Isotopes of sodium: Difference between revisions

Isotopes of sodium (₁₁Na)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Na)
	22.98976928±0.00000002; 22.990±0.001 (abridged);
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There are twenty recognized isotopes of sodium (₁₁Na), ranging from ¹⁸
Na to ³⁷
Na and two isomers (^22m
Na and ^24m
Na). ²³
Na is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. As such, it is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of 22.98976928(2). Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (²²
Na, half-life = 2.605 years; and ²⁴
Na, half-life ≈ 15 hours). With the exception of those two, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is ¹⁸
Na, with a half-life of 1.3(4)×10⁻²¹ seconds.

Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable ²³
Na in human blood plasma to ²⁴
Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.

²²
Na is a positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for positron emission tomography.

List of isotopes

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[4]^{[n 1]}	daughter isotope(s)^{[n 2]}	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	decay mode(s)^[4]^{[n 1]}	daughter isotope(s)^{[n 2]}	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
¹⁸Na	11	7	18.02597(5)	1.3(4)×10⁻²¹ s	p (>99.9%)	¹⁷Ne	(1−)#
¹⁸Na	11	7	18.02597(5)	1.3(4)×10⁻²¹ s	β⁺ (<.1%)	¹⁸Ne	(1−)#
¹⁹Na	11	8	19.013877(13)	<40 ns	p	¹⁸Ne	(5/2+)#
²⁰Na	11	9	20.007351(7)	447.9(23) ms	β⁺ (75%)	²⁰Ne	2+
²⁰Na	11	9	20.007351(7)	447.9(23) ms	β⁺, α (25%)	¹⁶O	2+
²¹Na	11	10	20.9976552(8)	22.49(4) s	β⁺	²¹Ne	3/2+
²²Na	11	11	21.9944364(4)	2.6027(10) y	β⁺	²²Ne	3+	Trace^{[n 3]}
^22mNa	583.03(9) keV			244(6) ns			1+
²³Na	11	12	22.9897692809(29)	Stable			3/2+	1.0000
²⁴Na	11	13	23.99096278(8)	14.9590(12) h	β⁻	²⁴Mg	4+	Trace^{[n 3]}
^24mNa	472.207(9) keV			20.20(7) ms	IT (99.95%)	²⁴Na	1+
^24mNa	472.207(9) keV			20.20(7) ms	β⁻ (.05%)	²⁴Mg	1+
²⁵Na	11	14	24.9899540(13)	59.1(6) s	β⁻	²⁵Mg	5/2+
²⁶Na	11	15	25.992633(6)	1.077(5) s	β⁻	²⁶Mg	3+
²⁷Na	11	16	26.994077(4)	301(6) ms	β⁻ (99.87%)	²⁷Mg	5/2+
²⁷Na	11	16	26.994077(4)	301(6) ms	β⁻, n (.13%)	²⁶Mg	5/2+
²⁸Na	11	17	27.998938(14)	30.5(4) ms	β⁻ (99.421%)	²⁸Mg	1+
²⁸Na	11	17	27.998938(14)	30.5(4) ms	β⁻, n (.579%)	²⁷Mg	1+
²⁹Na	11	18	29.002861(14)	44.9(12) ms	β⁻ (74.09%)	²⁹Mg	3/2(+#)
²⁹Na	11	18	29.002861(14)	44.9(12) ms	β⁻, n (25.91%)	²⁸Mg	3/2(+#)
³⁰Na	11	19	30.008976(27)	48.4(17) ms	β⁻ (68.83%)	³⁰Mg	2+
					β⁻, n (30.0%)	²⁹Mg
					β⁻, 2n (1.17%)	²⁸Mg
					β⁻, α	²⁶Ne
³¹Na	11	20	31.01359(23)	17.0(4) ms	β⁻ (62.05%)	³¹Mg	(3/2+)
					β⁻, n	³⁰Mg
					β⁻, 2n	²⁹Mg
					β⁻, 3n	²⁸Mg
³²Na	11	21	32.02047(38)	12.9(7) ms	β⁻	³²Mg	(3−,4−)
					β⁻, n	³¹Mg
					β⁻, 2n	³⁰Mg
³³Na	11	22	33.02672(94)	8.2(2) ms	β⁻, n (52.0%)	³²Mg	3/2+#
					β⁻ (36.0%)	³³Mg
					β⁻, 2n (12.0%)	³¹Mg
³⁴Na	11	23	34.03517(96)#	5.5(10) ms	β⁻, 2n (50.0%)	³²Mg	1+
					β⁻ (35.0%)	³⁴Mg
					β⁻, n (15.0%)	³³Mg
³⁵Na	11	24	35.04249(102)#	1.5(5) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	³⁵Mg	3/2+#
³⁵Na	11	24	35.04249(102)#	1.5(5) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	³⁴Mg	3/2+#
³⁶Na	11	25	36.05148(102)#	<260 ns
³⁷Na	11	26	37.05934(103)#	1# ms [>1.5 µs]			3/2+#

^ Abbreviations:
IT: Isomeric transition
^ Bold for stable isotopes
^ ^a ^b Cosmogenic nuclide

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.

Sodium-24

Sodium-24 is one of the most important isotopes. It is radioactive and created from common sodium-23 by neutron bombardment. With a 15-hour half life, ²⁴
Na decays to ²⁴
Mg by emission of an electron and two gamma rays. Exposure of the human body to intense neutron flux creates ²⁴
Na in blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity are used to determine the absorbed radiation dose of the patient. This is used to determine the level of medical treatment required.

When the sodium-potassium alloy is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors, ²⁴
Na is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the ²⁴
Na decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half life is short, the ²⁴
Na portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor.

Lighter: sodium-23	Isotopes of sodium is an isotope of sodium	Heavier: sodium-25
Decay product of: neon-24	Decay chain of isotopes of sodium	Decays to: magnesium-24

Sodium-22

Sodium-22 is being investigated as an efficient generator of “cold positrons” (essentially antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium. The energy released would induce phenomenal specific impulse in a rocket engine, enabling probe missions to reach any outer planet in a few weeks instead of years or Alpha Centauri in less than a decade.

References

Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
Sodium-22 as fusion initiator:
- Brian Wang. "Positron Dynamics near term work to proving out antimatter catalyzed deuterium fusion propulsion with over 100,000 ISP". NextBig Future. Retrieved October 25, 2016.

External links

Sodium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Sodium". CIAAW. 2005.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[5] Abbreviations:
IT: Isomeric transition

[6] Bold for stable isotopes

[t-7] Cosmogenic nuclide

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Sodium". CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[n 1]

[n 2]

[n 3]

@@ Line 339: / Line 339: @@
 == References ==
 * Isotope masses from:
-**{{cite journal |author1=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}
+**{{cite journal|author1=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }}
 * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
 **{{cite journal |author1=J. R. de Laeter |author2=J. K. Böhlke |author3=P. De Bièvre |author4=H. Hidaka |author5=H. S. Peiser |author6=K. J. R. Rosman |author7=P. D. P. Taylor |year=2003 |title=Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=683–800 |doi=10.1351/pac200375060683}}
 **{{cite journal |author=M. E. Wieser |year=2006 |title=Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=2051–2066 |doi=10.1351/pac200678112051 |laysummary=http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html}}
 * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on [[Talk:Isotopes of sodium|this article's talk page]].
-**{{cite journal |author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}
+**{{cite journal|author=G. Audi |author2=A. H. Wapstra |author3=C. Thibault |author4=J. Blachot |author5=O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135135/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }}
 **{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}}
 **{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}}