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Gunnhild, Mother of Kings

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 76.181.33.41 (talk) at 20:48, 30 December 2008 (This article has been tagged by the homophobe arsenal). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Brian Beacock
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Cum-guzzler
Phylum:
Penis eater
Subphylum:
One-Inch Penis
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Gay
Family:
Queeria

Your mother
Homosexual

Man rapist

This article has been tagged by the homophobe arsenal 8===========D

The Brian Beacock is a mammal primarily found in Studio City, California. As of December 21, 2008, there is only one in the world, making it an endangered species. We are incredibly thankful for that.

Habitat

The Beacock primarily inhabits voice acting studios and male-only strip clubs. It can commonly be found in the beds of men, attempting to have intercourse with said men. To Beacock-proof your house, either populate it with hot chicks or post naked females all over the place. and you will be safe.

Behavior

The Beaock is known to frequently make love with other men, often by force (rape). It also emits a terrible sounding vocalization that is commonly featured in shitty non-union voice acting projects such as Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World which features Johnny Yong Bosch, a normally good voice actor, sounding like Michael Jackson. This resulted in the character of Lloyd Irving being raped vigourously.

Prey and Diet

The Beaock primarily feasts on cum of other males. It most frequent target is the Aloysius Snuffleupagus, a mammoth-like creature that lives on Sesame Street. It frequently must eat buckets of jizz ejaculated by Beacock. The mammoth then must regurgitate said jizz into Beacock's mouth and butt-hole.

The Beaock often visits McDonald's, where it orders a McPenis Filet and roughly twenty cumshakes from Fernando Jose, the waiter behind the counter.

Background

Brian Beacock was born to Amina and Arnold Beacock. The Beacocks, devout Scientologists, believed Brian was the reincarnation of L. Ron Hubbard, showering him with gifts and praise. The younger Beacock generally got anything he wanted, so one day, he asked to show up for his fifth grade Christmas party completely and totally naked. When he arrived, many of the children (and teachers) laughed at him and said "Ha! He's got a cock smaller than a bee!". From thereon out, Brian was reffered to as "Bee-cock".

This turn of events resulted in Brian Beacock turning gay. He eventually graduated high school with a 0.2 GPA (he was allowed to graduate because his cum-guzzling acting in the school plays resulted in low turnouts). Brian then attended college at Scmuckworth's School for the Mentally Impaired. He participated in a number of plays there, and was often molested by the costumed mascots.

Afterwords, Brian left to pursue voice acting. All of the voice directors have hired him as a prank to the fans. Unbeknownst to Tales fans, Namco Bandai went non-union for their games, resulting in Scott Menville getting laid off and replaced by the queer.

Personal Life and Relationships

Brian Beacock is openly gay. He has dated numerous refined individuals throughout his career. He is currently obsessed with Tom Cruise because "his eyes are, like, totally dreamy". He also fucked a bufallo. Not even a gay Michael Jackson Brute would fuck him. Even in "Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World", the English version contains a new title for Lloyd called "Peter Puffer". It maxes out his stats and level and gets a new hi-ougi (Mystic Arte) called Cum Shake, where he summons Snuffleupagus who guzzles his cum during the extension. He is also known to act like a castrated hypocrite.

Brian Beacock has had a very publicized relationship with Snuffleupagus. "Snuffy" has been very outspoken about Beacock's abusive behavior. "He makes me drink cumshakes all the time!" said Snuffy in a tearful interview.

Brian Beacock has one butt-baby, likely from Snuffleupagus, judging by the snout. His name is Jimbo and it currently runs a communist regime in a small town in Cambodia. On his son, Brian says, "I couldn't be happier! All those times I touched him between his legs must have really gotten him motivated. He really loves Goofy Time!".

Tales fan reaction

Brian Beacock has voiced Lloyd Irving numerous times due to the Namco's decision not to use union actors, resulting in Scott Menville, the original actor for the character, getting laid off. Fans destest Beacock for his portrayal of the character, and just wish he would flush himself down a toilet to heck.

Epic Battle With Scott Menville

Scott Menville, the original voice actor of Lloyd Irving, is said to be livid at his replacement for the sequel, Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World. Unfortunately, Beacock was hired instead. This resulted in Scott Menville stealing a mech from Area 51, blowing a hole through Beacock's man-whore house, and tearing his body in half. However, Beacock then patched himself together using the T-Virus and turned into a Megazord. Menville summoned Master Chief to aid him, and, riding on a unicorn, he demolished the Megazord. Beacock wasn't done yet- mounted on a castrated hypogriff, he took to the skies... completely naked. Menville took out a rocket launcher, blowing Beacock and his mount to smithereens. Beacock, after a lifetime of bad voice acting, has finally been shown divine justice. Beacock, however, survived, because, based on an autopsy of the body, the person in the battle was not in fact Beacock, but his brother, Brian Treecock.

Because of this incident, Scott Menville will return for a special edition of Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World titled Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World Knight of Ratatosk Edition. This is because Brian Beacock, the non-union voice actor of Lloyd Irving, is in the hospital due to being raped by a hot woman. This heterosexual experience has scarred and mentally impaired the cum-guzzling Beacock for the rest of his natural life. "I've never seen a case quite like this" said Dr. Schnizzamabuffet of Hayward Hospital for the Queer, "he keeps muttering 'my tiny dick... in that... that... hole... what was that... oh Xenu, please help me!". The rest of the original Symphonia cast will join Menville. "Our voice director had a homosexual threesome between himself, Mr. Beacock, and, judging from the surveilance camera from the back of a Buffalo Wild Wings in Polaris, Ohio, a man donning a Winnie the Pooh costume from Disney World. We apologize for hiring Beacock and his Gang of Fags™. We understand if you don't forgive us", said an unnamed Namco representative.

Filmography

Television

Film

Anime Roles

Video Game Roles


Awards and honors

Beacock shared the 2008 Video Game National Awards for Worst Voice Acting by a Cum-Guzzler.


"Gunnhild" redirects here. For other uses, see Gunnhild (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox Norwegian Royalty Gunnhild konungamóðir (mother of kings) or Gunnhild Gormsdóttir[1] (c. 910  –  c. 980) was the wife of Erik Bloodaxe (king of Norway 930–34, "king" of Orkney c. 937–54, and king of Jórvík 948–49 and 952–54). Gunnhild is a prominent figure in many Norse sagas, including Fagrskinna, Egil's Saga, Njal's Saga, and Heimskringla. Many of the details of her life are disputed, including her parentage. Gunnhild lived during a time of great change in Norway. Her father-in-law Harald Fairhair had recently united much of Norway under his rule. Shortly after his death, Gunnhild and her husband were overthrown and exiled. She spent much of the rest of her life in exile in Orkney, Jorvik and Denmark. A number of her many children with Erik became co-rulers of Norway in the late tenth century. What details of her life are known come largely from Icelandic sources; because the Icelanders were generally hostile to her and her husband, scholars regard some of the episodes reported in them as suspect.[2]

Origins

According to the 12th century Historia Norvegiae, Gunnhild was the daughter of Gorm the Old, king of Denmark, and Erik and Gunnhild met at a feast given by Gorm. Modern scholars have largely accepted this version as accurate.[3] In their view, her marriage with Erik was a dynastic union between two houses, that of the Norwegian Ynglings and that of the early Danish monarchy (who may have claimed descent from Ragnar Lodbrok), in the process of unifying and consolidating their respective countries. Erik himself was the product of such a union between Harald and Ragnhild, a Danish princess from Jutland.[4]

Gwyn Jones in particular supported the identification of Gunnhild as the daughter of Gorm, and regarded the stories of her origins in Halogaland in northern Norway and her tutelage by Finnish wizards as part of a general Icelandic hostility towards Gunnhild and Erik.[5]

Heimskringla and Egil's Saga, on the other hand, assert that Gunnhild was the daughter of Ozur Toti, a hersir from Halogaland.[6] Accounts of her early life vary between sources. Egil's Saga relates that "Eirik fought a great battle on the Northern Dvina in Bjarmaland, and was victorious as the poems about him record. On the same expedition he obtained Gunnhild, the daughter of Ozur Toti, and brought her home with him."[7]

Gwyn Jones regarded many of the traditions that grew up around Gunnhild in the Icelandic sources as fictional. [5] However, both Theodoricus monachus and the Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum report that when Gunnhild was at the court of Harald Bluetooth after Erik's death, the Danish king offered marriage to her; if valid these accounts call into question the identification of Gunnhild as Harald's sister, but their most recent editors follow Jones in viewing their accounts of Gunnhild's origins as unreliable.[8]

Copper carving (1767) by O.H. von Lode showing a Saami shaman with his rune drum (meavrresgárri)

Heimskringla relates that Gunnhild lived for a time in a hut with two Finnish wizards and learned magic from them. The two wizards demanded sexual favors from her, so she induced Erik, who was returning from an expedition to Bjarmland, to kill them. Erik then took her to her father's house and announced his intent to marry Gunnhild.[9] The older Fagrskinna, however, says simply that Erik met Gunnhild during an expedition to the Finnish north, where she was being "fostered and educated ... with Mǫttull, king of the Finns".[10]

Marriage with Erik

Harald I's division of Norway c. 930 CE.
Red - the domain of the High King of Norway.
Yellow areas are petty kingdoms assigned to Harald's kinsmen.
Purple - the domain of the jarls of Hlaðir.
Orange - the domain of the jarls of Møre.

Erik's kinslaying and exile

Gunnhild and Erik are said to have had the following children: Gamle, the oldest; then Guthorm, Harald, Ragnfrod, Ragnhild, Erling, Gudrod, and Sigurd Sleva.[11] Egil's Saga mentions a son named Rögnvald, but it is not known whether he can be identified with one of those mentioned in Heimskringla, or even whether he was Gunnhild's son or Erik's by another woman.

Gunnhild was widely reputed to be a völva, or witch.[12] Prior to the death of Harald Fairhair, Erik's popular half-brother Halfdan Haraldsson the Black died mysteriously, and Gunnhild was suspected of having "bribed a witch to give him a death-drink."[13] Shortly thereafter, Harald died and Erik consolidated his power over the whole country. He began to quarrel with his other brothers, egged on by Gunnhild, and had four of them killed, beginning with Bjørn Farmann and later Olaf and Sigrød in battle at Tønsberg.[14] As a result of Erik's tyrannical rule (which was likely greatly exaggerated in the sagas) he was expelled from Norway when the nobles of the country declared for his half-brother, Haakon the Good.[15]

Orkney and Jorvik

Erik, his family and his retainers set sail to Orkney, where they settled for a number of years. During that time Erik was acknowledged as "King of Orkney" by its de facto rulers, the jarls Arnkel and Erlend Turf-Einarsson.[16]

Gunnhild went with Erik to Jorvik when, at the invitation of Bishop Wulfstan, the erstwhile Norwegian king settled as client king over northern England.[17] At Jorvik, both Erik and Gunnhild may have been baptized.[18]

Baptism of Gunnhild. Illustration by Krohg.

Following Erik's loss of Jorvik and subsequent death at the Battle of Stainmore (954), the survivors of the battle brought word of the defeat to Gunnhild and her sons in Northumberland.[19] Taking with them all that they could, they set sail for Orkney, where they exacted tribute from the new jarl, Thorfinn Skullsplitter.[20]

Ultimately, however, Gunnhild decided to move on; marrying her daughter Ragnhild to Jarl Thorfinn's son Arnfinn, she took her other children and set sail for Denmark.[21]

Conflict with Egil Skallagrimsson

Gunnhild was the nemesis of Egil Skallagrimsson, and his saga and poetry present her in a particularly negative light. Egil was introduced to Erik by his older brother Thorolf, who was a friend of the prince, and the brothers were originally on good terms with Erik and Gunnhild.[22] However, during a sojourn in Norway around 930, Egil got into an inheritance dispute with certain members of Erik's court, during which he killed Bárðr of Atley, one of the king's retainers.[23]

Gunnhild ordered her two brothers to kill Egil and Thorolf. Egil killed the pair when they confronted him, greatly increasing the Queen's thirst for revenge.[24]

Picture of Egil in a 17th century manuscript of Egils Saga.

Erik then declared Egil an outlaw in Norway. Berg-Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egil, but was killed in his attempt to do so.[24] During his escape from Norway, Egil killed Rögnvald Eriksson, Erik's son.[25] He then cursed Erik and Gunnhild by setting a horse's head on a pole in a shamanic ritual (the pillar was a níðstöng or "níð-pole"; níð translates, roughly, to 'scorn' or 'curse'.) and saying:

"Here I set up a níð-pole, and declare this níð against King Erik and Queen Gunnhildr", — he turned the horse-head to face the mainland — "I declare this níð at the land-spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Erik and Gunnhild from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff-face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he rist runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse.[26]

The last encounter between Egil and Gunnhild occurred around 948 in Jorvik. Egil was shipwrecked on a nearby shore and came before Erik, who sentenced him to death. But Egil composed a drápa called "Höfuðlausn" in Erik's praise over a single night.[27] When he recited it in the morning, Erik gave him his freedom and forgave the killing of Rögnvald, against Gunnhild's wishes.[28]

Life after Erik

In Denmark

Gunnhild learns that Erik is dead. Illustration by Krohg.

After the death of her husband, Gunnhild took refuge with her sons at the court of Harald Bluetooth at Roskilde.[29] Tradition ascribes to Gunnhild the commissioning of the skaldic poem Eiríksmál in honor of her fallen husband.[30]

In Denmark, Gunnhild's son Harald was fostered by the king himself, and her other sons were given properties and titles.[31] As King Harald was involved in a war against Haakon's Norway, he may have sought to use Gunnhild's sons as his proxies against the Norwegian king.[32] One of her sons, Gamle, died fighting King Haakon around 960.[33]

Return to Norway

Battle between Gunnhild's sons and the army of Haakon. Illustration by Krohg.

Gunnhild returned to Norway in triumph when her remaining sons killed King Haakon at the Battle of Fitjar in 961. Ironically, the battle was a victory for Haakon's forces but his death left a power vacuum which Gunnhild's son Harald, with Danish aid, was able to exploit.[34] With her sons now ensconced as the lords of Norway, Gunnhild was from this time known as konungamóðir, or "Mother of Kings."[35]

During the reign of Harald Greyhide, Gunnhild dominated the court; according to Heimskringla she "mixed herself much in the affairs of the country."[36] Gunnhild's sons killed or deposed many of the jarls and petty kings that had hitherto ruled the Norwegian provinces, seizing their lands. Famine, possibly caused or exacerbated by these campaigns, plagued the reign of Harald.[37]

Among the kings slain (around 963) was Tryggve Olafsson whose widow Astrid Eriksdotter fled with her son Olaf Tryggvason to Sweden and then set out for the eastern Baltic.[38] According to Heimskringla Astrid's flight and its disastrous consequences were in response to Gunnhild having sent soldiers to kidnap or kill her infant son.[39]

Gunnhild and her sons. Illustration by Krohg.

Gunnhild was the patron and lover of Hrut Herjolfsson (or Hrútur Herjólfsson), an Icelandic chieftain who visited Norway during the reign of Gunnhild's son Harald.[40] Laxdaela Saga in particular describes the extent to which she became enamored of Hrut:

Gunnhild, the Queen, loved him so much that she held there was not his equal within the guard, either in talking or in anything else. Even when men were compared, and noblemen therein were pointed to, all men easily saw that Gunnhild thought that at the bottom there must be sheer thoughtlessness, or else envy, if any man was said to be Hrut's equal.[41]

She helped Hrut take possession of an inheritance by arranging the death of a man named Soti at the hands of her servant, Augmund and her son Gudrod.[42] When Hrut returned home, Gunnhild gave him many presents, but she cursed Hrut with priapism to ruin his marriage to Unn, daughter of Mord Fiddle; the two ultimately divorced.[43]

Gunnhild also showed great favor to Olaf the Peacock, Hrut's nephew, who visited the Norwegian court after Hrut's return to Norway. She advised him on the best places and items to trade and even sponsored his trade expeditions.[44]

Exile and death

Haakon Sigurdsson. Illustration by Krohg.

Haakon Sigurdsson, jarl of Hlaðir, arranged the death of Harald Greyhide around 971 with the connivance of Harald Bluetooth, who had invited his foster-son to Denmark to be invested with new Danish fiefs. Civil war broke out between Jarl Haakon and the surviving sons of Erik and Gunnhild, but Haakon proved victorious and Gunnhild had to flee Norway once again, with her remaining sons Gudrod and Ragnfred.[45] They went to Orkney, again imposing themselves as overlords over Jarl Thorfinn.[46] However, it appears that Gunnhild was less interested in ruling the country than in having a place to live quietly, and her sons used the islands as a base for abortive raids on Haakon's interests; the government of Orkney was therefore firmly in the hands of Thorfinn.[47]

Haraldskær Woman in a glass covered coffin, Vejle, Denmark

According to the Jomsvikinga Saga, Gunnhild returned to Denmark around 977 but was killed at the orders of King Harald by being drowned in a bog. The Ágrip and Theodoricus Monachus's Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium contain versions of this account.[48]

Gunnhild as an old woman. Illustration by Krohg.

In 1835, the body of a murdered or ritually sacrificed woman, the so-called Haraldskær Woman, was unearthed in a bog in Jutland. Because of the account of Gunnhild's murder contained in the Jomsviking Saga and other sources, the body was mistakenly identified as that of Gunnhild. Based upon the belief of her royal personage, King Frederick VI of Denmark commanded an elaborate sarcophagus be carved to hold her body. This royal treatment of Haraldskær Woman’s remains explains the excellent state of conservation of the corpse; conversely, Tollund Man, a later discovery, was not properly conserved and most of the body has been lost, leaving only the head as original material in his display. Later radiocarbon dating demonstrated that the Harakdskær Woman was not Gunnhild, but rather a woman who lived in the 6th century BCE, possibly of the Cimbri tribe.[49]

Gunnhild was a villain in Robert Leighton's 1934 novel Olaf the Glorious, a fictionalized biography of Olaf Tryggvason. She is the central character of the novel Mother of Kings by Poul Anderson,[50] (which makes her a granddaughter of Ragnvald Eysteinsson, accepts the version of her living with the Finnish warlocks and emphasizes her being a witch) and also appears in Cecelia Holland's The Soul Thief.[51]

Notes

  1. ^ Or, alternatively, Gunnhild Özurardóttir.
  2. ^ Jones 121–24.
  3. ^ For example, Bradbury 38; Orfield 129; Ashley 444; Alen 88; Driscoll 88, note 15.
  4. ^ Jones 94–95. The purported descent of Gorm from King Ragnar through his son Sigurd Snake-eye comes from, inter alia, Ragnarssona þáttr §§ 3–4; but many modern scholars regard the tales of Ragnar and his family as confused and unreliable. See, for example, Jones 204–211; Forte 69.
  5. ^ a b Jones 121–22.
  6. ^ For example, Harald Fairhair's Saga § 34. The Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum calls her father Ozurr lafskegg [dangling beard], thus also Fagrskinna; Driscoll § 5 & p. 88, note 15.
  7. ^ Egil's Saga § 37.
  8. ^ Theodoricus, § 6 & p. 64, note 54; Driscoll, § 11 & p. 91, note 39.
  9. ^ Harald Fairhair's Saga § 34.
  10. ^ Fagrskinna § 8.
  11. ^ Harald Fairhair's Saga § 46.
  12. ^ E.g., Harald Fairhair's Saga § 34; Njal's Saga §§ 5–8; Fox 289–310.
  13. ^ "Harald Fairhair's Saga" § 44.
  14. ^ Harald Fairhair's Saga §§ 45–46.
  15. ^ Jones 94–95.
  16. ^ Ashley 443–44; for an alternative reconstruction, see, for example Clare Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland (2007), 112–120.
  17. ^ According to the "Saga of Haakon the Good", it was King Athelstan of England who appointed Erik as ruler of Jorvik, but this is chronologically problematic; Athelstan died in 939. Ashley, among others, proposes that Erik received his commission from Athelstan but did not take it up until later. Ashley 443–44.
  18. ^ Saussaye 183.
  19. ^ Haakon the Good's Saga §§ 4–5.
  20. ^ Haakon the Good's Saga § 5.
  21. ^ Ashley 443; see also Haakon the Good's Saga § 5; Fagrskinna §§ 8–9. Ragnhild would later, according to the Orkneyinga Saga, murder Arnfinn, marry his brother Havard, murder him in turn, and then marry their brother Ljot. Ashley 443–44.
  22. ^ Egil's Saga § 36.
  23. ^ Egil's Saga §§ 56–58.
  24. ^ a b Egil's Saga §§ 59–60.
  25. ^ Egil's Saga § 60.
  26. ^ Egil's Saga § 60. the Icelandic source is, essentially, giving Egil credit for the ouster of Gunnhild and Erik from Norway.
  27. ^ He did so despite being pestered by the noise of a bird, which he believed was Gunnhild disguised with magic. Egil's Saga § 62
  28. ^ Egil's Saga § 64.
  29. ^ Haakon the Good's Saga § 10. As noted above, Harald may have been Gunnhild's brother or half-brother.
  30. ^ Jones 123; Fagrskinna § 8; Haakon the Good's Saga § 10.
  31. ^ Fagrskinna § 9; Haakon the Good's Saga § 10.
  32. ^ Haakon the Good's Saga § 10.
  33. ^ Haakon the Good's Saga § 26.
  34. ^ Jones 122.
  35. ^ Jones 123–24.
  36. ^ Jones 123–25; Harald Grafeld's Saga § 1.
  37. ^ Jones 123–25; Harald Grafeld's Saga §§ 2–17.
  38. ^ Jones 124–25; Olaf Tryggvason's Saga §§ 2–3.
  39. ^ Jones 131–32; Olaf Tryggvason's Saga § 3.
  40. ^ Ordower 41–61; Njal's Saga § 3
  41. ^ Laxdaela Saga § 19.
  42. ^ Njal's Saga § 5.
  43. ^ Njal's Saga §§ 5–8; Fox 289–310. In describing the problem to her father, Unn says "when he comes to me his penis is so large that he can't have any satisfaction from me, and we've both tried every possible way to enjoy each other, but nothing works." Njal's Saga § 7. Earlier, more prudish translations such as Sir George W. DaSent's 1861 edition merely reported cryptically that Hrut and Unn "did not pull together well as man and wife" and that Hrut "was not master of himself."
  44. ^ Laxdaela Saga § 21.
  45. ^ Olaf Tryggvason's Saga §§ 16–18.
  46. ^ Ashley 443; Olaf Tryggvason's Saga §§ 16–18.
  47. ^ Ashley 443.
  48. ^ See, generally, Ashley 443; Jomsvikinga Saga §§ 4–8.
  49. ^ "Haraldskaer Woman: Bodies of the Bogs", Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America, December 10, 1997. Radiochemical dating methods were not available until well into the twentieth century.
  50. ^ Tor Books, 2003
  51. ^ Forge Books, 2002.

References

  • Alen, Rupert (1997). Royal Families of Medieval Scandinavia, Flanders, and Kiev. Kingsburg: Kings River Publications. ISBN 0964126125. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0786706929.
  • Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415413954.
  • Chantepie de la Saussaye, Pierre Daniël (1902). Ginn & Co (ed.). The Religion of the Teutons. Boston and London. OCLC 895336. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Driscoll, Matthew J. (1995). London: Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 090352127X. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Text "title Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum a Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway" ignored (help)
  • Finlay, Alison (2003). Fargrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway: a Translation with Introduction and Notes. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9004131728.
  • Forte, Angelo (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521829922. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Fox, Denton. "Njals Saga and the Western Literary Tradition." Comparative Literature, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Autumn, 1963), p. 289–310.
  • Jones, Gwyn (1984). A History of the Vikings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019285139X.
  • Magnusson, Magnus (1960). Njal's Saga. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140441034. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Ordower, Henry. "Exploring the Literary Function of Law and Litigation in 'Njal's Saga.'" Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring – Summer 1991), pp. 41–61.
  • Orfield, Lester B. (2002). The Growth of Scandinavian Law. Union: Lawbook Exchange Ltd. ISBN 9781584771807.
  • Kellogg, Robert (2001). "Laxdaela Saga". The Sagas of Icelanders. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0141000031. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Sturluson, Snorri (1964). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway Lee Hollander. Austin: Published for the American-Scandinavian Foundation by the University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292730616. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Theodoricus monachus (1998). Historia De Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensuim. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. ISBN 0903521407. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Thorsson, Örnólfur (2000). "Egil's Saga". The Sagas of Icelanders: a Selection. New York: Viking Penguin Classics. ISBN 9780965477703.
  • Tunstall, Peter, trans. (2004). "The Tale of Ragnar's Sons (Translation)". Northvegr. Retrieved 2008-12-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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