Isotopes of sodium: Difference between revisions
Double sharp (talk | contribs) actually, never mind the hypotheticals for now |
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== References == |
== References == |
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* Isotope masses from: |
* Isotope masses from: |
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**{{cite journal |
**{{cite journal|author1=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }} |
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* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: |
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: |
||
**{{cite journal |author1=J. R. de Laeter |author2=J. K. Böhlke |author3=P. De Bièvre |author4=H. Hidaka |author5=H. S. Peiser |author6=K. J. R. Rosman |author7=P. D. P. Taylor |year=2003 |title=Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=683–800 |doi=10.1351/pac200375060683}} |
**{{cite journal |author1=J. R. de Laeter |author2=J. K. Böhlke |author3=P. De Bièvre |author4=H. Hidaka |author5=H. S. Peiser |author6=K. J. R. Rosman |author7=P. D. P. Taylor |year=2003 |title=Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=683–800 |doi=10.1351/pac200375060683}} |
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**{{cite journal |author=M. E. Wieser |year=2006 |title=Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=2051–2066 |doi=10.1351/pac200678112051 |laysummary=http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html}} |
**{{cite journal |author=M. E. Wieser |year=2006 |title=Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=2051–2066 |doi=10.1351/pac200678112051 |laysummary=http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html}} |
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* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on [[Talk:Isotopes of sodium|this article's talk page]]. |
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on [[Talk:Isotopes of sodium|this article's talk page]]. |
||
**{{cite journal |
**{{cite journal|author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }} |
||
**{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}} |
**{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}} |
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**{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}} |
**{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}} |
Revision as of 14:20, 15 April 2017
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Na) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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There are twenty recognized isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from 18
Na to 37
Na and two isomers (22m
Na and 24m
Na). 23
Na is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. As such, it is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of 22.98976928(2). Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (22
Na, half-life = 2.605 years; and 24
Na, half-life ≈ 15 hours). With the exception of those two, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is 18
Na, with a half-life of 1.3(4)×10−21 seconds.
Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable 23
Na in human blood plasma to 24
Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.
22
Na is a positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for positron emission tomography.
List of isotopes
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
18Na | 11 | 7 | 18.02597(5) | 1.3(4)×10−21 s | p (>99.9%) | 17Ne | (1−)# | ||
β+ (<.1%) | 18Ne | ||||||||
19Na | 11 | 8 | 19.013877(13) | <40 ns | p | 18Ne | (5/2+)# | ||
20Na | 11 | 9 | 20.007351(7) | 447.9(23) ms | β+ (75%) | 20Ne | 2+ | ||
β+, α (25%) | 16O | ||||||||
21Na | 11 | 10 | 20.9976552(8) | 22.49(4) s | β+ | 21Ne | 3/2+ | ||
22Na | 11 | 11 | 21.9944364(4) | 2.6027(10) y | β+ | 22Ne | 3+ | Trace[n 3] | |
22mNa | 583.03(9) keV | 244(6) ns | 1+ | ||||||
23Na | 11 | 12 | 22.9897692809(29) | Stable | 3/2+ | 1.0000 | |||
24Na | 11 | 13 | 23.99096278(8) | 14.9590(12) h | β− | 24Mg | 4+ | Trace[n 3] | |
24mNa | 472.207(9) keV | 20.20(7) ms | IT (99.95%) | 24Na | 1+ | ||||
β− (.05%) | 24Mg | ||||||||
25Na | 11 | 14 | 24.9899540(13) | 59.1(6) s | β− | 25Mg | 5/2+ | ||
26Na | 11 | 15 | 25.992633(6) | 1.077(5) s | β− | 26Mg | 3+ | ||
27Na | 11 | 16 | 26.994077(4) | 301(6) ms | β− (99.87%) | 27Mg | 5/2+ | ||
β−, n (.13%) | 26Mg | ||||||||
28Na | 11 | 17 | 27.998938(14) | 30.5(4) ms | β− (99.421%) | 28Mg | 1+ | ||
β−, n (.579%) | 27Mg | ||||||||
29Na | 11 | 18 | 29.002861(14) | 44.9(12) ms | β− (74.09%) | 29Mg | 3/2(+#) | ||
β−, n (25.91%) | 28Mg | ||||||||
30Na | 11 | 19 | 30.008976(27) | 48.4(17) ms | β− (68.83%) | 30Mg | 2+ | ||
β−, n (30.0%) | 29Mg | ||||||||
β−, 2n (1.17%) | 28Mg | ||||||||
β−, α | 26Ne | ||||||||
31Na | 11 | 20 | 31.01359(23) | 17.0(4) ms | β− (62.05%) | 31Mg | (3/2+) | ||
β−, n | 30Mg | ||||||||
β−, 2n | 29Mg | ||||||||
β−, 3n | 28Mg | ||||||||
32Na | 11 | 21 | 32.02047(38) | 12.9(7) ms | β− | 32Mg | (3−,4−) | ||
β−, n | 31Mg | ||||||||
β−, 2n | 30Mg | ||||||||
33Na | 11 | 22 | 33.02672(94) | 8.2(2) ms | β−, n (52.0%) | 32Mg | 3/2+# | ||
β− (36.0%) | 33Mg | ||||||||
β−, 2n (12.0%) | 31Mg | ||||||||
34Na | 11 | 23 | 34.03517(96)# | 5.5(10) ms | β−, 2n (50.0%) | 32Mg | 1+ | ||
β− (35.0%) | 34Mg | ||||||||
β−, n (15.0%) | 33Mg | ||||||||
35Na | 11 | 24 | 35.04249(102)# | 1.5(5) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 35Mg | 3/2+# | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 34Mg | ||||||||
36Na | 11 | 25 | 36.05148(102)# | <260 ns | |||||
37Na | 11 | 26 | 37.05934(103)# | 1# ms [>1.5 µs] | 3/2+# |
- ^ Abbreviations:
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes
- ^ a b Cosmogenic nuclide
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
Sodium-24
Sodium-24 is one of the most important isotopes. It is radioactive and created from common sodium-23 by neutron bombardment. With a 15-hour half life, 24
Na decays to 24
Mg by emission of an electron and two gamma rays. Exposure of the human body to intense neutron flux creates 24
Na in blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity are used to determine the absorbed radiation dose of the patient. This is used to determine the level of medical treatment required.
When the sodium-potassium alloy is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors, 24
Na is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the 24
Na decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half life is short, the 24
Na portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor.
Sodium-22
Sodium-22 is being investigated as an efficient generator of “cold positrons” (essentially antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium. The energy released would induce phenomenal specific impulse in a rocket engine, enabling probe missions to reach any outer planet in a few weeks instead of years or Alpha Centauri in less than a decade.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
ignored (|no-pp=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- Sodium-22 as fusion initiator:
- Brian Wang. "Positron Dynamics near term work to proving out antimatter catalyzed deuterium fusion propulsion with over 100,000 ISP". NextBig Future. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
External links
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Sodium". CIAAW. 2005.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica.
{{cite web}}
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