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John Graham Kerr

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John Graham Kerr
Born18 September 1869 (1869-09-18)
Arkley, England
Died21 April 1957 (1957-04-22) (aged 87)
Royston, England
NationalityBritish [2]
Alma materUniversity of Edinburgh
Christ's College, Cambridge
Known forembryology of lungfishes, dazzle camouflage
AwardsLinnean Medal (1955)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fieldsembryology, camouflage
Notes
MP for Combined Scottish Universities

Sir John Graham Kerr FRS FRSE FLS FZS[1] (18 September 1869 – 21 April 1957[3]), known to his friends as Graham Kerr, was a British[4] embryologist and Unionist Member of Parliament (MP). He is best known for his studies of the embryology of lungfishes.[5] He was involved in ship camouflage in the First World War, and through his pupil Hugh B. Cott influenced military camouflage thinking in the Second World War also.

Early life

He was born at Rowley Lodge, in Arkley in Hertfordshire, to Scottish parents: James Kerr, former Principal of Hooghly College in Calcutta, and his wife, Sybella Graham.[6]

Kerr was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and then studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh.[7][8]

Zoology

Kerr interrupted his medical studies to join an Argentinian expedition to study the natural history of the Pilcomayo River. On his return, he studied natural sciences at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating with first class honours in 1896.[7] The Argentinian expedition had ended with the loss of most of the collections, but after graduating he mounted an expedition to the Gran Chaco, bringing home a large collection of material related to the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa.[9] Kerr was accompanied by John Samuel Budgett, who studied the frogs of the area and discovered a new genus.[10][11]

After a period acting as Demonstrator in the Animal Morphology lectures at Christ's College, Cambridge (1898 to 1902), he was appointed in August 1902 as Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Glasgow replacing John Young.[12][13] Kerr stayed until 1935[8][14] when he was succeeded by Prof Edward Hindle. Kerr was particularly interested in teaching medical students, and published widely.

In 1903, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour, James Cossar Ewart, Frederick Orpen Bower, and James Geikie. He won the Society's Neill Prize in 1904. He served as the Society's vice president from 1928 to 1931.[15]

He was President of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh from 1906 to 1909, and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1909.[1] He received LLDs from the University of Edinburgh in 1935 and the University of St Andrews in 1950.[16]

Camouflage

Kerr made early contributions to ship camouflage in the First World War. He wrote to First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill on 24 September 1914, advocating camouflage by disruptive coloration — breaking up outlines with patches of strongly contrasting tone — and countershading — shading guns into invisibility with lighter paint below, darker paint above.[17] Kerr openly supported the controversial camouflage claims of American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer.[7] Kerr's aim was to make ships difficult to spot and fool range finders by disrupting their outlines, or in his own words "to destroy completely the continuity of outlines by splashes of white", to make ships harder to hit with gunfire at long range. Kerr's principle was applied to ships in various ways, but Kerr found it difficult to promote or control the use of his camouflage ideas, and they fell out of favour after Churchill's departure from the Admiralty. The Royal Navy reverted to plain grey. A rival proposal for disruptive camouflage emerged in 1917 from the marine artist Norman Wilkinson. Wilkinson, unlike Kerr, had little difficulty fitting in with the naval establishment, and was put in charge of a large-scale program of painting ships in disruptive patterns that became known as "Dazzle camouflage". After the war, Kerr engaged in an unsuccessful legal dispute over the credit for creating dazzle camouflage.[18] Wilkinson successfully promoted the false idea that Kerr's camouflage sought invisibility rather than image disruption.[17]

Kerr again influenced British camouflage in the Second World War, this time through his pupil Hugh B. Cott.[19]

Politics and late life

Kerr was elected as Unionist MP for the Combined Scottish Universities at a by-election in 1935 after the MP and novelist John Buchan resigned his seat when he was appointed as Governor General of Canada.[20] After his election to Parliament, Kerr resigned his professorship,[21] and moved to Hertfordshire. He held the seat until the university constituencies were abolished for the 1950 general election,[22] serving for a time as Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.[16]

He was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours in 1939.[23][24]

The University of St Andrews awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1950.

He died on 21 April 1957 at Barley House in Royston, Hertfordshire.[25]

Family

He married twice. First, in 1903, to Elizabeth Mary Kerr. She died in 1934. He remarried in 1936 to Isabella Dunn Clapperton (née Macindoe), a widow.

Legacy

The Zoology Building[26] of the University of Glasgow was renamed the Graham Kerr Building in his name.[8]

Publications

  • Textbook of Embryology with the Exception of Mammals (1919)
  • Zoology for Medical Students (1921)
  • Evolution (1926)
  • An Introduction to Zoology (1929)

References

  1. ^ a b c Hindle, E. (1958). "John Graham Kerr 1869-1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4: 155–166. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1958.0014.
  2. ^ "John Graham Kerr: was British National". TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Historical list of MPs: S (part 2)". Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ SEPTEMBER 18 – BIRTHS – Scientists born on September 18th
  5. ^ Kerr, Sir John Graham. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  6. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b c "Kerr, John Graham (KR892JG)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  8. ^ a b c "The University of Glasgow Story". Sir John Graham Kerr. University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  9. ^ Who's Who in Glasgow 1909
  10. ^ Budgett J. S. (1899) Notes on the Batrachians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with observations upon their breeding habits and development, especially with regard to Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, Cope. Also a description of a new genus. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Sciences 2 : 305–333.
  11. ^ Kerr, J.G.(1950). A Naturalist in the Gran Chaco. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press
  12. ^ "Appointment". The Times. No. 36850. London. 19 August 1902. p. 7.
  13. ^ "No. 27469". The London Gazette. 29 August 1902. p. 5604.
  14. ^ The post was renamed the following year, 1903, as Regius Professor of Zoology.
  15. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  16. ^ a b Dictionary of National Biography: Kerr, Sir (John) Graham (1869–1957)
  17. ^ a b Forbes, Peter (2009) Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale. ISBN 0300178964. pp. 85–92 and 97–100.
  18. ^ Murphy, Hugh; Bellamy, Martin (April 2009). "The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage" (PDF). The Northern Mariner. XIX (2): 177–182.
  19. ^ Forbes, Peter (2009) Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale. ISBN 0300178964. pp. 139–142.
  20. ^ London Gazette Issue 34175 published on 28 June 1935. Page 1 of 80
  21. ^ London Gazette Issue 34211 published 25 October 1935. Page 2 of 74
  22. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
  23. ^ London Gazette Issue 34633 published 6 June 1939. Page 2 of 24
  24. ^ London Gazette Issue 34646 published 18 July 1939. Page 2 of 104
  25. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  26. ^ "Estates and Buildings: Timetabling". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for the Combined Scottish Universities
1935–1950
With: George Morrison, to 1943;
Noel Skelton, to Nov 1935;
Ramsay MacDonald, 1936–1937;
Sir John Anderson, 1938–1950;
John Boyd Orr, 1945–1946;
Walter Elliot, 1946–1950 		Constituency abolished
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