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The Patriarch of the Church of the East (Patriarch of Babylon or Patriarch of the East)^[1] is the patriarch, or leader and head bishop (sometimes referred to as Catholicos or universal leader) of the Assyrian Church of the East. The position dates to the early centuries of Christianity within the Sassanid Empire, and the church has been known by a variety of names, including the Church of the East, Nestorian Church, the Persian Church, the Sassanid Church, or East Syrian.^[2] In the 16th and 17th century the Church, by now restricted to its original Assyrian homeland in Upper Mesopotamia, experienced a series of splits, resulting in a series of competing patriarchs and lineages. Today, the three principal churches that emerged from these splits, the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church, each have their own patriarch, the Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, the Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East and the Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans, respectively.

History

The geographic location of the patriarchate was first in the Persian capital of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in central Mesopotamia. In the 9th century the patriarchate moved to Baghdad and then through various cities in what was then Assyria (Assuristan/Athura) and is now northern Iraq, south east Turkey and northwest Iran, including, Tabriz, Mosul, and Maragheh on Lake Urmia. Following the Chaldean Catholic Church split from the Assyrian Church, the respective patriarchs of these churches continued to move around northern Iraq. In the 19th century, the patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East was in the village of Qudshanis in southeastern Turkey.^[3] In the 20th century, the Assyrian patriarch went into exile, relocating to Chicago, Illinois, United States. Another patriarchate, which split off in the 1960s as the Ancient Church of the East, is in Baghdad.

The patriarchate of the Church of the East evolved from the position of the leader of the Christian community in Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian capital. While Christianity had been introduced into Assyria then largely under the rule of the Parthian Empire in the first centuries AD, during the earliest period, leadership was unorganized and there was no established succession. In 280, Papa bar Aggai was consecrated as Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon by two visiting bishops, Akha d'abuh' of Arbela and Hai-Beël of Susa, thereby establishing the generally recognized succession.^[4] Seleucia-Ctesiphon thus became its own episcopal see, and exerted some de facto control over the wider Persian Christian community. Papa's successors began to use the title of Catholicos, a Roman designation probably adopted due to its use by the Catholicos of Armenia, though at first it carried no formal recognition.^[5] In 409 the Church of the East received state recognition from the Sassanid Emperor Yazdegerd I, and the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was called, at which the church's hierarchy was formalized. Bishop Mar Isaac was the first to be officially styled Catholicos over all of the Christians in Persia. Over the next decades, the Catholicoi adopted the additional title of Patriarch, which eventually became the better known designation.^[6]

In the 16th century, another schism separated the church, with those following "Nestorianism" separating from a group which entered into communion with the Roman Catholic Church. This latter group, known initially as The Church of Assyria and Mosul, and latterly the Chaldean Catholics, continues also to maintain its own list of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs.^[2]

Because of the complex history of Eastern Christianity, it is difficult to define one single lineage of patriarchs,^[2] though some modern churches, such as the Assyrian Church of the East, claim all patriarchs through the centuries as the Assyrian Patriarch, even though the modern version of the church did not come into being until much more recently.

Language

Today, the ethnically Assyrian adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church celebrate the liturgy of Mar Addai and Mar Mari in Syriac, a dialect which (along with Eastern Aramaic) emerged in Assyria during the 5th century BC, as do Assyrian members of the Syriac Orthodox Church (largely centred in north east Syria and south east Turkey)), and Assyrian Protestant churches such as the Assyrian Evangelical Church and Assyrian Pentecostal Church.

At its peak, the Church of the East expanded from its Assyrian heartland, and it celebrated the liturgy in East Syriac in modern-day Syria, Israel, Palestine, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE, Cyprus, Armenia], Georgia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Indonesia, Mongolia, China and Japan. The church also uses Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Suryoyo which are the vernacular dialects of the Assyrian people as well as English, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and the languages of the countries of the Assyrian Diaspora.

List of Catholicoi of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Patriarchs of the East until 1552

According to Church legend, the Apostleship of Edessa (Chaldea) is alleged to have been founded by Shimun Keepa (Saint Peter) (33–64),^[7] Thoma Shlikha, (Saint Thomas),^[8] Tulmay (St. Bartholomew the Apostle) ^[8] and of course Mar Addai, (St. Thaddeus) of the Seventy disciples. Saint Thaddeus was martyred c.66 AD.

Edessa era

1 Mar Aggai (c.66-81). First successor to the Apostleship of his spiritual director the Apostle Saint Thaddeus, one of the Seventy disciples. He in turn was the spiritual director of Mar Mari.
2 Palut of Edessa (c.81-87) renamed Mar Mari (c.87 – c.121). Second successor to the Apostleship of Mar Addai of the Seventy disciples. During his days a bishopric was formally established at Seleucia-Ctesiphon.
3 Abris (Abres or Ahrasius) (121–148 AD) Judah Kyriakos relocates Jerusalem Church to Edessa in 136 AD
4 Abraham (Abraham I of Kashker) (148–171 AD)
5 Yaʿqob I (Mar Yacob I) (c. 172–190 AD)
6 Ebid M’shikha (191–203)^[8]
7 Ahadabui (Ahha d'Aboui) (204–220 AD) - First bishop of the East to get statikon as Catholicos. Ordained in 231 AD in Jerusalem Council.
8 Shahaloopa of Kashker (Shahlufa) (220–266 AD)
- Bar Aggai (267–c. 280)

Metropolitan of Seleucia-Ctesiphon elevated as titular Catholicos

Around 280, visiting bishops consecrated Papa bar Aggai as Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, thereby establishing the succession.^[9] With him, heads of the church took the title Catholicos.

9 Papa bar Aggai (Mar Papa bar Gaggai (c. 280–316 AD died 336)
10 Shemʿon bar Sabbaʿe (Simeon Barsabae) (coadjutor 317–336, Catholicos from 337–341 AD)
11 Shahdost (Shalidoste) (341–343 AD)
12 Barbaʿshmin (Barbashmin) (343–346 AD). The apostolic see of Edessa is completely abandoned in 345 AD due to persecutions against the Church of the East.
13 Tomarsa (Toumarsa) (346–370 AD)
14 Qayyoma (Qaioma) (371–399 AD)
15 Isaac (399–410 AD)

Catholicos of the East with jurisdiction over Eastern provinces

Isaac was recognised as 'Grand Metropolitan' and Primate of the Church of the East at the Synod of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 410. The acts of this Synod were later edited by the Patriarch Joseph (552–567) to grant him the title of Catholicos as well. This title for Patriarch Isaac in fact only came into use towards the end of the fifth century.

16 Ahha (Ahhi) (410–414 AD)
17 Yahballaha I (Yab-Alaha I) (415–420 AD)
18 Maʿna (Maana) (420 AD)
19 Farbokht (Frabokht) (421 AD)
20 Dadishoʿ (Dadishu I) 421–456 AD)

With Dadisho, the significant disagreement on the dates of the Catholicoi in the sources start to converge. In 424, under Mar Dadisho I, the Church of the East declared itself independent of all other churches; thereafter, its Catholicoi began to use the additional title of Patriarch.^[9] During his reign, Nestorianism was subsequently denounced at the Council of Ephesus in 431.

21 Babowai (Babwahi) (457–484 AD)
22 Barsauma (484–485) opposed by
- Acacius (Aqaq-Acace) (485–496/8 AD)
23 Babai (497–503)
24 Shila (503–523)
25 Elishaʿ (524–537)
- Narsai intrusus (524–537)
26 Paul (539)
27 Aba I (540–552)

In 544 the Synod of Mar Aba I adopted the ordinances of the Council of Chalcedon.^[10]^{[verification needed]}

28 Joseph (552–556/567 AD)
29 Ezekiel (567–581)
30 Ishoʿyahb I (582–595)
31 Sabrishoʿ I (596–604)
32 Gregory (605–609)
- vacant (609–628)
  - Babai the Great (coadjutor) 609–628; together with Abba (coadjutor) 609–628

From 628, the Maphrian also began to use the title Catholicos. See the List of Maphrians for details.

33 Ishoʿyahb II (628–645)
34 Maremmeh (646–649)
35 Ishoʿyahb III (649–659)
36 Giwargis I (661–680)
37 Yohannan I (680–683)
- vacant (683–685)
38 Hnanishoʿ I (686–698)
- Yohannan the Leper intrusus (691–693)
- vacant (698–714)
39 Sliba-zkha (714–728)
- vacant (728–731)
40 Pethion (731–740)
41 Aba II (741–751)
42 Surin (753)
43 Yaʿqob II (753–773)
44 Hnanishoʿ II (773–780)

In 775, the seat transferred from Seleucia-Ctesiphon to Baghdad, the recently established capital of the ʿAbbasid caliphs.^[11]

45 Timothy I (780–823)
46 Ishoʿ Bar Nun (823–828)
47 Giwargis II (828–831)
48 Sabrishoʿ II (831–835)
49 Abraham II (837–850)
- vacant (850–853)
50 Theodosius (853–858)
- vacant (858–860)
51 Sargis (860–872)
- vacant (872–877)
52 Israel of Kashkar intrusus (877)
53 Enosh (877–884)
54 Yohannan II bar Narsai (884–891)
55 Yohannan III (893–899)
56 Yohannan IV Bar Abgar (900–905)
57 Abraham III (906–937)
58 Emmanuel I (937–960)
59 Israel (961)
60 ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–986)
61 Mari (987–999)
62 Yohannan V (1000–1011)
63 Yohannan VI bar Nazuk (1012–1016)
- vacant (1016–1020)
64 Ishoʿyahb IV bar Ezekiel (1020–1025)
- vacant (1025–1028)
65 Eliya I (1028–1049)
66 Yohannan VII bar Targal (1049–1057)
- vacant (1057–1064)
67 Sabrishoʿ III (1064–1072)
68 ʿAbdishoʿ II ibn al-ʿArid (1074–1090)
69 Makkikha I (1092–1110)
70 Eliya II Bar Moqli (1111–1132)
71 Bar Sawma (1134–1136)
- vacant (1136–1139)
72 ʿAbdishoʿ III Bar Moqli (1139–1148)
73 Ishoʿyahb V (1149–1176)
74 Eliya III (1176–1190)
75 Yahballaha II (1190–1222)
76 Sabrishoʿ IV Bar Qayyoma (1222–1224)
77 Sabrishoʿ V ibn al-Masihi (1226–1256)
78 Makkikha II (1257–1265)
79 Denha I (1265–1281)
80 Yahballaha III (1281–1317) – The Patriarchal Seat transferred to Maragha
81 Timothy II (1318–c. 1332)
- vacant (c. 1332–c. 1336)
82 Denha II (1336/7–1381/2)
83 Shemʿon II (c. 1365 – c. 1392) (dates uncertain)
83b Shemʿon III (c. 1403 – c. 1407) (existence uncertain)
84 Eliya IV (c. 1437)
85 Shemʿon IV Basidi (1437–1493, ob.1497)
86 Shemʿon V (1497–1501)
87 Eliya V (1502–1503)
88 Shemʿon VI (1504–1538)
89 Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–1558)

List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 1552 to 1681

By the Schism of 1552 divided the Church of the East was divided into many splinters but two main factions, of which one (the Church of Assyria and Mosul) entered into communion with the Catholic Church and the other remained independent.

Eliya Line, with residence in Alqosh:

90 Eliya VII (1558–1591)^[12]
91 Eliya VIII (1591–1617)^[12] – In 1610, Eliya VIII entered communion with the Catholic Church. His successor Eliya IX quickly repudiated the union.
92 Eliya IX Shemʿon (1617–1660)^[12]
93 Eliya X Yohannan Marogin (1660–1700)^[12]

Shemʿon Line, with residence in Amid, Siirt, Urmia, Salmas. This line until 1600 was in communion with the Catholic Church:

90 Shemʿon Sulaqa (1553–1555)
91 Abdisho IV Maron (1555–1570)
92 Shemʿon VIII Yahballaha (1570–1580)^[12]
93 Shemʿon IX Dinkha (1580–1600)^[12]

In 1600 the Shemʿon Line restored the hereditary succession, moved to Qochanis and broke the communion with the Catholic Church

94 Shemʿon X Eliyah (1600–1638)^[12]
95 Shemʿon XI Eshuyow (1638–1656)^[12]
96 Shemʿon XII Yoalaha (1656–1662)^[12]
97 Shemʿon XIII Dinkha (1662–1700)^[12]

List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East from 1681 to 1820

In 1681 a separate Patriarchate in communion with the Catholic Church was erected in Amid, splitting from the Eliya Line. In 1692 Shemʿon XIII Dinkha (based in Qochanis) of the Shimun line, broke formally communion with Rome.

Eliya Line, with residence in Alqosh:

93 Eliya X Yohannan Marogin (1660–1700)^[12]
94 Eliya XI Marogin (1700–1722)^[12]
95 Eliya XII Denha (1722–1778)^[12]

at the death of Eliya XII the Eliya Line split between:

- 96 Eliya XIII Ishoʿyahb (1778–1804)^[12]
- 96 Yohannan VIII Hormizd (1778–1830)

Shemʿon Line, with residence in Qochanis:

97 Shemʿon XIII Dinkha (1662–1700)^[12]
98 Shemʿon XIV Shlemon (1700–1740)^[12]
99 Shemʿon XV Mikhaʿil Mukhtas (1740–1780)^[12]
100 Shemʿon XVI Yohannan (1780–1820)^[12]
101 Shemʿon XVII Abraham (1820–1861)^[12]

Josephite Line, with residence in Amid, in full Communion with the Catholic Church:

94 Joseph I (1681–1696)
95 Joseph II Sliba Maruf (1696–1713)
96 Joseph III Timothy Maroge (1713–1757)
97 Joseph IV Lazare Hindi (1757–1780)
98 Joseph V Augustine Hindi (1780–1827)

With the reign of Patriarch Yohannan Hormizd, the Eliya Line in Alqosh entered in Communion with Rome, merging with the Catholic "Josephite" Amid line and thus forming the modern Chaldean Church. In 1830, Yohannan Hormizd was recognised by the Vatican as patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans and moved the see to Mosul. This event marked the birth of the modern Chaldean Catholic Church. For the following Chaldean Patriarchs see the below.

The Shemʿon Line remained the only line not in communion with the Catholic Church from the 19th-century and continued to be known simply as the Church of the East see the below.

List of Patriarchs of the Chaldean Catholic Church since 1830

Non-hereditary line established with end of Eliya Line

96 Yohannan VIII Hormizd (1830–1838) — moved the See to Mosul
97 Nicholas I Zaya (1839–1846)
98 Joseph VI Audo (1847–1878)
99 Eliya Abulyonan (1878–1894)
100 Audishu V Khayyath (1894–1899) (Georges Ebed-Iesu)
101 Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas (1900–1946)
102 Yousef VII Ghanima (1946–1958) — moved the See to Baghdad
103 Paul II Cheikho (1958–1989)
104 Raphael I Bidawid (1989–2003)
- Locum Tenens: Shlemon Warduni (2003)
105 Emmanuel III Delly (2003–2012)
- Locum Tenens: Jacques Ishaq (2012–2013)
106 Louis Raphaël I Sako (since 2013)

List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East since 1820

Continuation of the Shemʿon Line

101 Shemʿon XVII Abraham (1820–1861)^[12] Residence continued in Qochanis
102 Shemʿon XVIII Rubil (1861–1903)^[12]
103 Shemʿon XIX Benjamin (1903–1918) due to the Seyfo, the Residence in Qochanis ended in 1915, with Patriarch residing starting from 1915 between Urmia and Salmas, Persia until his assassination in 1918 breaking up the multi-national nature of the Church of the East leaving many non-Assyrian Bishops isolated in different parts of the world to continue their independent Churches of the East autonomously
104 Shemʿon XX Paul (1918–1920) Patriarch moved the patriarchate to Mosul, Iraq
- Locum Tenens:
  - Yosip Khnanisho (coadjutor) (1918–1920)
  - Abimalek Timotheus (coadjutor) (1920)
105 Shemʿon XXIII Eshai (1920–1975) – forced into exile in 1933 and thus the patriarchate was temporarily located in Cyprus before relocating to Chicago, Illinois in 1940, and finally relocating to San Francisco, California in. He renamed Church as Assyrian Church of the East which along with other reforms led the Ancient Church of the East to secede. He resigned in 1973, although unofficially still remained patriarch. He was assassinated in San Jose, California. His death led to the end of the Shemʿon line

List of Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East

105 Shemʿon XXIII Eshai ended hereditary patriarchy
106 Dinkha IV (17 October 1976 – 26 March 2015) – first canonically elected Patriarch since 1600. Relocated the patriarchate to Chicago, Illinois in 1980 after temporarily living in Tehran, Iran. Abolished hereditary succession upon his election
- Locum Tenens: Aprem Mooken (26 March 2015 – 18 September 2015)
107 Gewargis III – on 18 September 2015, designated Catholicos-Patriarch elect by the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East. Consecrated and enthroned on 27 September 2015, in the Cathedral Church of St. John the Baptist, Erbil

List of Patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East

In 1964, during the reign of Shemʿon XXI Eshai (also known as Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII), a schism occurred in the Church of the East causing the establishment of a separate Ancient Church of the East with its center in Baghdad. This schism occurred because of the changing of the church calendar from the traditional Julian calendar to the Gregorian one, along with hereditary succession and tribal rivalry. In 1968 communities in Iraq, Syria and India elected a rival Patriarch centered in Baghdad, the then suspended Metropolitan of India Mar Thoma Darmo. He consecrated prelates who in turn consecrated him Patriarch. Many of the non-Assyrian autonomous communities, isolated from the Church of the East in different parts of the world during the Seyfo, rallied their support for the Catholicoi of the Ancient Church of the East. Currently the Patriarchate is located in Baghdad, Iraq.

Vacant (1964–1968) – first period of the schism
106 Thoma Darmo (1968–1969)
- Locum Tenens: Addai Giwargis (1969–1972)
107 Addai II (1972–)

Various communities of Church of the East Old Calendarists seceded from the Ancient Church of the East in 2011 by continuing to observe the 25th of December on January 6th and 25th of March on April 6th, the Church of the East Calendar being 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar.

References

Citations

^ Willison, Walker (1985). A history of the Christian church. Simon & Schuster. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-684-18417-3. this church had as its head a "catholicos" who came to be styled "Patriarch of the East" and had his seat originally at Seleucia-Ctesiphon (after 775 it was shifted to Baghdad).
^ ^a ^b ^c Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Peeters Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 978-90-429-0876-5.
^ Wigram, p. 90
^ Wigram, pp. 42–44.
^ Wigram, pp. 90–91.
^ Wigram, p. 91.
^ I Peter, 1:1 and 5:13
^ ^a ^b ^c "Nestorian Patriarchs". Nestorian.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "patriarchsnestorg" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Stewart, p. 15
^ http://www.oxuscom.com/timeline.htm
^ Vine, The Nestorian Churches, 104
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Wilmshurst 2011, p. 477

Bibliography

Heleen H.L. Murre (July 1999). "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries". Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (2). Hugoye. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2011-10-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Wilmshurst, David (2011). The martyred Church – A History of the Church of the East. London: East & West Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-907318-04-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wilmshurst, D. J., The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 (Louvain, 2000)
Wigram, W. A. (2004). An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100–640 A.D. Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-103-7.
Nestorian Patriarchs
Foster, John. The Church of the Tang Dynasty.
Vine, A., The Nestorian Churches (London, 1937)

[1] Willison, Walker (1985). A history of the Christian church. Simon & Schuster. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-684-18417-3. this church had as its head a "catholicos" who came to be styled "Patriarch of the East" and had his seat originally at Seleucia-Ctesiphon (after 775 it was shifted to Baghdad).

[wilms-4-2] Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Peeters Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 978-90-429-0876-5.

[3] Wigram, p. 90

[4] Wigram, pp. 42–44.

[5] Wigram, pp. 90–91.

[6] Wigram, p. 91.

[7] I Peter, 1:1 and 5:13

[patriarchsnestorg-8] "Nestorian Patriarchs". Nestorian.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "patriarchsnestorg" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[stewart-15-9] Stewart, p. 15

[10] ttp://www.oxuscom.com/timeline.htm

[11] Vine, The Nestorian Churches, 104

[DW2-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Wilmshurst 2011, p. 477

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 == List of Catholicoi of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Patriarchs of the East until 1552 ==
-According to Church legend, the Apostleship of Edessa (Chaldea) is alleged to have been founded by Shimun Keepa ([[Saint Peter]]) (33–64),<ref>I Peter, 1:1 and 5:13</ref> Thoma Shlikha, ([[Thomas (Apostle)|Saint Thomas]]),<ref name=patriarchsnestorg>{{cite web|title=Nestorian Patriarchs|url=http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html|work=Nestorian.org|accessdate=17 April 2011}}</ref> Tulmay ([[St. Bartholomew]] the Apostle) <ref name="patriarchsnestorg" /> and of course [[Thaddeus of Edessa|Mar Addai]], (St. Thaddeus) of the [[Seventy disciples]]. Saint Thaddeus was martyred c.66 AD.
+According to Church legend, the Apostleship of Edessa (Chaldea) is alleged to have been founded by Shimun Keepa ([[Saint Peter]]) (33–64),<ref>I Peter, 1:1 and 5:13</ref> Thoma Shlikha, ([[Thomas (Apostle)|Saint Thomas]]),<ref name=patriarchsnestorg>{{cite web|title=Nestorian Patriarchs |url=http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html |work=Nestorian.org |accessdate=17 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009201558/http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html |archivedate=9 October 2009 |df= }}</ref> Tulmay ([[St. Bartholomew]] the Apostle) <ref name="patriarchsnestorg" /> and of course [[Thaddeus of Edessa|Mar Addai]], (St. Thaddeus) of the [[Seventy disciples]]. Saint Thaddeus was martyred c.66 AD.
 === Edessa era ===
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 *4 [[Abraham (bishop)|Abraham]] ([[Mar Abraham I|Abraham I of Kashker]]) (148–171 AD)
 *5 [[Yaqob I|Ya{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}qob I]] ([[Mar Yacob I]]) (''c.'' 172–190 AD)
-*6 [[Ebid M’shikha]] (191–203)<ref name=patriarchsnestorg>{{cite web|title=Nestorian Patriarchs|url=http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html|work=Nestorian.org|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
+*6 [[Ebid M’shikha]] (191–203)<ref name=patriarchsnestorg>{{cite web|title=Nestorian Patriarchs |url=http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html |work=Nestorian.org |accessdate=25 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009201558/http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html |archivedate=9 October 2009 |df= }}</ref>
 *7 [[Ahadabui]] ([[Ahadabui|Ahha d'Aboui]]) (204–220 AD) - First bishop of the East to get statikon as Catholicos. Ordained in 231 AD in [[Jerusalem]] Council.
 *8 [[Shahlufa|Shahaloopa of Kashker]] ([[Shahlufa]]) (220–266 AD)
@@ Line 268: / Line 268: @@
 ===Bibliography===
-*{{cite journal|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye|journal= Journal of Syriac Studies|author=Heleen H.L. Murre|accessdate=2011-10-09|volume=2 |issue=2|date=July 1999}}
+*{{cite journal|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |publisher=Hugoye |journal=Journal of Syriac Studies |author=Heleen H.L. Murre |accessdate=2011-10-09 |volume=2 |issue=2 |date=July 1999 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222173041/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |archivedate=2008-12-22 |df= }}
 *{{cite book |ref=harv | last = Wilmshurst| first = David| title = The martyred Church – A History of the Church of the East | publisher = East & West Publishing Ltd | location = London | year = 2011| isbn = 978-1-907318-04-7 }}
 * Wilmshurst, D. J., ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913'' (Louvain, 2000)
 *{{cite book|author=Wigram, W. A.|title=An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100&ndash;640 A.D|publisher=Gorgias Press|isbn=1-59333-103-7|year=2004}}
-*[http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html Nestorian Patriarchs]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091009201558/http://www.nestorian.org/nestorian_patriarchs.html Nestorian Patriarchs]
 *{{cite book|author=Foster, John|title=The Church of the Tang Dynasty}}
 *Vine, A., ''The Nestorian Churches'' (London, 1937)

v t e Patriarchs of the Church of the East
Until the schism of 1552 Full list
1st–4th centuries	Addai Aggai (66–87) Mari (ob.104) Abris (121–37) Abraham (159–71) Yaʿqob I (c. 190) Ahadabui (204–20) Shahlufa (220–4) Papa (c. 280–317) Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) Shahdost (341–3) Barbaʿshmin (343–6) Tomarsa (363–71) Qayyoma (377–99)
5th–8th centuries	Isaac (399–410) Ahha (410–14) Yahballaha I (415–20) Maʿna (420) Farbokht (421) Dadishoʿ (421–56) Babowai (457–84) Acacius (485–96) Babai (497–503) Shila (503–23) Elishaʿ (524–37) Narsai intrusus (524–37) Paul (539) Aba I (540–52) Joseph (552–67) Ezekiel (570–81) Ishoʿyahb I (582–95) Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) Gregory (605–9) Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) Maremmeh (646–9) Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) Giwargis I (661–80) Yohannan I (680–3) Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) Yohannan Garba intrusus (691–3) Sliba-zkha (714–28) Pethion (731–40) Aba II (741–51) Surin (753) Yaʿqob II (753–73) Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) Timothy I (780–823)
9th–12th centuries	Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) Giwargis II (828–31) Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) Abraham II (837–50) Theodosius (853–8) Sargis (860–72) Israel of Kashkar intrusus (877) Enosh (877–84) Yohannan II (884–91) Yohannan III (893–9) Yohannan IV (900–05) Abraham III (906–37) Emmanuel I (937–60) Israel (961) ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) Mari (987–99) Yohannan V (1000–11) Yohannan VI (1012–20) Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) Eliya I (1028–49) Yohannan VII (1049–57) Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) Makkikha I (1092–1110) Eliya II (1111–32) Bar Sawma (1134–6) ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) Eliya III (1176–90)
13th–16th centuries	Yahballaha II (1190–1222) Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) Makkikha II (1257–65) Denha I (1265–81) Yahballaha III (1281–1317) Timothy II (1318–c. 1332) Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) Shemʿon II (c. 1385–c. 1405) Eliya IV (c. 1405–c. 1425) Shemʿon III (c. 1425–c. 1450) Shemʿon IV Basidi (c. 1450–1497) Shemʿon V (1497–1502) Eliya V (1503–4) Shemʿon VI (1504–38) Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58)
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