Isotopes of phosphorus: Difference between revisions

Isotopes of phosphorus (₁₅P)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(P)
	30.973761998±0.000000005; 30.974±0.001 (abridged);
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Although phosphorus (₁₅P) has 23 isotopes from ²⁴P to ⁴⁶P, only one of these isotopes is stable ³¹P; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are ³³P with a half-life of 25.34 days and ³²P with a half-life of 14.263 days. All other have half-lives under 2.5 minutes, most under a second. The least stable is ²⁵P with a half-life shorter than 30 nanoseconds—the half-life of ²⁴P is unknown.

Radioactive isotopes

Phosphorus-32

³²P, a beta-emitter (1.71 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days, is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probe, e.g. for use in Northern blots or Southern blots. Because the high-energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any ³²P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and nucleic acids, OSHA requires that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with ³²P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes.^{[citation needed]} Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore, shielding must be accomplished with low-density materials, e.g. Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water.

Phosphorus-33

³³P, a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing. Phosphorus-33 can be used to label nucleotides. It is less energetic than ³²P, giving a better resolution. A disadvantage is its higher cost compared to ³²P, as most of the bombarded ³¹P will have acquired only one neutron, while only some will have acquired two or more. Its maximum specific activity is 5118 Ci/mol.

List of isotopes

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[3]	daughter isotope(s)^{[n 1]}	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)
²⁴P	15	9	24.03435(54)#	?	p (>99.9%)	²³Si	(1+)#
²⁴P	15	9	24.03435(54)#	?	β⁺ (<.1%)	²⁴Si	(1+)#
²⁵P	15	10	25.02026(21)#	<30 ns	p	²⁴Si	(1/2+)#
²⁶P^{[n 2]}	15	11	26.01178(21)#	43.7(6) ms	β⁺ (98.1%)	²⁶Si	(3+)
					β⁺, 2p (1.0%)	²⁴Mg
					β⁺, p (.9%)	²⁵Al
²⁷P	15	12	26.999230(28)	260(80) ms	β⁺ (99.93%)	²⁷Si	1/2+
²⁷P	15	12	26.999230(28)	260(80) ms	β⁺, p (.07%)	²⁶Al	1/2+
²⁸P	15	13	27.992315(4)	270.3(5) ms	β⁺ (99.99%)	²⁸Si	3+
					β⁺, p (.0013%)	²⁷Al
					β⁺, α (8.6×10⁻⁴%)	²⁴Mg
²⁹P	15	14	28.9818006(6)	4.142(15) s	β⁺	²⁹Si	1/2+
³⁰P	15	15	29.9783138(3)	2.498(4) min	β⁺	³⁰Si	1+
³¹P	15	16	30.97376163(20)	Stable			1/2+	1.0000
³²P	15	17	31.97390727(20)	14.263(3) d	β⁻	³²S	1+	trace
³³P	15	18	32.9717255(12)	25.34(12) d	β⁻	³³S	1/2+
³⁴P	15	19	33.973636(5)	12.43(8) s	β⁻	³⁴S	1+
³⁵P	15	20	34.9733141(20)	47.3(7) s	β⁻	³⁵S	1/2+
³⁶P	15	21	35.978260(14)	5.6(3) s	β⁻	³⁶S	4−#
³⁷P	15	22	36.97961(4)	2.31(13) s	β⁻	³⁷S	1/2+#
³⁸P	15	23	37.98416(11)	0.64(14) s	β⁻ (88%)	³⁸S
³⁸P	15	23	37.98416(11)	0.64(14) s	β⁻, n (12%)	³⁷S
³⁹P	15	24	38.98618(11)	190(50) ms	β⁻ (74%)	³⁹S	1/2+#
³⁹P	15	24	38.98618(11)	190(50) ms	β⁻, n (26%)	³⁸S	1/2+#
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99130(15)	153(8) ms	β⁻ (70%)	⁴⁰S	(2−,3−)
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99130(15)	153(8) ms	β⁻, n (30%)	³⁹S	(2−,3−)
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99434(23)	100(5) ms	β⁻ (70%)	⁴¹S	1/2+#
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99434(23)	100(5) ms	β⁻, n (30%)	⁴⁰S	1/2+#
⁴²P	15	27	42.00101(48)	48.5(15) ms	β⁻ (50%)	⁴²S
⁴²P	15	27	42.00101(48)	48.5(15) ms	β⁻, n (50%)	⁴¹S
⁴³P	15	28	43.00619(104)	36.5(15) ms	β⁻, n	⁴²S	1/2+#
⁴⁴P	15	29	44.01299(75)#	18.5(25) ms	β⁻	⁴⁴S
⁴⁵P	15	30	45.01922(86)#	8# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁵S	1/2+#
⁴⁶P	15	31	46.02738(97)#	4# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁶S

^ Bold for stable isotopes
^ Has 1 halo proton

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.

References

Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)

External links

Phosphorus isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Phosphorus". CIAAW. 2013.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[4] Bold for stable isotopes

[5] Has 1 halo proton

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Phosphorus". CIAAW. 2013.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[n 1]

[n 2]

@@ Line 315: / Line 315: @@
 ==References==
 *Isotope masses from:
-**{{cite journal |author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}
+**{{cite journal|author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }}
 *Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
 **{{cite journal |author=J. R. de Laeter |author2=J. K. Böhlke |author3=P. De Bièvre |author4=H. Hidaka |author5=H. S. Peiser |author6=K. J. R. Rosman |author7=P. D. P. Taylor |year=2003 |title=Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=683–800 |doi=10.1351/pac200375060683}}
 **{{cite journal |author=M. E. Wieser |year=2006 |title=Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=2051–2066 |doi=10.1351/pac200678112051 |laysummary=http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html}}
 *Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on [[Talk:Isotopes of phosphorus|this article's talk page]].
-**{{cite journal |author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}
+**{{cite journal|author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }}
 **{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}}
 **{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}}