Clay court

Court Philippe Chatrier at Stade Roland Garros in Paris during the 2006 French Open

A clay court is a tennis court that has a playing surface made of crushed stone, brick, shale, or other unbound mineral aggregate. The French Open uses clay courts, making it unique among the Grand Slam tournaments. Clay courts are more common in Continental Europe and Latin America than in North America, Asia or Britain. Two main types exist: red clay, the more common variety, and green clay, also known as "rubico", which is a harder surface. Although less expensive to construct than other types of tennis courts, the maintenance costs of clay are high as the surface must be rolled to preserve flatness.

Play

Clay courts favor the "full western grip" for more topspin. "Clay-courters" generally play in a semicircle about 1.5 to 3 metres (5 to 10 feet) behind the baseline.

Clay courts are considered "slow" because the balls bounce relatively high and lose much of their initial speed when contacting the surface, making it more difficult for a player to deliver an unreturnable shot. Points are usually longer as there are fewer winners. Therefore, clay courts heavily favor baseliners who are consistent and have a strong defensive game, which has allowed players such as Rafael Nadal, Björn Borg, Chris Evert, and Justine Henin to find success at the French Open.

Clay court players use topspins to throw off their opponents. Movement on gravel courts is very different from movement on any other surface. Playing on clay often involves the ability to slide into the ball during the stroke, as opposed to running and stopping like on a hard or grass court. Players who excel on clay courts but struggle to replicate the same form on fast courts are known as clay-court specialists.

Clay courts are unique in that the ball bounce leaves an impression in the ground, which can help determine whether a shot was in or out. Critics of red clay courts point to the constant need to wet them down, problems renewing the surface if it dries out, and the damage caused to clothing and footwear through stains. All clay courts, not just red clay, tend to cause a build-up of clay on the bottom of the shoes of the players, needing frequent removal.

Variants

Red clay

Almost all red clay courts are made not of natural clay but of crushed brick that is packed to make the court, with the top most layers consisting of finely crushed loose particles. Such courts are most common in Europe and Latin America. The exact color of the surface varies with the composition of the bricks used, and can appear from a light yellow to a deep red.

En tout cas (Fr. "in any case") is a version of red clay with a coarser top layer to improve drainage. The coarser surface allows more water to run through the surface of the court drying the surface more quickly after rain.

Natural clay courts are rare because this type of surface does not absorb water easily and takes two to three days to dry. A good example of natural red clay can be seen at the Frick Park Clay Courts in Pittsburgh, a public facility of six red clay courts that has been in continual use since 1930.

Green clay

"Green clay" redirects here. For the person, see Green Clay.

Maria Sharapova during the 2008 Family Circle Cup played on green clay

Green clay, also known as rubico or its brand name Har-Tru, is similar to coarse red clay, but is made from crushed metabasalt rather than brick, making the surface slightly harder and faster. Green clay is packed to make the subsurface. It is then covered with a topping. These courts are located primarily in the eastern and southern United States. There is one WTA tournament played on green Har-Tru clay courts, the Volvo Car Open in Charleston, South Carolina. From 1975 until 1977, the US Open was played on Har-Tru clay courts.

Players

Justine Henin and Monica Seles have won the largest number of titles on clay during the Open era.

Rafael Nadal, winner of twelve French Open men's singles titles, is noted for his success on clay; since his debut in 2005, he has only lost twice at the tournament – in 2009 and 2015. Nadal holds the record for the longest winning streak by any male player on a single surface since the tennis open era began in 1968: 81 clay court wins between April 2005 and May 2007. He also holds the record for most titles won on clay in the open era with 55 trophies. Guillermo Vilas won 49 of his 62 singles titles on clay. Thomas Muster is also considered a successful clay court player; although he only won the French Open once, 40 out of his 44 career singles titles were won on clay.

On the women's side, Justine Henin and Monica Seles hold the record for the number of consecutive French Open titles won at three (1990–1992 for Seles and 2005–2007 for Henin). In the pre-open era this feat was first achieved by Helen Wills Moody (1928–1930) and followed by Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling (1935–1937).

Chris Evert holds the record for longest winning streak on clay for either gender in the open era: from August 1973 to May 1979, she won 125 consecutive clay court matches. During this time Evert skipped three editions of the French Opens (1976–78), to participate in World Team Tennis. She also has the highest career win percentage on clay courts (94.28%) during the open era.

The most successful currently active female player on clay is Serena Williams, who won the French Open thrice, in 2002, 2013 and 2015. In 2013, Williams went undefeated throughout the clay court season, winning five titles on the surface.

Clay-court specialist

Rafael Nadal is known as "The King of Clay."

A clay-court specialist is a tennis player who excels on clay courts.

Due in part to advances in racquet technology, current clay-court specialists are known for employing long, winding groundstrokes that generate heavy topspin, strokes which are less effective when the surface is faster and the balls do not bounce as high. Clay-court specialists tend to slide more effectively on clay than other players. Many of them are also very adept at hitting the drop shot, which can be effective because rallies on clay courts often leave players pushed far beyond the baseline. Additionally, the slow, long rallies require a great degree of mental focus and physical stamina from the players.

The definition of "clay-court specialist" has varied, with some placing players such as Thomas Muster, Gustavo Kuerten, and Juan Carlos Ferrero in that category, even though these players have won tournaments (including Masters Series events) on other surfaces. However, since these players won major titles only at the French Open, they are sometimes labeled as such. Other players, such as Sergi Bruguera, Albert Costa and Gastón Gaudio were French Open champions who won all or very nearly all of their career titles on clay. Among female players, there have been very few whose best results were confined exclusively to clay. Virginia Ruzici, Anastasia Myskina, Iva Majoli, Sue Barker, Ana Ivanovic, Francesca Schiavone, Jeļena Ostapenko and Ashleigh Barty are the only female players to have won major titles at only the French Open since the beginning of the open era.

Increasingly, clay courters have attempted to play better on other surfaces with some success. Ferrero reached the US Open Final in 2003, the same year he won the French Open, and also won several hardcourt tournaments. Nadal was considered a clay court specialist until a string of successes on other surfaces, including completing a golden career grand slam, led to a broadening of his reputation, while 2016 French Open winner Garbiñe Muguruza reached the 2015 Wimbledon final and won the 2017 Wimbledon title.

Professional tournaments played on clay

The professional clay court season comprises many more tournaments than the brief grass court season, but is still shorter than the hard court seasons. There are three distinct clay court seasons during the year.

The first is the men's South American clay season. Played primarily in February between the Australian Open and the Indian Wells Masters, the ATP has four tournaments in this swing, although other ATP tournaments played on hardcourt occur the same weeks. The WTA discontinued its participation in Rio de Janeiro after 2016, so there are no clay court women's tournaments during this period.

The second is the long spring clay season that starts in the Americas and Morocco before moving to mainland Europe and finishing with the French Open. It is usually played over two months between April and June, after the Miami Open. Unlike the other two clay seasons this swing does not share the majority of its time with simultaneous hard court tournaments.

The third is the brief summer clay season that takes place after Wimbledon. It is entirely in Europe, and usually takes place in July. Near the end of the swing, it overlaps with the beginning of the US Open Series.

ATP	WTA
Grand Slam tournaments
ATP World Tour Masters 1000	Premier Mandatory & Premier 5
ATP World Tour 500	Premier
ATP World Tour 250	International

South American clay season

Week	ATP
Week 1	Córdoba Open (Córdoba, Argentina)
Week 2	ATP Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Week 3	Rio Open (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Week 4	Brasil Open (São Paulo, Brazil)

Spring clay season

Week	ATP	WTA
Week 1	Grand Prix Hassan II (Marrakesh, Morocco) U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships (Houston, United States)	Charleston Open (Charleston, South Carolina, United States)
Week 2	Monte-Carlo Masters (Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France)	Copa Colsanitas (Bogotá, Colombia) Ladies Open Lugano (Lugano, Switzerland)
Week 3	Barcelona Open (Barcelona, Spain)	Women's Stuttgart Open (Stuttgart, Germany)
	Hungarian Open (Budapest, Hungary)	İstanbul Cup (Istanbul, Turkey)
Week 4	Bavarian International Tennis Championships (Munich, Germany) Estoril Open (Estoril, Portugal)	Morocco Open (Rabat, Morocco) Sparta Prague Open (Prague, Czech Republic)
Week 5	Madrid Open (Madrid, Spain)
Week 6	Italian Open (Rome, Italy)
Week 7	Geneva Open (Geneva, Switzerland) Lyon Open (Lyon, France)	Internationaux de Strasbourg (Strasbourg, France) Nuremberg Cup (Nuremberg, Germany)
Week 8	French Open (Paris, France)
Week 9

Summer clay season

Week	ATP	WTA
Week 1	Swedish Open (Båstad, Sweden) Croatia Open (Umag, Croatia)	Bucharest Open (Bucharest, Romania) Swiss Open (Lausanne, Switzerland)
Week 2	German Open Tennis Championships (Hamburg, Germany)	Baltic Open (Jūrmala, Latvia) Internazionali Femminili di Palermo (Palermo, Italy)
	Swiss Open (Gstaad, Switzerland)
Week 3	Austrian Open Kitzbühel (Kitzbühel, Austria)	none

See also

• Hardcourt
• Grass court
• Carpet court