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Dirty Dancing

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Dirty Dancing
Dirty Dancing film poster
Directed byEmile Ardolino
Written byEleanor Bergstein
Produced byLinda Gottlieb
StarringPatrick Swayze
Jennifer Grey
Jerry Orbach
Distributed byVestron Pictures
Release dates
August 21, 1987
Running time
100 min.
LanguageEnglish
Budget$5,000,000[1]

Dirty Dancing is a 1987 romance film which is credited as being one of the most watched films of all time.[2] Written by Eleanor Bergstein, the film features Patrick Swayze, Jennifer Grey, and Jerry Orbach. The story details the moment of time that a teenaged girl crosses over into womanhood both physically and emotionally, through a relationship with a dance instructor during a family summer vacation. Approximately one third of the movie involves dancing scenes, and the finale is considered by many to be "the most goosebump-inducing dance scene in movie history."[1][3]

Originally a low-budget film by a new studio and with no major stars (at the time), Dirty Dancing became a massive hit. It has earned $US300 million worldwide, and was the first film to sell over one million copies on video.[4] The Dirty Dancing soundtrack is one of the bestselling soundtracks of all time, generating two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles, including, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as a Grammy Award for best duet. In 2004, the film spawned a sequel, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, as well as a stage version in 2005 which has had sellout performances in Australia, Germany, and the UK, and is scheduled to play in its first North American city, Toronto, in October 2007. The 20th anniversary of the film's release is on August 21, 2007. The anniversary has been marked with increased press attention,[4] a 20th-anniversary DVD, and a new Dirty Dancing computer game.

Plot

In the summer of 1963, seventeen-year-old Frances "Baby" Houseman (Jennifer Grey) is vacationing with her wealthy, Jewish, suburban New York family at Kellerman's, a fictional resort in the Borscht Belt (a region of the Catskill Mountains of New York). Baby is the socially conscious member of the family, planning to attend Mount Holyoke College to study economics and then to enter the Peace Corps, and she does not feel she fits in with the traditional stereotypes that suit her older sister Lisa perfectly. Baby's father, Jake (Jerry Orbach), is resort owner Max Kellerman's personal physician, and right away the family receives special treatment, including giving their permission for Robbie, their dining room captain, to have a summer romance with Lisa.

One evening, while at the family ballroom dance, Baby sees a Latin dance demonstration by the resort's dance instructor Johnny Castle (Patrick Swayze) and his dance partner, Penny (Cynthia Rhodes). Johnny is by all standards a bad-boy rebel, part of the working-class staff whom all the resort-goers treat like their servants but whose good looks turn more than one female patron's head, including Baby's. Later on that same evening, while out for a walk, stirring music draws her to the staff quarters, where "dirty dancing" is all the rage. This raunchy dancing is up close and personal, not the stiff formal style people from her parents' generation are accustomed to. Here she gets a taste of the new dancing; Baby is hooked.

Then, while out on a date with the smarmy Neil Kellerman — grandson of Max— Baby sees Penny crying in the kitchen, and it comes to light that Penny is pregnant by Robbie - the same Robbie whom Baby's sister Lisa is dating. After Baby approaches Robbie about the subject and learns of his plans to do nothing about the pregnancy, Baby secures the money from her father to pay for Penny's illegal abortion. In her efforts to help, Baby also becomes Penny's fill-in for a performance at the Shelldrake, a nearby resort where Johnny and Penny are annual performers.

As Baby becomes Johnny's pupil in dance, tempers flare and sparks fly between the two of them. But the stakes begin to rise when Penny's abortion is botched and Baby goes to her father for help. He makes a mistaken assumption that Johnny was the cause of the pregnancy, and forbids Baby to have anything to do with the rest of Johnny's friends. Baby and Johnny must then keep their budding romance a secret.

A scene from the dancing finale, as Baby overcomes her fears, and trusts in both Johnny, and herself, to allow him to lift her high in the air. This has been described as the most famous "goosebump-inducing" dancing scene in movie history,[1][3] and the pose is one of the most recognizable images of the film.

Events come to a head when Johnny is accused of robbing the husband of a female guest, Vivian, after he turned her down for sex. Baby volunteers herself to be Johnny's alibi, which, while clearing his name, also ends up costing him his job for having a relationship with a guest. Her selfless act inspires Johnny to realize that people can exhibit a higher standard of behavior than what he had come to believe.

In the film's climactic scene, Johnny, even though he's been fired, returns to the resort to perform the final dance of the season with Baby. The film's most famous line by Johnny is "Nobody puts Baby in a corner," as he pulls her up from her seat at her parents' table, and her parents see her for the first time as more than their innocent teenage daughter. Jake admits his fault in his accusation towards Johnny for "getting Penny in trouble", and the film ends with an exciting dance sequence. Baby overcomes her fears to allow Johnny to lift her high into the air, and the formal ballroom is essentially transformed into a nightclub where the snobby upper-class patrons and the working-class kids bring together all their own styles of dance, proving that dance and music and above all love can transcend class barriers.

Main cast

  • Patrick Swayze - Johnny Castle, the dance instructor
  • Jennifer Grey - Frances "Baby" Houseman, the teenaged girl who comes of age in the movie
  • Jerry Orbach - Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father
  • Kelly Bishop - Marjorie Houseman, Baby's mother
  • Jane Brucker - Lisa Houseman, Baby's older sister
  • Cynthia Rhodes - Penny Johnson, the dancer whose pregnancy and abortion causes Baby to step in as a replacement dancer
  • Jack Weston - Max Kellerman, the resort owner
  • Max Cantor - Robbie Gould, the womanizer who gets Penny Johnson pregnant, and is dating Baby's sister Lisa
  • Lonny Price - Resort owner's grandson Neil Kellerman, who tries to date Baby

Production

Pre-production

Dirty Dancing is in large part based on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein's own childhood: She is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York, spent summers with her family in the Catskills, participated in "Dirty Dancing" competitions, and was herself called, "Baby" as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein had written a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn. However, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, much to Bergstein's dismay. So she conceived of a new story, which would be focused almost exclusively on the dancing. In 1984 she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it, sent Bergstein a contract, and then teamed her with experienced producer Linda Gottlieb. Bergstein and Gottlieb decided to set the film in 1963. The character of Baby was based on Bergstein's own life, and the character of Johnny was based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor that Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story. Bergstein finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo. Bergstein then started shopping the script to other studios, all of whom turned it down as not good enough. In spring of 1986 she started talking to Vestron Pictures, a newly-formed studio in Century City, and met their vice-president, Mitchell Cannold. He liked the story, as he too had spent some of his own childhood in the Catskills. He showed the script to Dori Berinstein, another Vestron VP. They agreed to try and find financing for the film, provided that a new director was found for the project. Gottlieb and Bergstein decided on Emile Ardolino, who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. Ardolino had never created a feature film, but was extremely passionate about the project. The film was approved, and budgeted at $5 million at a time when the average cost per film was $12 million..

Panorama of Lake Lure

For a choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by the great dancer Gene Kelly. For a location for the film, they could not find anything suitable in the Catskills, so they decided on Lake Lure in North Carolina for the interior shots, and Mountain Lake Resort near Roanoke, Virginia for the exteriors.[5]

Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act, as he did not want to use the "stand-in" method that had been used with the 1983 Flashdance. For the female lead of Francis "Baby" Houseman, Bergstein chose the 26-year-old Jennifer Grey, daughter of the Oscar-winning actor and dancer Joel Grey of the 1972 Cabaret. After Grey was chosen, they sought a male lead, initially considering Billy Zane, who had the exact visual look desired, but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey, did not meet expectations. The next choice was 34-year-old Patrick Swayze, who had been noticed in his roles in The Outsiders and Red Dawn, in which he had co-starred with Grey. Swayze was a seasoned dancer, with experience from the Joffrey Ballet. The producers liked him, but Swayze's agent was against the idea. However, Swayze read the script, liked the multi-leveled character of Johnny, and took the part anyway. Grey was not happy about the choice, as she and Swayze had had difficulty getting along on their previous job, Red Dawn. However, the two of them had a heart-to-heart talk, worked things out, and then when they did their dancing screentest, the chemistry between them was obvious. Bergstein described it as "breathtaking."[4]

Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach, and One Life to Live actress and stand-up comedienne Jane Brucker. Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend, sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer, to play Mrs. Schumacher, and Joel Grey as her husband. However, Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a kleptomaniac. The role went instead to 79-year-old Paula Trueman. Another role went to another of Bergstein's friends, national radio personality "Cousin Brucie". Bergstein initially wanted him to play the part of the social director, but then later asked him to play the part of the magician. The part of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight (of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame). The character of Vivian was played by Miranda Garrison, who was also assistant choreographer on the film.

Filming

A typical family resort in the Catskills

The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal, and 44 days for filming. The cast lived together in the same hotel at Lake Lure, and rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every castmember, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston. The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop, and both of the lead actors, Grey and Swayze, began identifying with their characters in the immersive environment. Bergstein built upon this, encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes. She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or "grinding" the dance steps, that none of the dancers were to have any other contact for six months.[4]

Actual filming started on September 5, 1986, but was immediately plagued by weather problems, ranging from pouring rain to sweltering heat. The temperature was 105 degrees outside, and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment packed into small spaces on the inside, the temperature could rise to 120 degrees. According to choreographer Kenny Ortega, on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting. The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration. Another injury occurred when Patrick Swayze, who insisted on doing his own stunts, repeatedly fell off of the log during the "balancing" scene and injured his knee, requiring a hospital visit to drain fluid from the swelling.[4]

Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn, which required the set decorators to spraypaint the autumn trees green. The uncooperative weather then took a different turn, dropping from oppressive heat, into the freezing 40s, causing frigid conditions for the swimming scene in October. The crew wore down coats and gloves, but Swayze and Grey had to strip down to light summer clothing and get into the water.[5]

Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production. They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project, Red Dawn. They worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screentest, but initial cooperation soon faded, and they were soon "facing off" before every scene. There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes. To address this, producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screentests - the ones with the "breathtaking" chemistry. This had the desired effect, and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm.[4]

Another "chemistry" scene that was improvised was the one where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him, and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm (similar to the pose that is seen in the movie poster). Though it was written as a serious and tender moment, Grey was exhausted, found the move ticklish, and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it, no matter how many takes that Ardolino asked for. Swayze was impatient to finish the scene, and found Grey's behavior annoying. However, the producers decided that the scene worked as-is, and put it into the film complete with Grey's giggling and Swayze's annoyed expression. It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie, turning out, as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it, "as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film."[4]

Post-production

The shooting wrapped up on October 27, 1986, both on-time and on-budget. A rough cut was put together, but no one on the team liked it, and Vestron executives were convinced that the film was going to be a flop. In May 1987 the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo. According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold, Russo's reaction at the end was to say simply, "Burn the negative, and collect the insurance."[4]

The promoters of the Clearasil acne product liked the film, and saw it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience. But when they learned that the movie contained an abortion scene, they asked for that part of the plot to be cut. Bergstein refused, and the Clearasil promotion was dropped. So Vestron promoted the film themselves, and it premiered on August 16, 1987. The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend, and then send it straight to video, since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production.[1] Considering how many people disliked the film at that point, producer Gottlieb's recollection of her feelings at the time was, "I would have only been grateful, if when it was released, people didn't yell at me."[4]

Reception

The August 16, 1987 edition of the New York Times gave the film a major sendoff, with a headline reading, "Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat." The Times reviewer called the film, "a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 - orderly, prosperous, bursting with good intentions, a sort of Yiddish-inflected Camelot."[6] Other reviews were mixed: Roger Ebert rated the film as only one star, calling it a "tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds."[7] TIME magazine's review was lukewarm but positive, saying, "If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein's script is too neat and inspirational, the rough energy of the film's song and dance does carry one along, past the whispered doubts of better judgment."[8] Regardless of reviews, the film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens, and word-of-mouth advertising took the film to #1 in the United States. Within three weeks it had broken the $10 million record. By November, it was also achieving international fame. Within seven months of release, it had brought in $63 million, and boosted attendance in dance classes all across America.[4] It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1987, earning $US170 million worldwide.[9]

The film's popularity continued to grow after its initial release. Dirty Dancing became the first film to sell one million copies on video. Ten years after release, videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month,[10] and as of 2007 it has sold more than 10 million copies.[11] When the film was re-released in 1997, Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[10]

Many people list the film as one of their all-time favorites, and it proved popular across all types of social demographics, but especially among women. A May 2007 poll in London listed Dirty Dancing as #1 on "Women's most-watched films", above the Star Wars trilogy, Grease, The Sound of Music, and Pretty Woman.[2] The film's popularity has also caused it to be called "the Star Wars for girls."[3][12] According to Grey, it was actress Gilda Radner's favorite movie, and Radner watched it over and over while she was dying from cancer, as it lifted her spirits.[4] According to Bergstein, in Russia the film is required viewing for women who check-in to battered women's shelters.[1] The film's music has also had considerable impact. The closing song, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" has been listed as the "third most popular song played at funerals" in the UK.[3]

Awards

Jennifer Grey at the 1988 Academy Awards

Music

Rehearsals for the dancing, and some of the filming, had been done to tapes made from Bergstein's personal collection of 45s. When it came time to choose actual music for the film, Vestron chose Jimmy Einer, who had produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night. Einer obtained licenses for the songs in Bergstein's collection, added a few other artists, and once he learned that Swayze had singing experience, enlisted him to sing the song, "She's Like the Wind." Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz, originally intending for it to be used in the 1984 film Grandview, U.S.A. with Jamie Lee Curtis and Thomas Howell.[4]

Choice of the song for the finale came from Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison, who went through an entire box of tapes listening to each one. According to Ortega, literally the last tape that they listened to had "The Time of My Life," and it was the obvious choice. Einer then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it. "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" eventually won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Duet, and an Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Demand for the soundtrack caught RCA by surprise. According to Previte, before a single had even been released, there were one million albums on back-order.[4] The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at #1 on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times, selling more than 39 million copies.[9] It spawned a follow-up album in February 1988, entitled More Dirty Dancing, which also went multi-platinum, selling 32 million copies worldwide.[13][4]

Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included:

The incidental music score was composed by John Morris, totaling all but three minutes. The orchestral (non-incidental) music underscored two short scenes with Baby (an arrangement of "The Time of My Life"), and Penny's abortion scene.

After the movie

The film's huge success had the paradoxical effect of backfiring on many of the participants. Both Jennifer Grey and Patrick Swayze found themselves heavily typecast. They either had difficulty finding other work, or appeared in several boxoffice flops. In 1989, Swayze even received two nominations for worst actor from the Golden Raspberry awards, for his performances in Next of Kin and Road House (the actual award went to William Shatner for Star Trek V: The Final Frontier). But in 1990, Swayze pulled out of his slump and had success in the film Ghost with Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg, and Ghost also became a fan-favorite that is often listed in top 10 "most watched" lists. Grey, for her part, had plastic surgery in the early 1990s, where a surgical slip-up changed her nose and made her face near unrecognizable to that of the "Baby" character. She was never able to find a role which matched the success that she had in Dirty Dancing.[14] As for the new studio, Vestron Pictures, despite the film's huge monetary success, Vestron followed it up with a series of flops, ran out of money, and then its parent company, Vestron Inc. went bankrupt in 1990. It was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million. The rights to Dirty Dancing passed to Artisan Entertainment, and later to successor and current owner Lionsgate.

Other tragedies followed. Actor Max Cantor quit acting and moved to New York City to write a book about a famous murderer Daniel Rakowitz, but then died of a heroin overdose in 1991, at the age of 32. Director Emile Ardolino, who had gone on to direct films such as Three Men and a Little Lady (1990) and Sister Act (1992), died of AIDS in late 1993. Backup dancer Jennifer Stahl was murdered in 2001 in her apartment in NYC. Her killer, Sean Salley, was caught in a homeless shelter in Miami, Florida, after being profiled on "America's Most Wanted."[15]

Not all news was bad, and some actors were able to use their performance in Dirty Dancing as a springboard to other roles. Social director Wayne Knight continued as a character actor, becoming best known for playing "Newman" on Seinfeld (1991-1998), and Don Leslie Orville on 3rd Rock from the Sun (1996-2001). And Jerry Orbach, already known as a successful Broadway actor, continued in different genres. He was the voice of the candelabra "Lumiere" in the 1991 Disney animated film, Beauty and the Beast and then took on his best-known role, detective Lennie Briscoe on Law and Order, which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004.

File:Dirty Dancing 2.jpg
Poster for stage version in Germany, 2006

Alternate versions

Stage version

In 2004, the movie was translated into a stage musical, Dirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage, which opened in Sydney, Australia, in November 2005. Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment at a cost of $6.5 million, it was written by Eleanor Bergstein to have the same songs as the film, plus a few extra scenes. Musical direction was by Chong Lim, and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby, and Sydney Dance Company's Josef Brown as Johnny. The production was a success in Sydney, selling over 200,000 tickets during its six-month run.[9]

Reviews were mixed,[12], but it has had sellout runs in Australia, Germany, and the UK, where it opened in Aldwych Theatre, on October 23 2006. It had the highest pre-sell in London history, earning 6 million pounds ($US11 million).[1][3][12] Over 250,000 people have seen the musical adaptation and it has had ticket sales of £25 million ($US30 million).[16][11] In the UK, Josef Brown is continuing to play the role of Johnny Castle, and Georgina Rich plays Baby. It is booked to continue a run in London's West End through March 2008.

According to a report in October 2006 from CNN, a New York production is in the planning stage.[12] In May 2007, the show has begun breaking box office records in its first North American city, Toronto, even though it is not set to open until October 31, 2007. After Toronto, plans are to expand to Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles and possibly San Francisco before moving to Broadway.[17]

Other versions

Aside from the stage version, Dirty Dancing has appeared in multiple other forms. In 1988, "Dirty Dancing: Live in Concert", was a music tour featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen. It played 90 cities in three months.[4] Also in 1988, the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series, but it had none of the original cast or staff. It starred Patrick Cassidy as Johnny and Melora Hardin as Baby, ran for 10 episodes and was then canceled in January 1989.

In 2004, a sequel to the film was released, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. Although not a remake by any means, Havana Nights showcases a similar storyline about an American teenager relocated to Havana, Cuba, just before the revolution. Patrick Swayze had a cameo role in the film as a dance teacher.[4]

For the 20th anniversary in 1987, a special edition DVD was released on May 8, 2007. Also to commemorate the August 2007 anniversary, Codemasters has announced that it will be releasing a videogame version of Dirty Dancing [18][19]


The scene where Johnny says, "Nobody puts Baby in a corner."

Pop culture references

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Polly Vernon (October 10, 2006). ""Hey Baby - we're all Swayze now"". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Star Wars 'is top film obsession'". BBC News. 2007-05-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e Denise Winterman (October 24, 2006). ""The Time of Your Life"". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Dirty Dancing, The E! True Hollywood Story, first aired September 3, 2000
  5. ^ a b Paul Clark (April 30, 2007). "'Dirty Dancing' marks 20 years with return to big screen". Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ Samuel G. Freedman (August 16, 1987). "'Dirty Dancing' Rocks to an Innocent Beat". The New York Times. p. A19.
  7. ^ "Roger Ebert's review of Dirty Dancing". August 21, 1987. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  8. ^ Richard Schickel (September 14, 1987). "Teenage Turmoil". TIME magazine. Retrieved 2007-06-08. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ a b c "Private Dancers". The Age. June 15, 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ a b Ann Kolson (August 17, 1997). "Fairy Tale Without an Ending". New York Times. p. 2.11. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. ^ a b Mike Snider (April 23, 2007). "Dirty Dancing: Baby's Out of the Corner". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d "The insider's guide to 'Dirty Dancing'". CNN. October 25, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  13. ^ http://www.whedon.info/article.php3?id_article=8624
  14. ^ Kendall Hamilton (March 22, 1999). "It's Like, Uh ... Jennifer Grey". Newsweek. p. 73-74. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ "'Carnegie Deli' killer sentenced". AP Wire. CNN. July 29, 2002. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
  16. ^ http://www.ticketmaster.co.uk/promo/2029
  17. ^ Christine Sams (May 7, 2007). "Dirty moves directed at US". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Susan Arendt (May 29, 2007). "Coming soon to your PC: Dirty Dancing, the Video Game". Wired blog network. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ "Dirty Dancing Video Game - official site". Codemasters. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  20. ^ "Comic about Dirty Dancing: The Game". pennyarcade.com. May 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
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