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Scottish people

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This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. For residents or nationals of Scotland, see Demographics of Scotland.
"Scot" redirects here. For other uses, see Scot (disambiguation).
Scots
Regions with significant populations
 Scotland: 4,459,071 (est.) [1]

 United States:
   5,752,571 Scottish and
   5,323,888 Scots-Irish (Some believe both to be a serious undercount, with Scots Irish estimated to be as many as 27 million [2][3] [4])

 Canada: 4,157,210[3]

 Australia: 1,500,000[4]

 England: 795,000 (est.)

 New Zealand: 107,007 in 1996, 12,792 in 2001 (NZ possible statistical error)

[5]
Languages
Scottish Gaelic, Scots, English
Religion
Christianity (mainly Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism, Episcopalianism); other minority groups, agnostics and athiests.

The Scottish people (Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich (plural)) are a nation[6] and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland.

As an ethnic group, they are a composition of groups such as the Picts, Gaels, Brythons, Angles, and Norse.

In modern use, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone born or living in Scotland. In another sense, it applies to people who are descended from the Scots and who identify ethnically as Scottish. While the Latin word Scoti[7] originally applied to a particular, 5th century, Gaelic tribe that inhabited areas in the north of Ireland and western Scotland,[8] the term Scots is now used to describe all Scottish people. Though usually considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for the Scottish people, but this use has been primarily by people outside of Scotland.[9][10][11]

There are people of Scottish descent in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, and the formation of the British Empire, has resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand, with a large Scottish presence being particularly noticeable in Canada. They took with them their Scottish languages and culture.[12]

Scotland has seen migration and settlement of peoples at different periods in its history. The Dalriadic Gaels, the Picts and the Britons had respective origin myths, like most Dark Age European peoples. [13][dubious – discuss] Germanic people such as Angles and Saxons arrived beginning in the 7th century while the Norse settled many regions of Scotland from the 8th century onwards.[dubious – discuss] In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some immigration from France, England and the Low Countries. Many famous Scottish family names, including those bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray and Stewart came to Scotland at this time. In the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, people of diverse ethnic origins have settled in Scotland, forming immigrant communities which have integrated into Scottish society.

The indigenous ethnic groups of Scotland

For a genetic and archaeological history of the people of Scotland see Prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland

In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland had several ethnic or cultural groups labeled as such in contemporary sources, namely the Picts, the Gaels, the Britons, with the Angles settling in the far southeast of the country in smaller numbers. Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Almost all of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts.[14] Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in southeastern Scotland, and later the Norse arriving from Norway in the north and west.

With the arrival of the Gaels, use of the Gaelic language spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century,[15][16] reaching a peak in the eleventh century.[17] Not all of medieval Scotland was Gaelic-speaking, however. Southeast of the Firth of Forth in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Middle English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. Eastern Caithness and the Northern Isles were Norn-speaking. From 1200 to 1500 the Early Scots language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line.

From 1500 until recent years, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, the Gaelic-speaking "Highlanders" and the Scots-speaking (later English-speaking) "Lowlanders". Today, immigrants have brought other languages, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language.

Scottish people abroad

Further information: [[:Highland Clearances, Lowland Clearances and Ulster-Scots]]
File:Scottish1346.gif
Areas with greatest proportion of reported Scottish ancestry. Does not include those of Scots-Irish ancestry.

Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish.[18] In addition, there are many more Scots abroad than in Scotland. In the 2000 Census, 4.8 million Americans reported Scottish ancestry,[19] 1.7% of the total U.S. population. Given Scotland's population (just over 5 million), there are almost as many Scottish Americans as there are native Scots living in their home country. Another 4.3 million reported Scots-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans of Scottish descent.[2] However, this number is believed to be a serious under-count, as the areas where people reported "American" ancestry are places where, historically, Scottish and Scots-Irish Protestants settled in America , in the interior of the South, and the Applachian region. It is believed that the number of Scots-Irish Americans could be in the region of 27 million.[6] [7]

In Canada, according to the 2001 Census of Canada data, the Scottish-Canadian community accounts for 4,157,210 people.[3] Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland") where Canadian Gaelic is still spoken by a very small number in Cape Breton. Also the home of the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts, both Lowland and Highland Scots settled there in large numbers.

Large numbers of Scottish people reside in other parts of the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland, particularly Ulster where they form the Ulster-Scots community. The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is impossible to quantify due to the ancient and complex pattern of migration within Great Britain. Of the present generation alone, some 800,000 people born in Scotland have emigrated to either England, Wales or Northern Ireland.[20]

Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have been emigrating to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers.[21] Many emigrated to France, Poland[22] Italy and Holland.[23] Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russians may have Scottish blood.[24]

Significant numbers of Scottish people also settled in Australia and New Zealand. Approximately 20 percent of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland, and Scottish influence is still visible around the country.[25] The South Island city of Dunedin, in particular, is known for its Scottish heritage and was named as a tribute to Edinburgh by the city's Scottish founders. In Australia, the Scottish population was fairly evenly distributed around the country.

In Latin America there are notable Scottish populations in Brazil, Argentina,[26] Chile[27] and Mexico.

The Scots in Europe

Poland

From as far back as the mid 15th century there were Scots trading and settling in Poland. A Scot's Pedlar Pack in Poland, which became a proverbial expression, usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen handkerchiefs. Itinerants also sold tin and ironware such as scissors and knives. Along with the protection offered by King Stephen in the Royal Grant of 1576 a district in Krakow was assigned to Scots immigrants.

Records from 1592 reveal Scots settlers being granted citizenship of Krakow giving their employment as trader or merchant. Payment for being granted citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.

By the 1600s there were an estimated 30,000 Scots living in Poland. Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen and could be found in Polish towns from Krakow to Lublin. Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656 a number of Scottish Highlanders who were disenchanted with Oliver Cromwell's rule went to Poland in the service of the King of Sweden.

The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, the Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.

Many Royal Grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 1700s at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. Bonnie Prince Charlie was half Polish, being the son of James Edward Stewart and Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of Jan Sobieski, King of Poland. [8][9][10]

Italy

By 1592 the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi it was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome, especially for those intended for priesthood. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who escaped their country because of religious persecutions. In 1615 Pope Paul V gave the hospice and the nearby Scottish Seminar to the Jesuits. It was rebuilt in 1645. They became more important when James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender set his residence in Rome in 1717. It was abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, religious activity was resumed, but no longer by the Jesuits. It was reconstructed in 1869 by Luigi Poletti. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated in a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminar also moved away. The Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated there on 30 November.

Gurro in Italy is said to populated by the ancestors of Scottish soldiers. According to local legend, Scottish soldiers fleeing the Battle of Pavia arrived in the area where stopped by severe blizzards forcing many or if not all to give up their travels and settle in the town. To this day the town of Gurro is still proud of its Scottish links many of the residents claim that their surnames are Italian translations of Scottish surnames and the town also has a Scottish museum.[[11]][[12]]

Culture

Language

Main article: Language in Scotland

Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by descendants of Scottish people. However, none of these are in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English, Lowland Scots (various dialects) and Gaelic. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. There are some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in Argentina.

The Norn language was spoken in the Northern Isles into the early modern period — the current dialects of Shetlandic and Orcadian are heavily influenced by it, to this day.

Scottish English

Main article: Scottish English

After the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Scottish Court moved with James VI & I to London and English vocabulary began to be used by the Scottish upper classes.[28] With the introduction of the printing press, spellings became standardised. Scottish English, a Scottish variation of southern English English, began to replace the Scots Language. Scottish English soon became the dominant language. By the end of the 17th century, Scots Language had practically ceased to exist, at least in literary form.[29] While Scots remained a common spoken language, the southern Scottish English dialect was the preferred language for publications from the 18th century to the present day.

Scots Language

Main article: Scots language
See also: Ulster Scots language

Dialects of English used in ScotLand, including Doric, are, like all English dialects, languages of Germanic origin. They have their roots in Northern Middle English as well as southern English. After the wars of independence, the English used by Nationless Scots (Goill) evolved in a different direction to that of Modern English. Since 1424, this language, known to its speakers as Inglis, was used by the Scottish Parliament in its statutes.[28] By the middle of the 16th century, Inglis occasionally began to be called Scottis. The reformation, from 1560 onwards, saw the beginning of a decline in the use of the imagined 'Scots' forms. With the establishment of the Protestant Presbyterian religion, and lacking a 'Scots' translation of the bible (as no nationless Scot with the slightest ounce of sanity considered there to be such a thing) they used the Geneva Edition.[30] From that point on; God spoke English, not Scots.[31] English dialects continued to be used in official legal and court documents throughout the 18th century. However, due to the adoption of the southern standard by officialdom and the Education system the use of written English dialects. Natinless Scots still speak English dialects however with about 5 million English speakers in Scotland.[32] The English language is used by about all nationless Scots in Ulster. [33] and is known in official circles as English. In 1993, Nationless Scots in Ulster were allowed to call anything they could make up a 'Scottis' language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages.[34]

Scottish Gaelic

Main article: Scottish Gaelic
See also: Canadian Gaelic
Scottish English and Scottish Gaelic are used on bilingual road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of Scotland, such as this one, seen in village of Mallaig.

Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language with similarities to Irish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic probably comes from Old Irish and certainly shaped by later, presumably continuous, Irish language contact. It was originally spoken by the Gaels of Dál Riata and perhaps by the Rhinns of Galloway, later being adopted, perhaps, by the Pictish people of central and eastern Scotland. Gaelic (lingua Scottica, Scottis) became the de facto language of the whole Kingdom of Alba, giving its name to the country (Scotia, "Scotland").[citation needed] Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread west from Galloway into Clydesdale. The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English speaking Nationless Scots in the Lowlands of Scotland and the stateless Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century. The Highland clearances and the Education Act of 1872, which actively discouraged the use of Gaelic in schools, caused the numbers of Gaelic speakers to fall.[35] Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to counties such as Canada or moved to the industrial cities of lowland Scotland. Communities where the language is still spoken natively are restricted to the west coast of Scotland; and especially the Hebrides. However, large proportions of Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The 2001 UK Census showed a total of 58,652 Gaelic speakers in Scotland.[citation needed] Outside Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. The Gaelic language is recognised as a Minority Language by the European Union. The Scottish parliament is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. Gaelic is now used as a first language in some Schools and is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of Scotland. It is recognised as an official language of Scotland with "equal respect" to English.[citation needed]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Scotland
Saint Andrew's Cross, the Scottish flag.

Saint Ninian (c. 360–432), is credited with bringing Christianity to Scotland. He was born in the Roman province of Valentia which is either modern day Galloway or Cumberland. At about the age of twenty, he went to Rome to study theology.[36][dubious – discuss] He stayed there for fifteen years and was ordained as a Bishop by Damasus around the end of the 4th century. He was sent back to preach to his native people. He built his church in the Roman province of Valentia in the town of Leucapia, now called Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland. The local tribe was called the Novantes. He constructed the first church in Britain to be made of stone. He named the church Candida Casa, which means "white house". He traveled throughout Scotland, and converted the Picts (aka Caledonians) to Christianity.[37][dubious – discuss]

In 431, Saint Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine I to be Primus Episcopus — first bishop of the Scots believing in Christ.[36] At this time, "the Scots" referred to the Gaels of western Scotland and Ireland. Palladius's work is not well recorded and is often confused with Saint Patrick. Some time between 457 and 461, Palladius died. He is thought to have been laid to rest at a place called Forgund or Fordun in the village of Auchenblae in the Mearns district of Scotland.[38][dubious – discuss]

Saint Patrick (died 17 March 493), is credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland and is the patron Saint of Ireland. In 563, Saint Columba (7 December, 521 – 9 June, 597) left Ireland with twelve companions and founded a church on the small island of Iona. This became the central hub of Christianity in the Highlands of Scotland. Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland, was instrumental in moving the Scottish Church closer to Rome.[dubious – discuss] Throughout the Middle Ages, Scotland remained Roman Catholic.

Lutheran ideas were introduced to Scotland in the 16th century.[dubious – discuss] Although they were initially suppressed and outlawed by the state, Protestant Presbyterianism became popular. This was the Scottish Reformation. Bolstered by reformers such as John Knox, the Reformed Church became the established church in Scotland with an act of 1560. This developed into the Presbyterian church.

Religious ideology was to be a driving force throughout the 17th century. The Covenanters were to play an important role in the wars and in the later reinstatement of Charles II. Though Charles then turned persecutor, trying to stamp out the Covenanters. Many of the Covenanters emigrated to the "new" lands of America and Canada which were then seeing an influx of immigrants.

The 18th century would again see religion of the Scottish people used in war, in the Jacobite uprisings of 1715 and 1745. While common modern perception was of a war between Scots and English people, it was more accurately between Protestants and Catholics. Lowland Scots tended to support the Protestant, Hanoverian King's red coats while Catholics, and mainly Highlanders, stood with the Catholic Jacobites.

The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions. The Protestant and Catholic divisions still remain in the society. Immigration of new people to Scotland has led to the establishment of new religions. Scotland has populations of Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and other faiths, however, the largest church remains the national Church of Scotland. (see Religion in Scotland)

In the United States, people of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent are chiefly Protestant, with many belonging to the Baptist or Methodist churches, or various Presbyterian denominations.

Literature

Main article: Scottish literature

Folklore

Main article: Scottish folklore

Sport

Main article: Sport in Scotland

Cuisine

Main article: Scottish cuisine

Clans

Main article: Scottish clan
See also: Tartan and Kilt

Anglicisation

Main article: Anglicisation

Many Scottish surnames have become "Anglicised" (made to sound English) over the centuries. Davidson, Bruce (originally Brus), Campbell, Salmond, Marshall, Christie and Joy are just a few of many examples.[citation needed] This reflected the gradual spread of English, also known as Early Scots, from around the 13th century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. It also reflected some deliberate political attempts to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns, and then the Act of Union of 1707 and the subsequent defeat of rebellions.

However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is Mackay in English, and MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is MacLean; O'Maolagan is Milligan and so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is common as, effectively, it means "son of". MacDonald, McAuley, Balliol, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, MacKintosh, MacKenzie, MacNiell, MacRyan, MacPhearson, MacLear, McDonald, McKenzie, MacAra, MacNamara, MacManus, Lauder, Menzies, Galloway and Duncan are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots, and the most common surnames in Scotland are Smith and Brown. [13]

In 1603, the English and Scottish Crowns united under King James VI of Scotland (King James I of England).

Etymology

The word Scotia was used by the Romans, as early as the 1st century CE, as the name of one of the tribes in what is now Scotland.[39] The Romans also used Scotia to refer to the Gaels living in Ireland.[40] The Venerable Bede (c. 672 or 673 – May 27, 735) uses the word Scottorum for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands: "Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit." This we can infer to mean the arrival of the people, also know as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. It is of note that Bede used the word natio (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word gens (race).[41] In the 10th century Anglo Saxon Chronicle, the word Scot is mentioned as a reference to the "Land of the Gaels". The word Scottorum was again used by an Irish king in 1005: Imperator Scottorum was the title given to Brian Bóruma by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh.[42] This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. Basileus Scottorum appears on the great seal of King Edgar (1074–1107).[43] Alexander I (c. 1078–1124) used the words Rex Scottorum on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including James II.[44]

In modern times the words Scot and Scottish are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are by and large all that most Scots recognize about their country (the rest being usually ignored). The English dialect known as Ulster Scots, which some people pretend to speak in parts of northeastern Ireland, is derived from 17th and 18th century anachronistic English dialects.

In the English language, the word Scotch is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as Scotch whisky. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is Scots. Many Scottish people find the term Scotch to be offensive when applied to people.[45] The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish".[46]

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ UK Census 2001 (follow links on page for Scottish and Northern Irish data) collected data on country of birth but not on self-selected ancestry or ethnic origin as with the US, Australian and Canadian censuses. The Office of the Chief Statistician produced a Template:PDFlink of "ethnicity" results for Scotland, only, which shows that some 4,459,071 persons supplied "White Scottish" in answer to the question "What is your ethnic group ?" One choice, only, was permitted from among the supplied responses.
  2. ^ a b The US Census 2000. The [1] American Community Survey 2004 by the US Census Bureau estimates 5,752,571 people claiming Scottish ancestry and 5,323,888 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry.
  3. ^ a b Canadian Census 2001 gives a total of 4,157,210 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Scottish. Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins.
  4. ^ scottish born2006 Australian Census
  5. ^ [2]The Ancestral Scotland website states the following: Scotland is a land of 5.1 million people. A proud people, passionate about their country and her rich, noble heritage. For every single Scot in their native land, there are thought to be at least five more overseas who can claim Scottish ancestry - that's many, many millions spread throughout the globe. (30 million)
  6. ^ "That I am not exaggerating in calling the Scottish people a great nation must be evident to anyone..."Bulloch (1902). Scottish Notes and Queries. D. Wyllie and son [etc.] pp. Page 40. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) and also "The Scottish people are a nation" from Shore, Marlene Gay (February 1st, 2002). The Contested Past. University of Toronto Press. pp. page 105. ISBN. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Bede used a Latin form of the word Scots as the name of the Gaels of Dál Riata. Reference: Roger Collins, Judith McClure (1999). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle ; Bede's Letter to Egbert. Oxford University Press. pp. Page 386. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Reference: Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley, Cornelius Tacitus. Agricola and Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Scottish people, in general, do not like being called Scotch and will only use the term when talking about a Scotch whisky. Many non-Scottish people, particularly Americans (even some of Scots descent), use the term naturally without pejorative or archaic overtones
  10. ^ "Scotch is still in occasional contemporary use outwith Scotland"
  11. ^ John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents how the descendants of 19th century pioneers from Scotland who settled in Southwestern Ontario affectionately referred to themselves as Scotch. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the Scotch-Canadian community in the early decades of the 20th century.
  12. ^ Landsman, Ned C. (1 Oct 2001). Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas,. Bucknell University Press. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland and the Picts coming from Scythia.Ref: Harris, Stephen J. (1st Oct 2003). Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Routledge (UK). pp. Page 72. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, Language in Pictland.
  15. ^ http://www.scotsplacenames.com/page5.html
  16. ^ Bòrd na Gàidhlig - History of Gaelic
  17. ^ The Story of the Gaelic-speaking people
  18. ^ Office of the Chief Statistician. "Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report". One choice, only, was permitted from among the supplied responses and it should be noted that the numbers do not accurately reflect ethnic origin since "White Scottish" may mean anyone who is merely "White" and considers themselves Scottish.
  19. ^ United States - QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Matrices PCT15 and PCT18.
  20. ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Born Abroad | Scotland
  21. ^ See David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora", particularly pp. 272–278, in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN
  22. ^ Scotland and Poland
  23. ^ BBC - History - Scottish History
  24. ^ Scotland on Sunday
  25. ^ Linguistic Archaeology: The Scottish Input to New Zealand English Phonology Trudgill et al. Journal of English Linguistics.2003; 31: 103-124
  26. ^ Scots in Argentina and Patagonia Austral
  27. ^ Archibald Cochrane
  28. ^ a b Crystal, David (August 25th, 2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ Barber, Charles Laurence (August 1st, 2000). The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. Page 147. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  30. ^ MacMahon, April M. S. (April 13, 2000). Lexical Phonology and the History of English. Cambridge University Press. pp. Page 142. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Murphy, Michael (EDT) (1st Oct 2001). Musical Constructions of Nationalism. Cork University Press. pp. Page 216. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ The General Register Office for Scotland (1996)
  33. ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1999
  34. ^ Wolff, Stefan (January 1st, 2002). Peace at Last?: The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland. Berghahn Books. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Pagoeta, Mikel Morris (2001). Europe Phrasebook. Lonely Planet. pp. Page 416. ISBN-X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ a b Caswall, Henry (1853). Scotland and the Scottish Church. J. H. Parker. pp. Page 10. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ Marshall, John (1859). A history of Scottish ecclesiastical and civil affairs, from the introduction of Christianity. Unknown. pp. Page 49 to 51. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ Low, The Rev. Alexander (1826). The history of Scotland ... to the middle of the ninth century. Bell and Bradfute, Edinburgh. pp. Page 59. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  39. ^ Low, Alexander (1826). The history of Scotland ... to the middle of the ninth century. pp. Page 28. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ Lehane, Brendan (January 26th, 2000). The Quest of Three Abbots: the golden age of Celtic Christianity. SteinerBooks. pp. Page 121. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  41. ^ Harris, Stephen J. (October 1, 2003). Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Routledge (UK). pp. Page 72. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  42. ^ Martin, F. X. (Francis Xavier) (August 1, 1976). New History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. pp. Page 862. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Freer, Allan (1871). The North British Review. Edmonston & Douglas. pp. Page 119. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) and Robertson, Eben William (1862). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century. Edmonston and Douglas. pp. Page 286. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  44. ^ Greenway, D. E. (EDT) (June 1, 1996). Handbook of British Chronology. Cambridge University Press. pp. Page 55. ISBN-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language Scotch usage note, Encarta Dictionary usage note.
  46. ^ Oxford Dictionary Definition of Scotch

References

  • Ritchie, A. & Breeze, D.J. Invaders of Scotland HMSO. (?1991) ISBN-X
  • David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora" in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN
  • Scotchirish.net: "Pioneers". http://www.scotchirish.net/The%20Pioneers.php4

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