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Gog and Magog

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The tradition of Gog and Magog (Hebrew: גוג ומגוג; Arabic: يأجوج و مأجوج) begins in the Bible with the reference to Magog, son of Japheth, in the Book of Genesis and continues in cryptic prophecies in the Book of Ezekiel which are echoed in the Book of Revelation and in the Qur'an. The tradition is very ambiguous, with even the very nature of the entities differing between sources. They are variously presented as men, supernatural beings (giants or demons), national groups, or lands. Gog and Magog occur widely in mythology and folklore.

Gog and Magog in religious works

Biblical References

The first occurrence of "Magog" in the Hebrew Bible is in the Table of Nations in Genesis 10, where Magog is the eponymous ancestor of a people or nation (without any accompanying apocalyptic symbolism, or mention of Gog, although "Magog" may mean "the land of Gog"):

2. The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras[1]

In this occurrence, Magog is clearly the name of a person, although in the anthropology proposed by Genesis, ethnic groups and nations are founded by, and usually named after, their founding ancestors. The names of Gomer, Tubal, Meshech, and Togarmah also occur in Ezekiel. The meaning of the name Gog is uncertain. However, the name "Gog" is listed as a descendant of Reuben at 1 Chronicles 5: 3, 4. [2]

The earliest known reference to "Gog" and "Magog" together is also in the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel:

38:2. Son of man, set thy face against Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him,[3]
3. And you shall say; So said the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal.[4]

Gog's Location and Intent

Gog is "of the land of Magog" situated in "the remotest parts of the earth." He is the "head chieftain ["great prince" or "chief prince"] of Meshech and Tubal." Although it is clear (in the Hebrew) that here Magog is a "land" (eretz) from verse 2, and that Gog is a "prince" from verse 3, different identifications have been made. The Interlinear Bible (Hebrew - Greek - English) states 2. as: "Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him."[5]

The lands mentioned all lay north of Israel, but the conspiracy embraced southern Hamitic members also- Ethiopia and Put down in Africa. Gog's role, therefore, is as commander of a massive assault force that applies tremendous pressures designed to crush God's people as though they were in a vise. Israel is described as "dwelling in the center of the earth." Ancient Israel was located at a central point as regards the Eurasian and African continents but also was the center of worship of the true God and was counted by him as "the pupil of his eye." (De 32:9,10; Zech 2:8) God draws Gog out by restoring and prospering his own name people, who seemingly have no protective "walls" to defend themselves. This incites Gog to manifest his malevolence toward them and attack.[6]

Identification of Gog

Efforts to identify Gog with some historically known ruler have not been successful. Most frequently suggested is "Gyges", king of Lydia in western Asia Minor, called "Guggu" in the records of Assyrian monarch Ashurbanipal.[7] Gyges, however, had died decades before the writing of Ezekiel's prophecy. Additionally, the prophecy itself places Gog's attack in "the final part of the years (or days)". For these reasons and the fact that none of the above mentioned names or places exist, the name Gog is evidently cryptic or symbolic, not being that of any known human king or leader.

The evidence points to a fulfillment in what is elsewhere called "the time of the end." (Daniel 11:35; 12:9; Rev 12:12) Bible scholars and commentators generally recognize the prophecy as relating to the time of the Messianic Kingdom. As an example, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge comments: "Gog appears as the leader of the last hostile attack of the world-powers upon the kingdom of God." Further aid is found in the book of Revelation. The central figure, or leader, of the earth-wide assault against the Messianic Kingdom and its subjects is Satan the Devil. He is the only person in the Biblical record who can be said to fulfill adequately the description and role assigned to 'Gog of Magog' in the prophecy given to Ezekiel. This attack by Satan and his crowd is what triggers the complete destruction of such Satanic forces by means of God's power. [8]

Is the Gog referred to in Revelation the same as the one in Ezekiel?

Revelation 20:8 also speaks of "Gog and Magog." Here, however, the reference is not to an individual commander, or ruler. Both names are shown to apply to "those nations in the four corners of the earth" who allow themselves to be misled by Satan after he is released from the symbolic "abyss". They advance "over the breadth of the earth" to encircle "the camp of the holy ones and the beloved city." This comes after the Millennial Rule over earth by Christ Jesus has reached its completion.

The use if the names "Gog and Magog" evidently serves to emphasize certain similarities between this post-Millennial situation and that of the earlier assault (prior to Satan's being abyssed.) Both in Ezekiel and Revelation, the opposers are numerous; the attack is the result of a widespread conspiracy and is directed against God's servants when they enjoy great prosperity. [9]

Qur'an

File:Yajooj and Majooj.jpg
A painting by Qasim, 16th century, illustrating the building of the wall

Gog and Magog appear in Qur'an sura Al-Kahf (The Cave chapter), 18:83-98, as Yajuj and Majuj (Ya'jūj and Ma'jūj or يأجوج و مأجوج, in Arabic). Some Muslim scholars[who?] contend that the Gog in Ezekiel verse 38:2 should be read Yajuj (there is a maqaph (מקף) or hyphen immediately before Gog in the Hebrew version which in some printings looks like the Hebrew letter "yod" or "Y"[citation needed]). The verses state that Dhul-Qarnayn (the one with two horns[10]) travelled the world in three directions, until he found a tribe threatened by Gog and Magog, who were of an "evil and destructive nature" and "caused great corruption on earth."[11] The people offered tribute in exchange for protection. Dhul-Qarnayn agreed to help them, but refused the tribute; he constructed a great wall that the hostile nations were unable to penetrate. They will be trapped there until doomsday, and their escape will be a sign of the end:

But when Gog and Magog are let loose and they rush headlong down every height (or advantage). Then will the True Promise draw near - (Qur'an 21:96-97)

The Qur'anic account of Dhul-Qarnayn follows very closely the "Gates of Alexander" story from the Alexander romance, a thoroughly embellished compilation of Alexander the Great's wars and adventures (see below). Since the construction of a great iron gate to hold back a hostile northern people was attributed to Alexander many centuries before the time of Islamic Prophet Muhammad and the recording of the Qur'an, most historians consider Dhul-Qarnayn a reference to Alexander (see Alexander the Great in the Qur'an). However, some Muslim scholars reject this attribution, associating Dhul-Qarnayn with some other early ruler, usually Cyrus the Great, but also Darius the Great.[12] Gog and Magog are also mentioned in some of the hadith, or sayings of Muhammad, specifically the Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, revered by Muslims.

Fourteenth century Muslim sojourner Ibn Battuta traveled to China on order of the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq, and encountered a large community of Muslim merchants in the city of Zaitun. He comments in his travel log that "Between it [the city] and the rampart of Yajuj and Majuj is sixty days' travel."[13] The translator of the travel log notes that Ibn Battuta confused the Great Wall of China with that supposedly built by Dhul-Qarnayn.[14]

Identifications

In Jewish traditions

In terms of extra-biblical Jewish tradition, Gog the "prince" has been explained by Rashi, Radak and others as being the King of the nation of Magog, descended from the son Magog of Japthet, the son of Noah. No particular nation is associated with them, nor is any particular territory beyond them being in the north of Israel.[15] Some Biblical scholars believe that Gyges (Ancient Greek: Γυγες), king of Lydia (687 BC-652 BC), is meant. In Assyrian letters, Gyges appears as Gu-gu, in which case Magog might be his territory in Anatolia; for in Assyrian, māt Gu-gu would be the normal way of designating 'the land of Gugu'.[16]

In his book Antiquities of the Jews, the Jewish historian and scholar Josephus identifies Magog with the Scythians,[17][18] but this name seems to have been used generically in antiquity for a number of peoples north of the Black Sea.[19]

The Jewish Talmud and Midrashim also deal with Magog's location, and use the names Gytia (גיתיא) and Germania (גרמניא), identified by later Jewish scholars as Kermania and Sattagydia, currently located in eastern Iran and Balochistan, which is also called Sakastan, meaning "home of the Scythians" (which were named by Josephus as Magogites).[20]

In Ahmadiyya Religion

The Ahmadiyya Community present the view that Gog and Magog represent one or more of the European nations. They associate European imperialism after the Age of Discovery with the reference to Gog and Magog's rule at the "four corners of the world" in the Christian Book of Revelation. Ahmadiyya founder Mirza Ghulam Ahmad linked Gog and Magog to the European nations and Russia.[21] His son and second successor, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad further expounds the connection between Europe and the accounts of Gog and Magog in the Bible, the Qur'an, and the hadith in his work Tafseer-e-Kabeer.[22]. According to this interpretation of Mahmood Ahmad in his commentary on Surah Al-Kahf (Urdu)[22], Gog and Magog were the descendants of Noah who populated eastern and western Europe long ago,[23] the Scythians.[24] According to Ahmadiyya teachings, the period of the cold War between the two superpowers, USA and the Soviet union (identified as Gog and Magog) or the influence of Communism and capitalism, the conflict and rivalry between the two and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union all occurred in accordance with the prophecies concerning Gog and Magog.[25] Ahmadis also cite the folkloric British interpretation of Gog and Magog as giants (see below) as support for their view.[26]

Affiliation with fire

Ahmadis point out that the Arabic words for Gog and Magog i.e. Yajuj and Majuj derive from the root word Ajjij (to burn, blaze, hasten) which suggests that Gog and Magog will excel all nations in harnessing fire to their service and shall fight their battles with fire. It can also allude to their fiery nature and their control of Atomic and Nuclear weapons. In his commentary of Surah-Al-Masadd, Mirza Mahmood Ahmad, the Second Ahmadiyya leader has interpreted the two hands of Abu-lahab (the father of flame) as Gog and Magog, the nations opposed to Islam that will ultimately be destroyed by the 'fire' of their own making.[27]

In the Alexander Romance

The older accounts influenced the authors of the Alexander Romance, a late and romanticized account of Alexander the Great's conquests. According to the Romance, Alexander came to a northern land devastated by incursions from barbarian peoples, including Gog and Magog. Alexander defends the land by constructing the Gates of Alexander, an immense wall between two mountains that will stop the invaders until the end times. In the Romance, these gates are built between two mountains in the Caucasus called the "Breasts of the World"; this has been taken as a reference to the historical "Caspian Gates" in Derbent, Russia. Another frequently suggested candidate is the wall at the Darial Gorge in Georgia, also in the Caucasus.

As Goths

Ambrose was the first to integrate the Goths in a Christian view of the world.[28] In a treatise, de fide, written in 378 at the request of Emperor Gratian, he took up the issue of the Goths because the Emperor was going to fight them on the Balkans in the Gothic War (376–382). In a comment on 39:10-11 Ez 39:10–11 he famously wrote: Gog iste Gothus est — "That Gog is the Goth".[29]

In the mid 390's, Jerome did not agree with this assessment. In his comment on 10:2 Gen 10:2, he argued that events had proven Ambrose wrong, and he instead identified the Goths with the Getae of Thrace. Augustine did not agree with Ambrose either. In his The City of God, written as a reaction to the sack of Rome (410) by Alaric I, he explained that Gog and Magog in the Book of Revelation are not a particular people in a particular place, but that they exist all over the world.[30]

In the Getica, written by Jordanes in 551 as an abbreviation of a lost work by Theoderic's chancellor Cassiodorus, Josephus is quoted for connecting Magog to the Scythians and so to the Goths.[31] However, this plays only a minor role in the elaborate origin myth in the Getica.

Isidore of Seville confirmed[32] that people in his day supposed that the Goths were descended from Japheth's son Magog "because of the similarity of the last syllable", and also mentions the view that they were anciently known as Getae. Many of the mountains peaks in the Caucasian mountains and land areas there retain the place name "Gog" in medieval European and Armenian maps.[citation needed] In the 7th century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius it is the messianic Last Roman Emperor who fights and destroys Gog and Magog, with divine aid. The 11th century historian Adam of Bremen considered Ezekiel's prophecy to have been fulfilled on the Swedes, a group related to the Goths.[33] Johannes Magnus (1488 - 1544) stated that Magog's sons were Sven and Gethar (also named Gog), who became the ancestors of the Swedes and the Goths.[34] Queen Christina of Sweden reckoned herself as number 249 in a list of kings going back to Magog.

As Khazars

Christian and Muslim writers sometimes associated the Khazars with Gog and Magog. In his 9th century work Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam, the Benedictine monk Christian of Stavelot refers to the Khazars as Hunnic descendants of Gog and Magog, and says they are "circumcized and observing all [the laws of] Judaism";[35] the Khazars were a Central Asian people with a long association with Judaism. The 14th century Sunni scholar Ibn Kathir also identified Gog and Magog with the Khazars who lived between the Black and Caspian Seas in his work Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End).[36][37] A Georgian tradition, echoed in a chronicle, also identifies the Khazars with Gog and Magog, stating they are "wild men with hideous faces and the manners of wild beasts, eaters of blood".[38] Another author who has identified this connection was the Arab traveller Ahmad ibn Fadlan. In his travelogue regarding his diplomatic mission to elteber (vassal-king under the Khazars), he noted the beliefs about Gog and Magog being the ancestors of the Khazars.[39]

As Israelites or Jews

The 14th-century Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a book of fanciful travels, makes a peripheral association between the Jews and Gog and Magog, saying the nation trapped behind the Gates of Alexander comprised the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.[40] Additionally, a German tradition claimed a group called the Red Jews would invade Europe at the end of the world. The "Red Jews" became associated with different peoples, but especially the Eastern European Jews and the Ottoman Turks.[41]

As Russia

According to one modern theory of dispensationalist Biblical hermeneutics, Gog and Magog are supposed to represent Russia. The Scofield Reference Bible's notes to Ezekiel claim that "Meshech" is a Hebrew form of Moscow, and that "Tubal" represents the Siberian capital Tobolsk. During the Cold War this identification led Hal Lindsey to claim that the Soviet Union would play a major role in the end times. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the retreat of Russia from the role of a military superpower, some commentators have attempted to cast some other country in the role of Gog.[citation needed] Apocalyptic author Louis Bauman claimed that the word "Caucasian" came from the Arabic term "gog-i-hisn" for the mountains there which means "fortress of Gog".[42] However, this identification is unanimously rejected by even the most conservative of credentialed biblical scholars working in accredited institutions of higher learning.[43] It should be noted that the Scythians, who were identified by Josephus and others as being Magog, lived in what is now Russia and Ukraine.[citation needed]

In The Travels of Marco Polo

In The Travels dictated by Marco Polo, Gog and Magog are regions of Tenduk, a province belonging to Prester John, and governed by one George, fourth in descent from the original John. According to this account Gog (locally Ung) is inhabited by a tribe called the Gog, whilst Magog (or Mongul) is inhabited by Tatars.

As Napoleon in Russia

During the Napoleon Bonaparte's Invasion of Russia, some Chasidic rabbis identified this major war and upheaval as "The War of Gog and Magog", which would precede the coming of the Messiah.[44]

Gog and Magog in Britain

Giants

Gog and Magog figures based on the British mythology, located in the Royal Arcade, Melbourne

Given this somewhat frightening Biblical imagery, it is odd that images of Gog and Magog depicted as giants are carried in a traditional procession in the Lord Mayor's Show by the Lord Mayor of the City of London. According to the tradition, the giants Gog and Magog are guardians of the City of London, and images of them have been carried in the Lord Mayor's Show since the days of King Henry V. The Lord Mayor's procession takes place each year on the second Saturday of November.

The Lord Mayor's account of Gog and Magog says that the Roman Emperor Diocletian had thirty-three wicked daughters. He found thirty three husbands for them to curb their wicked ways; they chafed at this, and under the leadership of the eldest sister, Alba, they murdered them. For this crime, they were set adrift at sea; they were washed ashore on a windswept island, which after Alba was called Albion. Here they coupled with demons, and gave birth to a race of giants, among whose descendants were Gog and Magog.[45]

An even older British connection to Gog and Magog appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's influential 12th century Historia Regum Britanniae, which states that Goemagot was a giant slain by the eponymous Cornish hero Corin or Corineus. The tale figures in the body of unlikely lore that has Britain settled by the Trojan soldier Brutus and other fleeing heroes from the Trojan War. Corineus is supposed to have slain the giant by throwing him into the sea near Plymouth. Wace (Roman de Brut), Layamon (Layamon's Brut) (who calls the giant Goemagog), and other chroniclers retell the story, which was picked up by later poets and romanciers. John Milton's History of Britain gives this version:

The Island, not yet Britain, but Albion, was in a manner desert and inhospitable, kept only by a remnant of Giants, whose excessive Force and Tyrannie had consumed the rest. Them Brutus destroies, and to his people divides the land, which, with some reference to his own name, he thenceforth calls Britain. To Corineus, Cornwall, as now we call it, fell by lot; the rather by him lik't, for that the hugest Giants in Rocks and Caves were said to lurk still there; which kind of Monsters to deal with was his old exercise.
And heer, with leave bespok'n to recite a grand fable, though dignify'd by our best Poets: While Brutus, on a certain Festival day, solemnly kept on that shore where he first landed (Totnes), was with the People in great jollity and mirth, a crew of these savages, breaking in upon them, began on the sudden another sort of Game than at such a meeting was expected. But at length by many hands overcome, Goemagog, the hugest, in hight twelve cubits, is reserved alive; that with him Corineus, who desired nothing more, might try his strength, whom in a Wrestle the Giant catching aloft, with a terrible hugg broke three of his Ribs: Nevertheless Corineus, enraged, heaving him up by main force, and on his shoulders bearing him to the next high rock, threw him hedlong all shatter'd into the sea, and left his name on the cliff, called ever since Langoemagog, which is to say, the Giant's Leap.

Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion preserves the tale as well:

Amongst the ragged Cleeves those monstrous giants sought:
Who (of their dreadful kind) t'appal the Trojans brought
Great Gogmagog, an oake that by the roots could teare;
So mighty were (that time) the men who lived there:
But, for the use of armes he did not understand
(Except some rock or tree, that coming next to land,
He raised out of the earth to execute his rage),
He challenge makes for strength, and offereth there his gage,
Which Corin taketh up, to answer by and by,
Upon this sonne of earth his utmost power to try.

Gog Magog Hills

Main article: Gog Magog Downs

The Gog Magog Downs are about three miles south of Cambridge, said to be the metamorphosis of the giant after being rejected by the nymph Granta (i.e. the River Cam). The dowser Thomas Charles Lethbridge claimed to have discovered a group of three hidden chalk carvings in the Gogmagog Hills. This alleged discovery is described at length in his book Gogmagog: The Buried Gods,[46] in which Lethbridge uses his discoveries to extrapolate a primal deity named 'Gog' and his consort, 'Ma-Gog', which he believed represented the Sun and Moon. Although his discovery of the chalk figures in the Gogmagog Hills has been dogged by controversy, there are similarities between the name and nature of the purported 'Gog' and the Irish deity Ogma, or the Gaulish Ogmios.

The Cambridge molly side, Gog Magog, take their name from these hills.

Gog and Magog in Ireland

Works of Irish mythology, including the Lebor Gabála Érenn (the Book of Invasions), expand on the Genesis account of Magog as the son of Japheth and make him the ancestor to the Irish. His three sons were Baath, Jobhath, and Fathochta. Magog is regarded as the father of the Irish race, and the progenitor of the Scythians, as well as of numerous other races across Europe and Central Asia.

Partholón, leader of the first group to colonize Ireland after the Deluge, was a descendant of Magog. The Milesians, or people of the 5th invasion of Ireland, were also descendants of Magog.

See also

References

  1. ^ Genesis 10:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
  2. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, pp. 980-981
  3. ^ Ezekiel 38:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
  4. ^ Ezekiel 38:3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book. The definitive study on Gog and Magog is likely[citation needed] that of Sverre Bøe, Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38-39 as Pre-text for Revelation 19,17-21 and 20,7-10 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck,2001).
  5. ^ Jay P. Green, Sr., 1986. On the grammatical case for the translation "Rosh" as a national name and the historical geography of the associated northern nations, see J. Ruthven, The Prophecy That Is Shaping History: New Research on Ezekiel's Vision of the End (Fairfax, VA: Xulon Press, 2003), 21-24 and passim.
  6. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, pp. 980-981
  7. ^ Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, by D. Luckenbill, 1927, vol. II, pp. 297,351,352
  8. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, pp. 980-981
  9. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Volume 1, pp. 980-981
  10. ^ Th. Nöldeke, "Beiträge Zur Geschichte Des Alexanderroman", Denkschriften Der Kaiserlichen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Classe, Volume 37, pp. 31,1890
  11. ^ Quran 18:94
  12. ^ Darial Gorge, where the dam most likey was built, is named after Darius I of Persia son of Hystaspes/Goshtâsb also named in old Persian Saga: Esfandiyar/Eskandiar (ie King/shah-- Darya=Xsven-Dariya as written on Behistun Inscriptions) son of Key Gushtasp/Goštâsp. It was this Esfandiyar who built the wall according to "Herodotes of the Arabs" Al-Masudi in his book "Le Praires d'or" I-III, Paris 1962-71 page 479). Darius was the only King ever who attacked the Goths in their homeland according to Jordanes and Herodotus memoralized in the Behistun Inscriptions as the campaign against Overseas Saka (the perthian name of the Goths-Gog), while King Cyrus was killed by in his war against the Goths (Saka) by their Queen Tomyris in Azerbaijan.
  13. ^ H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham, trans. The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Vol. IV). London: Hakluyt Society, 1994 (ISBN 0904180379), pg. 896
  14. ^ Gibb, pg. 896, footnote #30
  15. ^ See Mikraot Gedolot HaMeor pg 400
  16. ^ E. Lipiński (1993), "Gyges et Lygdamis: D’après les sources hébraïques et néo-assyriennes", in Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodia 24:65-71.
  17. ^ Flavius, Josephus: "Jewish Antiquities", book 1 chapter 6 page 123. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1930.
  18. ^ "Antiquities of the Jews", Book I, Chapter 6. From Interhack Library. Retrieved January 31, 2006.
  19. ^ Kulikowski, Michael (2007), Rome's Gothic Wars, ISBN 0521846331[page needed]
  20. ^ "Gog and Magog: Locating Magog". August 17, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2009.[unreliable source?]
  21. ^ The Essence of Islam
  22. ^ a b Tafseer e Kabeer, English version
  23. ^ Commentary on Surah Al-Lahab
  24. ^ Dictionary of the Qur'an
  25. ^ Islam and Communism
  26. ^ Ahmadiya English translation of Quran chapter: that describes Dhul-Qarnain king (Esfandiar or Darius the Great) building the dam at the Caspian Gates (Darial Gorge) to Bloc gog and Magog (the Goths or Caucasian race), Moses travels in Search of Knowledge
  27. ^ Surah A-Lahab Commentary
  28. ^ Arne Søby Christensen (2002), Cassiodorus, Jordanes, and the History of the Goths. Studies in a Migration Myth, p. 44, ISBN 978-87-7289-710-3 {{citation}}: External link in |title= (help)
  29. ^ Ambrose (378), "ch. 16", De Fide II {{citation}}: External link in |title= (help)
  30. ^ Augustine, "Of Gog and Magog", [[City of God (book)|The City of God]] {{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  31. ^ Jordanes, "ch. IV (29)", Getica
  32. ^ Isidore's Etymologiae, IX, 2.27, 2.89
  33. ^ Adam of Bremen (2002). History of the Archbishops of Hamburg Bremen. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231125755 pp. 30-1
  34. ^ Johannes Magnus, Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sveonumque regibus, 1554, I, Chapters 4-5, GMC., Cambridge Mass, oclc 27775895
  35. ^ Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
  36. ^ Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End)
  37. ^ Ibn Kathir, "Stories of the Prophets", page 54. Riyadh, SA Maktaba Dar-us-Salam, 2003
  38. ^ Schultze (1905), p. 23.[verification needed]
  39. ^ Collection of Geographical Works by Ibn al-Faqih, Ibn Fadlan, Abu Dulaf Al-Khazraji, ed. Fuat Sezgin, Frankfurt am Main, 1987
  40. ^ Unknown (1357 - 1371). "XXIX". [[John Mandeville|The Travels of Sir John Mandeville]] (.txt). Retrieved 2009-03-11. In that same region be the mountains of Caspian that men crepe Uber in the country. Between those mountains the Jews of ten lineages be enclosed, that men clepe Goth and Magoth and they may not go out on no side. There were enclosed twenty-two kings with their people, that dwelled between the mountains of Scythia. There King Alexander chased them between those mountains, and there he thought for to enclose them through work of his men. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  41. ^ Gow, Andrew Colin (1995). The red Jews: antisemitism in an apocalyptic age 1200-1600. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-10255-8. OCLC 31609058.[page needed]
  42. ^ Bauman, Louis S. (1942). Russian Events in the Light of Bible Prophecy. New York City: Fleming H. Revell. pp. 23–25. OCLC 4027061.
  43. ^ Block, Daniel I.: The Book of Ezekiel: Chapters 25-48 (New International Commentary on the Old Testament). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1998.
  44. ^ הנסיון להפוך את נפוליאון לגוג ומגוג "The Attempt to turn Napoleon into Gog and Magog", "Hashem1.net" (Israeli religious website in Hebrew)
  45. ^ Gog and Magog at the Lord Mayor's Show: official website. Accessed August 3, 2007.
  46. ^ Gogmagog: The Buried gods
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