a new term emerged,[citation needed] pointing to Hua's four closest collaborators, Wang Dongxing, Wu De, Ji Dengkui and Chen Xilian.[citation needed] In 1980, they were charged with "grave errors" in the struggle against the Gang of Four and demoted from the Political Bureau to mere Central Committee membership.
"New Gang of Four"
In the Xi Jinping era, some commentators and political observers have dubbed the loose political grouping of former security chief Zhou Yongkang, former Central Military Commission vice-chairman Xu Caihou, former Chongqing party chief Bo Xilai, and former General Office chief Ling Jihua as the "New Gang of Four".[12] All four were investigated for corruption-related offences between 2012 and 2014. Apart from sharing the name of the historical Gang of Four, the two "Gangs" had little in common, as whether the new "Gang" truly had a coherent set of shared political interests was not clear.[12]
See also
- Soviet Union's Anti-Party Group
External links
References
- ^ a b "Yao Wenyuan". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
- ^ Glossary of Names and Identities in Mao's Last Revolution, by Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Harvard University Press 2006.
- ^ MacFarquhar, Roderick (1997-01-13). The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521588638.
- ^ Domes, Jürgen (1985-01-01). Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804713030.
- ^ Tsou, Tang (1999-04-15). The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226815145.
- ^ Jiaqi, Yan; Gao Gao. Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 56–64. ISBN 0-8248-1695-1.
- ^ Lu, Xing (2004). Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 143–150 ISBN 1570035431.
- ^ Eldest Son: Zhou Enlai and the Making of Modern China, Han Suyin, 1994. page 413.
- ^ http://www.chaos.umd.edu/history/prc4.html and http://www.wm.edu/cwa/A04PDFs/05.pdf, p.26-27
- ^ "Political Leaders: China". Terra.es. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "China the Four Modernizations, 1979-82". Country-studies.com. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
- ^ a b "China's Xi Dismantles the 'New Gang of Four' With Probe of Hu's Aide". Bloomberg. December 23, 2014.
