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== Process ==
== Process ==
{{further|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}}
{{further|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}}
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were produced by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in [[Shanghai]], led by Qiang Sun and Muming Poo.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> They extracted nuclei from the [[fibroblast]]s of an aborted fetal monkey (a [[crab-eating macaque]] or ''Macaca fascicularis'') and inserted them into [[egg cell]]s (ova) that had had their own nuclei removed.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The team used two [[enzyme]]s to erase the [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] memory of the transferred nuclei of being [[somatic cell]]s. This crucial step allowed the researchers to overcome the main obstacle that had prevented the successful cloning of primates until now.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> They then placed 21 of these ova into surrogate mother monkeys, resulting in six pregnancies, two of which produced living animals.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, a reference to ''Zhonghua'' ({{zh|中华}}, a [[Names of China|Chinese name for China]]).<ref name="CGTN-20180125" /> Although the success rate was still low, the methods could be improved to increase survival rate in the future.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> By comparison, the [[Scotland]]-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 required 277 attempts and produced only one lamb.<ref name="Utah">{{cite web|
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were produced by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in [[Shanghai]], led by Qiang Sun and Muming Poo.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> They extracted nuclei from the [[fibroblast]]s of an aborted fetal monkey (a [[crab-eating macaque]] or ''Macaca fascicularis'') and inserted them into [[egg cell]]s (ova) that had had their own nuclei removed.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The team used two [[enzyme]]s to erase the [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] memory of the transferred nuclei of being [[somatic cell]]s. This crucial step allowed the researchers to overcome the main obstacle that had prevented the successful cloning of primates until now.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> They then placed 21 of these ova into surrogate mother monkeys, resulting in six pregnancies, two of which produced living animals.<ref name="CELL-20180124" /> The monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, a reference to ''[[Zhonghua]]'' ({{zh|中华}}, a [[Names of China|Chinese name for China]]).<ref name="CGTN-20180125" /> Although the success rate was still low, the methods could be improved to increase survival rate in the future.<ref name="SA-20180124" /> By comparison, the [[Scotland]]-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 required 277 attempts and produced only one lamb.<ref name="Utah">{{cite web|
| url = http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/
| url = http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/
| title = The History of Cloning
| title = The History of Cloning

Revision as of 08:59, 30 January 2018

Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
中中 / 华华
The first clones of a primate (a crab-eating macaque similar to the one pictured) were born in late 2017.[1][2][3]
SpeciesMacaca fascicularis
SexFemale
BornZhong Zhong
(2017-11-27)November 27, 2017 (age 6 years)
Hua Hua
(2017-12-05)December 5, 2017 (age 6 years)
Shanghai, China
Nation fromChina
Known forFirst primates to be cloned using the somatic cell nuclear transfer method

Zhong Zhong (Chinese: 中中 pinyin: Zhōng Zhōng, born 27 November 2017[4]) and Hua Hua (Chinese: 华华 pinyin: Huá Huá, born 5 December 2017[4]) are identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996. They are the first cloned primates produced by this technique. Unlike previous attempts to clone monkeys, the donated nuclei came from fetal cells, not embryonic cells.[1][2][3][5][6] The primates were both born at the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai.[7]

Background

Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep in 1996 using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats.[5] Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted more than 80 days. The main difficulty was likely the proper programming of the transferred nuclei to support the growth of the embryo.[3] Tetra (born October 1999), a female rhesus macaque, was created by a team led by Gerald Schatten of the Oregon National Primate Research Center using a different technique, called "embryo splitting". She is the first "cloned" primate by artificial twinning, which is a much less complex procedure than the DNA transfer used for the creation of Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.[8]

Process

Further information: Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were produced by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai, led by Qiang Sun and Muming Poo.[1] They extracted nuclei from the fibroblasts of an aborted fetal monkey (a crab-eating macaque or Macaca fascicularis) and inserted them into egg cells (ova) that had had their own nuclei removed.[1] The team used two enzymes to erase the epigenetic memory of the transferred nuclei of being somatic cells. This crucial step allowed the researchers to overcome the main obstacle that had prevented the successful cloning of primates until now.[3] They then placed 21 of these ova into surrogate mother monkeys, resulting in six pregnancies, two of which produced living animals.[1] The monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, a reference to Zhonghua (Chinese: 中华, a Chinese name for China).[4] Although the success rate was still low, the methods could be improved to increase survival rate in the future.[3] By comparison, the Scotland-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 required 277 attempts and produced only one lamb.[9]

The scientists also attempted to clone macaques using nuclei from adult donors, which is much more difficult. They implanted 42 surrogates, resulting in 22 pregnancies, but there were still only two infant macaques, and they died soon after birth.[1]

Implications

See also: Human cloning and Ethics of cloning

According to Muming Poo, the principal significance of this event is that it could be used to create genetically identical monkeys for use in animal experiments. Crab-eating macaques are already an established model organism for studies of atherosclerosis,[10] though Poo chose to emphasize neuroscience, naming Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease when he appeared on the radio news program All Things Considered in January 2018.[11]

The birth of the two cloned primates also raised concerns from bioethicists. Insoo Hyun of Case Western Reserve University questioned whether this meant that human cloning would be next. Poo told All Things Considered that "Technically speaking one can clone human[s] ... But we're not going to do it. There's absolutely no plan to do anything on humans."[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Liu, Zhen; et al. (24 January 2018). "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell (journal). doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020. Retrieved 24 January 2018. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  2. ^ a b
  3. ^ a b c d e Maron, Dina Fine (24 January 2018). "First Primate Clones Produced Using the "Dolly" Method – The success with monkeys could ignite new ethical debates and medical research". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Gao, Yun (25 January 2018). "Chinese scientists clone monkeys in world first". China Global Television Network. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  5. ^ a b Kolata, Gina (24 January 2018). "Yes, They've Cloned Monkeys in China. That Doesn't Mean You're Next". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  6. ^
  7. ^ Staff (24 January 2018). "Meet Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, the first monkey clones produced by method that made Dolly". Science Daily. Cell Press. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  8. ^ White-house, David (14 January 2000). "Scientists 'clone' monkey". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  9. ^ Genetic Science Learning Center. "The History of Cloning". University of Utah. Retrieved 24 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. ^ Kimberley A. Phillips, Karen L. Bales, John P. Capitanio, Alan Conley, Paul W. Czoty, Bert A. ‘t Hart, William D. Hopkins, Shiu-Lok Hu, Lisa A. Miller, Michael A. Nader, Peter W. Nathanielsz, Jeffrey Rogers, Carol A. Shively, and Mary Lou Voytko (10 April 2014). "Why Primate Models Matter". American Journal of Primatology. Retrieved 24 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b *Rob Stein (24 January 2018). "Chinese Scientists Clone Monkeys Using Method That Created Dolly The Sheep". National Public Radio. Retrieved 24 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

External links

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