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Philippine Bar Examinations

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The Philippine Bar Examination is the professional licensure examination for lawyers in the Philippines.

It is the only professional licensure exam in the country that is not supervised by the Professional Regulation Commission. The exam is exclusively administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines through the Supreme Court Bar Examination Committee.

Brief History

The first bar exam was held in 1901, with 13 examinees, while the 2008 bar examination is the 107th (given per Article 8, Section 5, 1987 Constitution). The 2001 bar exam had the highest number of passers -- 1,266 out of 3,849 examinees, or 32.89%, while 2006 had the highest examinees -.6,187. Also, the 2003 bar exam was marred by controversy when the Court ordered a retake of the Mercantile law due to questionnaire leakage.[1] In 2005, the High Tribunal implemented the "five-strike" rule, which disqualifies five-time flunkers from taking future bar exams.[2]

Admission requirements

A bar candidate must meet the following academic qualifications:

  • Holder of a professional degree in law from a recognized law school in the Philippines[3]
  • Holder of a bachelor's degree with academic credits in certain required subjects from a recognized college or university in the Philippines or abroad.[4]

He or she should also meet certain non-academic requisites:[5]

  • A Filipino citizen.
  • At least twenty-one (21) years of age.
  • A resident of the Philippines.
  • Satisfactory evidence of good moral character (usually a certificate from the dean of law school or an immediate superior at work).
  • No charges involving moral turpitude have been filed against the candidate or are pending in any court in the Philippines.

Committee of Bar Examiners

The Supreme Court appoints memberships in the Committee of Bar Examiners, the official task force for formulating bar exam questions, instituting policy directives, executing procedures, grading bar examination papers, and releasing the results of the annual bar examination.[6]

The committee is chaired by an incumbent Justice of the Supreme Court, who is designated by the Supreme Court to serve for a term of one year. The members of the committee includes eight (8) members of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, who also hold office for a term of one year.[7] While the Justice who shall act as Chairman is immediately known, committee members must exert every effort to conceal their identities until the oath-taking of the successful bar examinees, approximately six months after the bar exam.[8]

Bar review programs

Candidates who meet all the admission requirements usually enroll in special review classes after graduating from law school. These programs are held from April to September in law schools, colleges, universities, and review centers.

Program schedule, content, and delivery differs from one review program to another. Lecturers in these programs are called bar reviewers. They are usually full-time professors and part-time professorial lecturers in law schools and universities. Most review programs invite incumbent and retired justices and high ranking public officials both as a marketing tool and as a program innovation.[9]

Venue and itinerary

The examinations are held during the four Sundays of September of every year in the campus of De La Salle University-Manila in Taft Avenue, Manila.

Examinations for the eight bar subjects follow a fixed schedule:[10]

  • First Sunday:
    • Political and International Law (morning session)
    • Labor and Social Legislation (afternoon session)
  • Second Sunday:
    • Civil Law (morning session)
    • Taxation (afternoon session)
  • Third Sunday:
    • Mercantile Law (morning session)
    • Criminal Law (afternoon session)
  • Fourth Sunday:
    • Remedial Law (morning session)
    • Legal Ethics and Practical Exercises (afternoon session)

Coverage

The examination covers the following topics, popularly known as the bar subjects:[11]

  • Political and Public International Law
    • Constitutional Law
    • Political Law
    • Administrative Law (only the basic doctrines, excluding implementing rules abd regulations of government agencies)
    • Law on Public Officers
    • Public Corporations
    • Suffrage
    • Public International Law
  • Labor and Social Legislation
    • Labor Law (Labor Code of the Philippines, excluding the implementing rules and regulations)
    • Social Legislation
      • Social Security Law
      • Revised Government Service Insurance Act of 1977 (including Employees Compensation Act of 1977)
      • Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
  • Civil Law
    • Civil Code of the Philippines (excluding the Code of Muslim Personal Laws, Water Code, Rental Law, Law on Sale of Subdivision of Lots and Condominiums)
    • Family Code of the Philippines (including the Child and Youth Welfare Code)
    • Property Registration Decree (excluding the Public Land Law)
    • Conflict of Laws (Private International Law)
  • Taxation
    • General principles of Taxation
    • Republic Act No. 1125, creating the Court of Tax Appeals
    • National Internal Revenue Code (including the Expanded Value Added Tax or EVAT)
    • Tariff and Customs Code (excluding Arrastre and Classification of Commodities)
  • Mercantile Law
    • Negotiable Instruments Law and Other Allied Laws
      • Negotiable Instruments Law (with the Uniform Currency Act)
      • Merchants and Commercial Transactions (including Articles 1 to 63 of the Code of Commerce, Retail Trade Law, Bulk Sales Law)
      • Letters of Credit under the Code of Commerce
    • Insurance Code
    • Transportation Laws
      • Common Carriers (Articles 1732 to 1766 of the New Civil Code)
      • Commercial Contracts for Transportation Over Land (Articles 349 to 379 of the Code of Commerce)
      • Maritime Commerce
      • Public Service Act
    • Corporation Law
      • Corporation Code
      • Securities Act
      • Banking Laws
        • Laws on Secrecy of Bank Deposits
        • Deposit Insurance Corporation
        • Trust Receipts Law (excluding the General Banking Act)
      • Other Special Laws
        • Chattel Mortgage Law
        • Warehouse Receipts Law
        • Laws on Intellectual Creations
          • Copyright Law
          • Patent Law
          • Trademark Law
        • Insolvency Law
        • Truth in Lending Act
  • Criminal Law
    • Revised Penal Code (Books I & II excluding penalties for specific felonies)
    • Indeterminate Sentence Law
    • Probation Law
    • Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
    • Anti-Fencing Law
    • Bouncing Checks Law
    • Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972
    • Heinous Crimes Law (excluding penalties)
  • Remedial Law
    • Revised Rules of Court
    • 1991 Revised Rule on Summary Procedure
    • Local Government Code on Conciliation Procedures (Chapter VII)
    • Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 (excluding purely administrative provisions, Military Justice Law, Judiciary Act of 1948, and the Law Reorganizing the Court of Agrarian Relations)
  • Legal Ethics and Practical Exercises
    • Legal Ethics
    • Judicial Ethics
    • Code of Professional Responsibility
    • Grievance Procedures (Rules 139-B, Revised Rules of Court)
    • Forms

Grading system

The eight bar subjects are separately graded. Each subject contributes to the general average in the following proportion:[12]

  • Civil Law - 15%
  • Labor and Social Legislation - 10%
  • Mercantile Law - 15%
  • Criminal Law - 10%
  • Political and International Law - 15%
  • Taxation - 10%
  • Remedial Law - 20%
  • Legal Ethics and Practical Exercises - 5%

The passing average fixed by law is 75%, with no grade falling below 50% in any bar subject.[13]

Passing average vs. Passing rate

The passing average is the minimum grade in the exam required to be admitted to the practice of law. The passing rate is the proportion of total number of bar passers in relation to the total number of bar examinees. It is usually computed on two levels--the national level (national bar passing rate), and the law school level (law school passing rate).

In the past, passing averages were considerably lower to admit more new lawyers (i.e. 69% in 1947, 69.45% in 1946, 70% in 1948). Since 1982, the passing average has been fixed at 75%. This has led to a dramatic decrease in the national passing rate of bar examinees, from an all-time high of 75.17% in 1954 to an all-time low of 16.59% in 1999. In recent years, the annual national bar passing rate ranges from 20% to 30%.[14]

Law school passing rates

Law schools with the highest bar passing rates include:[15]

Schools with more than 30 examinees:

Schools with 30 or less examinees:

Bar topnotchers

Bar topnotchers are bar examinees who garnered the highest bar exam grades in a particular year. Every year, the Supreme Court releases the bar top ten list. The list contains the names of bar examinees who obtained the ten highest grades. It is possible for more than ten examinees to place in the top ten because numerical ties in the computation of grades usually occur.[16]

Schools which have produced bar topnotchers (1st placers) include:[17]

Two bar examinees topped the bar exams without graduating from any Philippine law school:[18]

  • Jose Diokno - former Senator of the Philippines; 1st placer, 1945 bar exams (Mr. Diokno, who tied for Number One with Mr. Jovito Salonga in the 1945 Bar Exams, would have graduated from the Philippine Law School had not World War II supervened. Mr. Diokno's success in the bar exams is further underscored by the fact that he was also under-age){{fact]}
  • Carolina C. Griño-Aquino - former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; 1st placer, 1950 bar exams (Ms. Aquino, wife of Mr. Ramon Aquino, 6th placer in 1939 Bar Exams, is officially a graduate of the UP College of Law although she took her first two years of law school at the Colegio de San Agustin)[citation needed]

In the past, non-law school graduates were allowed to take the bar. However, the Revised Rules of Court and Supreme Court Circulars only allow Philippine law graduates to take the bar, necessarily excluding non-law graduates and foreign law graduates from taking part in the exercise.[19]

Highest and lowest topnotcher grades

Among all bar topnotchers, the highest general average is 96.7%, attained by Florenz D. Regalado (future Supreme Court Associate Justice) of San Beda College of Law in 1954, but it was former senator Tecla San Andres-Ziga who became the first woman to top the bar, scoring 89.4 percent in 1930. In 1913, pre-war record was made by Manuel Roxas with 92%, but in 1914, Manuel Goyena beat the record at 93%. Senator San Andres-Ziga (1963-1969) record was broken in 1937 by Cecilia Munoz-Palma with 92.6%. In 1936, Diosdado Macapagal, the 9th president, topped the bar exams with a mark of 89.85%. In 1939, Ferdinand Marcos got the highest score of 92.35 %. In 1944, Jovito Salonga and Jose W. Diokno tied the highest score of 95.3%.[20]

The lowest is 83.55%, obtained by Ateneo Law School's Mercedita L. Ona, 83.55%, 2008, which erased the prior record of 84.10%, obtained by Adolfo Brillantes of Escuela de Derecho de Manila (now Manila Law College Foundation) in 1920.[21][22]

Highest scores in specific bar subjects

While no bar examinee has ever reached a 100% general average, several bar examinees have garnered perfect and near-perfect grades in specific bar subjects.

In 1953, Juan Ponce Enrile (future Senator) of the University of the Philippines College of Law earned 100% in Taxation Law and placed 11th in the bar exams of that year.[23]

In 1955, Raul Gonzales (future Secretary of Justice) of the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law earned 99% in Remedial Law and 95% in International Law. However, he did not place in the top ten.[24]

In 1997, Maria Celia H. Fernandez of the University of the Philippines College of Law earned 100% in Legal Ethics and emerged as the year's bar topnotcher.[25]

In 2001, Rodolfo Ma. A. Ponferrada, that year's valedictorian of the University of the Philippines College of Law obtained perfect scores of 100% in Remedial Law, the highest weighted of the bar subjects, as well as Criminal Law. The difference (3.75%) between his final bar examination score (93.80%) and that of the second-placer, Jesus Paolo U. Protacio (90.05%), that year's valedictorian of the Ateneo de Manila Law School, is the highest of all time. That year's valedictorian of the San Beda College of Law, Adonis V. Gabriel, placed 8th (88.25%).[citation needed]

In 2005, Gladys V. Gervacio of the University of Perpetual Help-Rizal earned 100% in two bar subjects--Legal Ethics and Labor Law. She placed 6th in the bar exams of that year.[26]

Increasing difficulty

The difficulty of the recent bar examinations, compared to exams of the past, can be attributed to the following factors:[27]

  • The growing volume of Philippine case and statutory laws is unprecedented. Laws, jurisprudence, and legal doctrines of the past constitute only a small fraction of contemporary Philippine legal materials, which are increasing on a daily basis.[28]
  • The 75% passing average with no grade lower than 50% in any subject is already fixed by law. Actual candidates who scored 74.99% in the general average were not admitted to the practice of law, unless they retake the bar exams.[29]
  • The Three-Failure Rule is now in place. Candidates who have failed the bar exams for three times are not permitted to take another bar exam until they re-enroll and pass regular fourth-year review classes and attend a pre-bar review course in an approved law school.[30]
  • The Five-Strike Rule is implemented since 2005. The rule limits to five the number of times a candidate may take the Bar exams. The rule disqualifies a candidate after failing in three examinations. However, he is permitted to take fourth and fifth examinations if he successfully completes a one year refresher course for each examination.[31]
  • The four-year bachelor's degree is required before admission to law school. Hence, every bar examinee has to hold at least two degrees--one in law and one in another field. In the past, law schools readily admit high school graduates and two-year Associate in Arts degree holders.[32]

After the end of the Second World War, the passing rate in the succeeding years was remarkably high, ranging from 56 to 72% percent. However, after Associate Justice J.B.L. Reyes, a noted scholar, was appointed Chairman of the 1955 Bar Examinations, the passing rate for that year dropped dramatically to 26.8%, with a mortality rate of 73.2%. That ratio has been invariably maintained in the 50+ years since.[33]

Waiting period

The largely essay-type exams are manually checked by members of the Committee of Bar Examiners. Candidates have to wait from the last Sunday of the bar exams in September up to the date of the release of results, which traditionally happens before or during the Holy Week (the last week of March or the first week of April) of the following year.

During this period, candidates (who already hold law and bachelor's degrees) may opt to work in law firms and courts as legal researchers, teach in liberal arts and business colleges, function in companies and organizations using their pre-law degrees (i.e. Communication Arts, Accounting, Economics, Journalism, etc.), help run the family business, or take a long vacation.[34]

Admission of Successful Bar Examinees

The Office of the Bar Confidant of the Philippine Supreme Court releases the Official List of Successful Bar Examinees, usually during the last week of March or the first week of April of every year. Candidates whose names appear in the list are required to take and subscribe before the Supreme Court the corresponding Oath of Office.[35]

Candidates shall take an Oath of Office and sign their names in the Roll of Attorneys of the Supreme Court.[36] The oath-taking is usually held in May at the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) with a formal program where all Justices of the Supreme Court, sitting en banc, formally approve the applications of the successful bar candidates. The eight bar examiners are officially introduced to the public. A message to the newly inducted lawyers is delivered by one of the justices. Candidates who made the bar top ten list are also introduced and honored. The deans of all Philippine law schools are requested to attend the ceremony and grace the front seats of the plenary hall.[37]

Bar Top Ten List

The Office of the Bar Confidant releases an official Bar Top Ten list together with the list of names of all successful bar examinees. The Bar Top Ten contains the names of the candidates who garnered the ten highest general averages in the bar exam for that year. The highest ranking candidate in the list is known as the bar topnotcher. The list has always been the subject of much media attention and public speculation.[38]

Making a place in the list is widely regarded as an important life achievement, an attractive professional qualification, and a necessary improvement in a lawyer's professional and social status.[39]

Famous bar top ten placers

Prominent lawyers who made the bar top ten include:[40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]

Presidents and Vice Presidents

Supreme Court and Court of Appeals Justices

  • Roberto Concepcion - former Philippine Chief Justice; 1st placer, 1924 Bar Exams
  • Claudio Teehankee - former Philippine Chief Justice; 1st placer, 1940 Bar Exams
  • Pedro Yap - former Philippine Chief Justice; 1st placer, 1946 Bar Exams
  • Ricardo Paras - former Philippine Chief Justice; 2nd placer, 1913 Bar Exams
  • Andres Narvasa - former Philippine Chief Justice; 2nd placer, 1951 Bar Exams
  • Jose Yulo - former Philippine Chief Justice; 3rd placer, 1913 Bar Exams
  • Artemio Panganiban - former Philippine Chief Justice; 6th placer, 1960 Bar Exams
  • Ramon Aquino - former Philippine Chief Justice; 9th placer, 1939 Bar Exams
  • Jose P. Laurel - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 2nd placer, 1915 Bar Exams
  • J.B.L. Reyes - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 6th placer, 1922 Bar Exams
  • Cecilia Muñoz Palma - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 1st placer, 1937 Bar Exams
  • Ambrosio Padilla - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 3rd placer, 1934 Bar Exams
  • Ameurfina Melencio Herrera - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 1st placer, 1947 Bar Exams
  • Irene Cortes - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 9th placer, 1948 Bar Exams
  • Carolina A. Griño-Aquino - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 1st placer, 1950 Bar Exams
  • Isagani A. Cruz - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 8th placer, 1951 Bar Exams
  • Florentino Feliciano - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 6th placer, 1952 Bar Exams
  • Florenz D. Regalado - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 1st placer, 1954 Bar Exams
  • Adolfo Azcuna - Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 4th placer, 1962 Bar Exams
  • Antonio Eduardo Nachura - Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 7th placer, 1967 Bar Exams
  • Presbitero Velasco, Jr. - Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 6th placer, 1971 Bar Exams
  • Antonio Carpio - Philippine Supreme Court Justice; 6th placer, 1975 Bar Exams
  • Bienvenido V. Reyes - former Philippine Court of Appeals Presiding Justice; 5th placer, 1954 Bar Exams
  • Salome A. Montoya - former Philippine Court of Appeals Presiding Justice; 6th placer, 1954 Bar Exams
  • Alicia V. Sempio-Dy - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 5th placer, 1950 Bar Exams
  • Oscar M. Herrera - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 8th placer, 1953 Bar Exams
  • Demetrio Demetria - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 2nd placer, 1964 Bar Exams
  • Mario Guariña III - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 2nd placer, 1967 Bar Exams
  • Lucas Bersamin - Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 9th placer, 1973 Bar Exams
  • Arturo D. Brion - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 1st placer, 1974 Bar Exams
  • Celia Librea-Leagogo - Philippine Court of Appeals Justice; 5th placer, 1981 Bar Exams

Senators and Representatives

Appointees and career service officials

Local officials

Academe

Hildegardo F. Iñigo - former Dean, Ateneo de Davao University College of Law and Bar Reviewer, 8th placer, 1966 Bar Exams

Private sector

1st place in the Philippine Bar Examinations

Name Year School Hometown
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
Manuel Roxas 1913 University of the Philippines Roxas City, Capiz
Manuel Goyena 1914 Manuel L. Quezon University
Francisco Villanueva 1915 University of the Philippines
Paulino Gullas 1916 University of the Philippines
Felipe Ismael 1917 University of the Philippines
Alejo Labrador 1918 University of the Philippines
Gregorio Anonas 1919 Philippine Law School
Adolfo Brillantes 1920 Escuela de Derecha
Pablo C. Payawal 1921 University of the Philippines
Amando L. Velila 1922 University of the Philippines
Roque Desquitado 1923 University of the Philippines
Roberto Concepcion 1924 University of Sto. Tomas Manila
Rafael Dinglasan 1925 University of the Philippines
Eugeniano Perez 1926 Philippine Law School
Cesar Kintanar 1927 University of the Philippines
Filomeno B. Pascual 1928 Philippine Law School
Lorenzo Sumulong 1929 University of the Philippines Manila
Tecla San Andres 1930 University of the Philippines
Jose Leuterio 1931 University of the Philippines
Hermenegildo Atienza 1932 University of the Philippines
Lope C. Quimbo 1933 University of Manila
Marciano P. Catral 1934 Philippine Law School
Enrique Estrellado 1935 University of the Philippines
Diosdado Macapagal 1936 University of Sto. Tomas Lubao, Pampanga
Cecilia Muñoz-Palma 1937 University of the Philippines Bauan, Batangas
Emmanuel Pelaez 1938 University of Manila Medina, Misamis Oriental
Ferdinand Marcos 1939 University of the Philippines Sarrat, Ilocos Norte
Claudio Teehankee 1940 Ateneo de Manila University Manila
Emmet P.D. Shea 1941 University of the Philippines
1942
1943
Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno 1944 University of the Philippines(Salonga)/ Special(Diokno) Pasig (Salonga)
Gregoria Cruz 1945 University of the Philippines
Pedro Yap 1946 University of the Philippines San Isidro, Leyte
Ameurfina Melencio Herrera 1947 University of the Philippines
Manuel Montecillo 1948 Far Eastern University
Anacleto C. Mañgaser 1949 Philippine Law School
Carolina A. Griño-Aquino 1950 Special
Vicente R. Acsay 1951 University of Manila
Pedro Samson C. Animas 1952 University of the Philippines
Leonardo A. Amores 1953 University of Manila
Florenz D. Regalado 1954 San Beda College Concepcion, Iloilo
Tomas P. Matic, Jr. 1955 Far Eastern University
Francisco C. Catral 1956 San Beda College
Gregorio R. Castillo 1957 University of the Philippines
Manuel G. Abello 1958 University of the Philippines
Agustin O. Benitez 1959 Far Eastern University
Ismael Andres 1960 Manuel L. Quezon University
Avelino V. Cruz 1961 San Beda College
Deogracias G. Eufemio 1962 University of the Philippines
Cornelio C. Gison 1963 Ateneo de Manila University
Jesus P. Castelo 1964 San Beda College
Victor S. de la Serna 1965 San Beda College
Roberto San Jose 1966 University of the Philippines
Rodolfo D. Robles 1967 San Beda College
Oscar B. Glovasa 1969 Divine Word College of Tagbilaran,now Holy Name University
Ronaldo B. Zamora University of the Philippines
Romulo D. San Juan 1970 University of the Philippines
Henry R. Villarica 1971 University of the Philippines
Januario B. Soller, Jr. 1972 Ateneo de Manila University
Vicente R. Solis 1973 Ateneo de Manila University
Arturo D. Brion 1974 Ateneo de Manila University Manila
Nicanor B. Padilla, Jr. 1975 University of the East
Enrique Y. Teehankee 1976 University of the Philippines
Virgilio B. Gesmundo 1977 Ateneo de Manila University
Cosme D. Rosell 1978 University of the Philippines
Gregorio M. Batiller, Jr. 1979 Ateneo de Manila University
Rafael R. Lagos 1980 University of the Philippines
Irene Ragodon-Guevarra 1981 Ateneo de Manila University
Ray C. Espinosa 1982 Ateneo de Manila University
Manuel Antonio J. Teehankee 1983 Ateneo de Manila University
Richard M. Chiu 1984 Ateneo de Manila University
Janette Susan L. Peña 1985 University of the Philippines
Laurence L. Go 1986 Ateneo de Manila University
Mario P. Victoriano 1987 Ateneo de Manila University
Maria Yvette O. Navarro 1988 University of the Philippines
Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo C. Teodoro, Jr. 1989 University of the Philippines
Aquilino L. Pimentel III 1990 University of the Philippines Cagayan de Oro City
Joseph P. San Pedro 1991 Ateneo de Manila University
Jayme A. Sy, Jr. 1992 Ateneo de Manila University
Anna Leah Fidelis T. Castañeda 1993 Ateneo de Manila University
Francisco Noel R. Fernandez 1994 University of the Philippines
Leonor Y. Dicdican 1995 University of the Philippines
Patrcia-ann T. Progalidad 1996 University of the Philippines
Ma. Cecilia H. Fernandez 1997 University of the Philippines
Janet B. Abuel 1998 University of the Cordilleras
Edwin R. Enrile 1999 Ateneo de Manila University
Eliseo M. Zuñiga, Jr. 2000 University of the Philippines
Rodolfo Ma. A. Ponferrada 2001 University of the Philippines
Arlene Maneja 2002 University of Sto. Tomas
Aeneas Eli S. Diaz 2003 Ateneo de Manila University
January A. Sanchez 2004 University of the Philippines
Joan A. De Venecia 2005 University of the Philippines
Noel Neil Q. Malimban 2006 University of the Cordilleras
Mercedita L. Ona 2007 Ateneo de Manila University

See also

References

  1. ^ Inquirer.net, First bar exam in RP held in 1901, with 13 test takers
  2. ^ Inquirer.net, 1,289 pass bar exams
  3. ^ Section 5, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  4. ^ Section 6, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  5. ^ Section 2, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  6. ^ Section 12, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  7. ^ Section 12, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  8. ^ Section 12, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  9. ^ Rufus Rodriguez. Slaying the Bar Exams Dragon. Rex Bookstore, 2002.
  10. ^ Section 11, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  11. ^ Rufus B. Rodriguez. Slaying the Bar Exams Dragon. Rex Bookstore, 2002.
  12. ^ Section 14, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  13. ^ Section 14, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  14. ^ Bar Passing Percentage from 1946-2003. The Practice: Business & Leisure Magazine for Lawyers. August-September 2004 Issue.
  15. ^ Bar Passing Percentage from 1946-2003. The Practice: Business & Leisure Magazine for Lawyers. August-September 2004 Issue.
  16. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  17. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  18. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  19. ^ Section 5, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  20. ^ Inquirer.net, Regalado’s 96.7% remains unsurpassed in RP bar exams history
  21. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  22. ^ GMA NEWS.TV, Women outshine men in RP bar exams
  23. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  24. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  25. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  26. ^ List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006, Office of the Bar Confidant, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  27. ^ Bar Passing Percentage from 1946-2003. The Practice: Business & Leisure Magazine for Lawyers. August-September 2004 Issue.
  28. ^ Rufus B. Rodriguez. Legal Research. Rex Bookstore, 2002.
  29. ^ Bar Passing Percentage from 1946-2003. The Practice: Business & Leisure Magazine for Lawyers. August-September 2004 Issue.
  30. ^ Section 6, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  31. ^ Supreme Court resolution in Bar Matter No. 1161. 2005.
  32. ^ Section 6, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  33. ^ JBL: Selected Speeches and Essays in Honor of Justice Jose B.L. Reyes, p. 57-58
  34. ^ Ricardo B. Teruel. Practical Lawyering in the Philippines. Revised Edition. Central Professional Books, 1999.
  35. ^ Section 17, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  36. ^ Section 19, Rule 138, Revised Rules of Court.
  37. ^ Rufus B. Rodriguez. Slaying the Bar Exams Dragon. Rex Bookstore, 2002.
  38. ^ "Results of the Philippine Bar Exams." TV Patrol World, ABS-CBN, March 2006.
  39. ^ "Results of the Philippine Bar Exams." TV Patrol World, ABS-CBN, March 2006.
  40. ^ Roll of Attorneys of the Supreme Court, June 2007.
  41. ^ Faculty and alumni list, Ateneo School of Law, June 2007.
  42. ^ Faculty and alumni list, FEU Institute of Law, June 2007.
  43. ^ Faculty and alumni list, Lyceum of the Philippines College of Law, June 2007.
  44. ^ Faculty and alumni list, MLQU College of Law, June 2007.
  45. ^ Faculty and alumni list, San Beda College of Law, June 2007.
  46. ^ Faculty and alumni list, San Sebastian College-Recoletos College of Law, June 2007.
  47. ^ Faculty and alumni list, UE College of Law, June 2007.
  48. ^ Faculty and alumni list, UP College of Law, June 2007.
  49. ^ Faculty and alumni list, UST Faculty of Civil Law, June 2007.
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