2009 swine flu pandemic in Canada
Deaths Confirmed cases
2000+ cases 500+ cases 100+ cases 1+ cases
1+ deaths 5+ deaths 20+ deaths | |
Disease | Swine flu |
---|---|
Virus strain | H1N1 |
Origin | Thought to be Veracruz, Mexico |
Arrival date | 26 April 2009 |
Deaths | 56[1] |
Confirmed cases | 10,453[1] [2][3] |
The 2009 flu pandemic in Canada, part of an epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu, has (as of July 24, 2009) afflicted at least 10,456 people in Canada, with 56 confirmed deaths. Canada has the highest number of confirmed cases per capita in North America.[1]
Human cases
Alberta
As of July 22, there are 1,480 confirmed cases of swine flu in Alberta; there are 765 cases in the Edmonton area, 548 in the Calgary area, 51 in Central Alberta, 81 in Northern Alberta, 30 in Southern Alberta, and 5 out-of-country residents. This includes four severe cases.[4][5]On May 8, health officials in Alberta confirmed that swine flu contributed to the death of a woman in Northern Alberta on April 28, Canada's first death associated with the illness.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
On May 2, Canadian Food Inspection Agency executive vice-president Brian Evans announced that an infected Alberta farm worker recently returned from Mexico had apparently passed the virus to a swine herd in his care. Although the herd had been quarantined, Evans stressed that the infection represented no threat to food safety and judged the possibility of infected pigs passing the virus back to humans "remote". Evans said the infection of the herd was the first known case of the H1N1 virus being transmitted from humans to pigs.[12] Transmission from the same herd of pigs back to humans was revealed on 20 July, though it occurred on 7 May when the humans, health inspectors, were taking samples from the infected herd with improper self-protective measures. [13]
British Columbia
The initial cases in British Columbia involved two young men aged 25–35 from the B.C. Lower Mainland who had recently come back from Mexico, according to Danuta Skowronski, head of flu and respiratory illnesses at the BC Centre for Disease Control, run by the provincial government. The cases were discovered by normal flu testing conducted by the disease control center after the men had visited a doctor about flu-like symptoms. He noted the disease seemed "widespread" in Mexico and should not be mistaken by tourists to be linked only with urban Mexico City.[14] As of July 21, there are 434 cases in the province; 223 in Fraser Health, 104 in Vancouver Coastal, 33 in Northern British Columbia, 56 on Vancouver Island, and 18 in the Interior.[15] The first fatality in British Columbia caused by the H1N1 virus occurred on July 14, and was a young child who died within 24 hours of being rushed to the hospital.[16]
Manitoba
On May 3, the first case in Manitoba was confirmed in the Brandon area.[17] The second case of Manitoba was announced on May 12. The second case, a Winnipeg woman in her 50s has been infected with the virus, and has been admitted to hospital, although the province notes she also has an unidentified underlying medical condition. As of July 20, 2009, there are 831 confirmed cases in the province, with 6 deaths associated with the H1N1 virus.[18]
Newfoundland and Labrador
On June 13 Newfoundland and Labrador reported their first case of swine flu, becoming the final province to do so. The case involves a sample collected from a young man who was treated Thursday June 11 at the hospital in Grand Falls-Windsor.[19] As of July 21, there are 48 confirmed cases in the province.[20]
New Brunswick
On May 1, the first case in New Brunswick was confirmed to be present in Greater Moncton. The chief medical officer of health, Dr. Eilish Cleary, noted there would most likely be more cases emerging in the province.[21] New Brunswick confirmed another case on 4 May, with 2 cases in the province to that date.[22]
Northwest Territories
On June 1, the Northwest Territories confirmed their first case of swine flu.[23]
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia's chief medical officer, Dr. Robert Strang, said on April 26 that the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg confirmed late the previous day that four people in the province between the ages of 12 and 18 were recovering from "relatively mild" cases of the disease. The four people were students attending King's-Edgehill School preparatory school in Windsor, Nova Scotia. One of the infected students had been on a recent school trip to the Yucatán Peninsula in southern Mexico.[24][25] As of June 10, there had been 78 cases in the province.[26]
Furthermore, there is evidence that the disease spread beyond the first four Nova Scotia cases, as friends and relatives started to show symptoms. Robert Strang indicated that he expected the disease to spread to the rest of Nova Scotia within a few weeks.[27] On May 3, The Chronicle Herald reported that 17 more cases were confirmed, eleven related to the initial cases at King's Edgehill school in Windsor, with six more in the Halifax Regional Municipality.[28] As of July 20, 2009 there are 408 confirmed cases of the H1N1 flu, with 10 that required hospitalization.[26]There has been one confirmed death related to the swine flu in Nova Scotia on July 24th, 2009. A woman in her 50's in a Halifax Hospital has died after being admitted two weeks earlier.
Nunavut
On July 16, 2009, Nunavut reported its first swine flu death. There has been 405 cases of swine flu reported, 40 of which have required hospitalization.[29]
Ontario
On April 27, 2009, four cases were suspected to be swine flu in Ontario. This number grew to ten cases in five days.[30]
As of July 11, there were 2,999 confirmed cases of swine flu in the Greater Toronto Area, and 3,804 in total across the province of Ontario.[31] 1,536 cases had been confirmed in the City of Toronto, 662 in Peel, 481 in York, 205 in Halton, 115 in Durham (including at least three initially in Port Perry), and 76 in Hamilton.[31][32] The Toronto region had been a secondary epicentre during the 2003 SARS epidemic.[33] On May 25, Ontario Health Minister Josh Merrigan confirmed that a Toronto man in his 40s died of the H1N1 swine flu virus. On June 1, the virus was a contributing factor in the death of a 60-year-old man who had been hospitalized at Toronto Western Hospital. They also had a number of medical conditions.[34][35] A third death in Ontario is a man from the United States who was visiting Orangeville, Ontario. Later, an eight-year-old girl died from the virus in Peel, and on June 24, two more deaths were confirmed in Eastern Ontario, bringing the provincial total to six. As of early July; 2 cases of swine flu are in the Peterborough area.
Prince Edward Island
As of April 27, Prince Edward Island was investigating a number of suspected cases.[36] Prince Edward Island confirmed two cases in Charlottetown on May 4, the first in the province. As shown in the chart below, there were three other cases confirmed since then.[22]
Quebec
While early cases in Melrose and Quebec turned out not to be swine flu,[37] on April 30, 2009, the first case was confirmed in Québec in the Greater Montreal Area, with three more suspected cases under investigation. Another case was confirmed within the city of Montreal itself on May 2.[38] As of May 5, two more cases were discovered: one in Laval (spotted on May 4[39]) and another one in the Montérégie region.[40] All the cases showed mild symptoms, hence there was no need for medical treatment. Voluntary quarantine had been suggested. By 29 May, Quebec cases had risen to over 200 in total.[1] The Ministère de la Santé Québec considered over 500 cases of swine flu in the province as of June 7. This number was updated with 5 more cases on June 9. Quebec's total cases reached 1,116 on June 17.[1]
The first case of death was announced in Quebec on June 8, making the total of 4 deaths for Canada. The person was a more than 65-year-old woman suffering from respiratory diseases before being hospitalized on June 2. According to medical expertise, she had never traveled to Mexico and had no contact with those who did.[41] On June 13 Dr. Alain Poirier confirmed that a man in his 40s who had underlying health problems and a weakened immune system had died from swine flu. [42] His death was the second reported in the province and the fifth in Canada. This was followed by the third death happening early on June 14 of a mature woman suffering from hypertension. [43] On June 15, results of a medical expertise led on the body of an undisclosed teenager who had died on June 12, showed it to be from swine flu-related complications.[44] On June 16, Quebec reported a another 2 deaths bringing the province's total deaths to six. As of June 24, there are 11 deaths in the province.
Saskatchewan
On May 7, health officials in Saskatchewan confirmed two cases of swine flu in the Saskatoon and Regina areas, the first in the province.[45] As of July 22, there are 888 confirmed cases in the province; as of June 10 there were 112 in Saskatoon, 74 in Regina–Qu'Appelle, 14 in Five Hills RHA, 7 in Prince Albert Parkland, 6 in Heartland RHA, 5 in Kelsey Trail RHA, 2 in Sun Country RHA, and 1 in Keewatin Yatthé RHA.[46][47]
Yukon
On May 12, 2009, the Yukon Territory reported its first case of swine flu.[1]
Totals
Province/territory | Cases | Deaths | |
---|---|---|---|
Laboratory confirmed by Province/territory or PHAC | Suspected‡ | Confirmed | |
Totals | 10,989[1] | N/A‡ | 56 |
Alberta | 1,533[1][48] | N/A | 4[48] |
British Columbia | 434[1][15] | N/A | 2[15] |
Manitoba | 855[1][18] | N/A | 7[18] |
Newfoundland and Labrador | 48[1][20] | N/A | 0 |
New Brunswick | 42[1][49] | N/A | 0 |
Northwest Territories | 14[1] | N/A | 0 |
Nova Scotia | 458[26] | N/A[50] | 1[26] |
Nunavut | 405[1][51] | N/A | 1[52] |
Ontario | 3,804[1][53] | N/A[30] | 18[54] |
Prince Edward Island | 5[1][55] | N/A[2] | 0 |
Quebec | 2,506[1][56] | N/A[38][57] | 19[1] |
Saskatchewan | 888[58][46] | N/A[59] | 4[1] |
Yukon | 1[1] | N/A | 0 |
‡ Suspected cases were cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) that had not been confirmed as being due to this strain. Canadian provinces stopped reporting suspected cases by April 30, 2009.[2][3]
|
Cases per population
Pos. | Province/Terittory | Population | Confirmed cases |
Cases per 10,000 (Pop.) |
Confirmed deaths |
Mortality rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nunavut | 31,556 | 405 | 128.34 | 1 | 0.25 |
2 | Saskatchewan | 1,023,810 | 888 | 8.67 | 4 | 0.45 |
3 | Manitoba | 1,213,815 | 855 | 7.04 | 6 | 0.70 |
4 | Nova Scotia | 939,531 | 408 | 4.34 | 0 | 0 |
5 | Alberta | 3,632,483 | 1,480 | 4.07 | 3 | 0.20 |
6 | Northwest Territories | 42,940 | 14 | 3.26 | 0 | 0 |
7 | Quebec | 7,782,561 | 2,506 | 3.22 | 19 | 0.76 |
8 | Ontario | 12,986,857 | 3,804 | 2.93 | 16 | 0.42 |
9 | British Columbia | 4,419,974 | 434 | 0.98 | 1 | 0.23 |
10 | Newfoundland and Labrador | 508,990 | 48 | 0.94 | 0 | 0 |
11 | New Brunswick | 748,319 | 42 | 0.56 | 0 | 0 |
12 | Prince Edward Island | 140,402 | 5 | 0.36 | 0 | 0 |
13 | Yukon | 33,442 | 1 | 0.30 | 0 | 0 |
Canada | 33,504,680 | 10,890 | 3.25 | 50 | 0.46 |
Progression Chart
Evolution of the Novel Human Swine Influenza A/H1N1(2009) Mexican Flu in Canada [60] |
Non-human cases
On May 2, the first incidence in Canada of the flu in pigs was discovered on a farm in Alberta.[61] It is suspected that an infected farmhand who recently returned from Mexico infected the animals.[62]
In Canada in early June, the Alberta pig farmer whose herd was infected with the new swine flu virus culled his entire herd. In May he had already culled 500 animals from his herd. The farm owner said the animals cannot be marketed because they are under quarantine and he is facing a problem with overcrowding.[63]
Response
Michael Gardam, director of infectious disease prevention and control at the Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, said in an interview with the CBC that an outbreak of swine flu in Ontario, Canada's most populous province, would not be as serious as the 2003 SARS epidemic.[64] In preparing for and dealing with an influenza pandemic, the Public Health Agency of Canada follows the WHO's categories, but has expanded them somewhat.[65] Despite initial reports of two swine influenza cases in Montreal's Lakeshore General Hospital, Johanne Simard of the Montreal Regional Health Board confirmed negative results for all quarantined patients at the hospital and that no quarantines were currently in effect at the hospital.[66] The National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg confirmed cases of human swine influenza virus in clinical specimens sent from Mexico [67] and the Canadian government issued a travel advisory for Mexico, warning Canadians who have returned from the country of the severe respiratory illness.[68]
On April 26, the Government of Nova Scotia announced on a live webcast that four students in Windsor, Nova Scotia, have confirmed cases of swine flu.[69] Later that day, the Federal Government confirmed the existence of a total of six cases in Canada; four in Nova Scotia and two in British Columbia. Federal Health minister Leona Aglukkaq said the Canadian federal government would take whatever measures were necessary to keep the public safe, and that as Canada continued to ramp out its surveillance efforts there would likely be more reported cases. She also said she had been in contact with her provincial and territorial counterparts and had ordered the Public Health Agency of Canada to alert border authories, quarantine officers and other officials.[70] However, Canada's Chief Public Health Officer, David Butler-Jones, stated that the six affected Canadians suffered from only mild symptoms and have already started to recover. However, Butler-Jones warned against complacency, stating that the fact that only mild cases have been reported so far "doesn’t mean we won’t see either some more severe illness or potentially deaths."[71] In both provinces, the cases either involved people who had recently returned from Mexico or those in close contact with such people.[72]
In a step towards understanding the outbreak, and developing a vaccine, Canadian scientists completed the first full genetic sequencing of the H1N1 swine flu virus on 6 May.[73]
The high percentage of mild to severe cases amongst First Nations Peoples in Manitoba and Northern Ontario, when compared to the general population, have raised questions about the vulnerability of these communities to H1N1 across Canada. [74] [75] Concerns have also risen about whether the Canadian government’s pandemic preparation plan is able to properly address the specific needs of these communities. [76]
Timeline
See also
- 1918 flu pandemic
- Avian flu
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
- List of Canadian medical disasters
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Cases of H1N1 Flu Virus (Human Swine Flu) in Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ a b c Thibodeau, Wayne (1 May 2009). "Province told to stop talking about suspected flu cases". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ a b Mills, Sarah (30 April 2009). "Saskatchewan Focuses On Preventing Swine Flu: No longer reporting suspected cases". CKOM. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "H1N1 Influenza Virus – Confirmed Cases in Alberta". Government of Alberta. Health and Wellness. June 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
- ^ "Number of confirmed swine flu cases in Canada now at 85". CBC News. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
- ^ "Two cases of swine flu confirmed in Alberta". CTV Media. 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "Alberta confirms 2 cases of swine flu". CBC News. April 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
- ^ "Edmonton-area girl among six new Alberta swine flu cases". CTV News. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
- ^ "Alberta confirms first H1N1 flu fatality". CTV News. 8 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ O'Neill Katherine, Walton Dawn (8 May 2009). "Alberta woman Canada's first H1N1-related death". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Armstrong Kevin (8 May 2009). "Alberta confirms first H1N1 flu fatality". CTV News. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ "Alberta pigs likely infected with flu from worker: CFIA official". CBC News. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ "Swine-flu inspectors in improper gear got virus". CBC News. 20 July 2009.
- ^ Ebner David (26 April 2009). "Swine flu confirmed in Canada". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ a b c "H1N1 Flu Virus (Human Swine Flu) Under Surveillance". Government of British Columbia. Ministry of Health Services. 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ {{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/07/14/bc-first-confirmed-h1n1-influenza-death.html
- ^ "Flu strain arrives in Manitoba". Winnipeg Sun. 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ a b c "Confirmed Cases of H1N1 Flu in Manitoba". Manitoba Health and Healthy Living. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- ^ "First swine flu case finally confirmed in N.L."
- ^ a b "Information on H1N1 Influenza Virus". Health and Community Services. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. June 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
- ^ "Public health confirms 1st swine flu case in N.B." CBC News. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ a b "P.E.I., N.B. confirm more swine flu cases". The Canadian Press. 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ "Flu Update, Sunday, April 26, 2009" (Press release). King's-Edgehill School. 26 April 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
- ^ "Health officials confirm 6 cases of swine flu in Canada". CBC News. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ a b c d "H1N1 (Human Swine Influenza)". Communicable Disease Prevention and Control. Government of Nova Scotia. May 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
- ^ "Swine flu symptoms spreading beyond Windsor, N.S., campus". CBC News. 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "Province's swine flu cases jump to 31". Chronicle Herald. 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ CBC June 16th 2009 |http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2009/07/16/nunavut-h1n1-death.html?ref=rss
- ^ a b "Ontario probes suspected swine flu cases amid pandemic fears". CBC News. 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|accessed=
ignored (help) - ^ a b "Ontario Influenza Bulletin - Surveillance Week 27 (July 5, 2009-July 11, 2009)" (PDF). Health Ontario. 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
- ^ "Ontario reports 3 new confirmed cases of H1N1 flu; provincial total at 113". CityPulse 24 News. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "To control swine flu lets heed the lessons of SARS". New York Daily News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "3rd person to die with swine flu in Canada was from Ontario". CBC News. 2 June 2009.
- ^ Theresa Boyle (1 June 2009). "Second swine-flu death in Toronto". Toronto: The Star.
- ^ "Suspected swine flu cases on P.E.I. drop from eight to five". The Guardian. 28 April 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|accessed=
ignored (help) - ^ Staff Writer (April 25, 2009). "Two released from quarantine at Lakeshore General". Montreal: CTV. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ a b "1 confirmed case of swine flu in Quebec". CBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
- ^ CBC News (3 May 2009). "Swine flu epidemic on decline". CBC.
- ^ "Cases of H1N1 Flu Virus (Human Swine Flu) in Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ Kevin Dougherty (9 June 2009). "Quebec has first swine flu death". Montreal: The Gazette. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ "Quebec man 5th Canadian to die with swine flu".
- ^ "4th swine flu death in Quebec". Montreal: The Gazette. 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ "2 swine flu cases in Saskatchewan". CBC. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ a b "H1N1 Flu Virus Surveillance Results". Government of Saskatchewan. Ministry of Health. June 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
- ^ Template:Cite web As of July 9, there are 3 swine flu deaths in Saskatchewan.
- ^ a b "H1N1 Influenza Virus – Confirmed Cases in Alberta". Alberta Health and Wellness. 2009-07-22.
- ^ "Another case of H1N1 flu virus confirmed in New Brunswick (09/06/30)". New Brunswick, Department of Health. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ "Swine flu cases in N.S. hold at 4". CBC News. 29 April 2009.
- ^ H1N1 Flu Virus, Ontario, retrieved 2009-07-11
- ^ "Death toll of A/H1N1 flu in Canada rises to 55". Xinhua. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- ^ "Prince Edward Island: Public Health Alerts". Government of Prince Edward Island. Department of Health. 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
- ^ http://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/sujets/prob_sante/influenza/index.php?accueil
- ^ http://www.lesaffaires.com/article/0/general/2009-07-02/495530/grippe-ah1n1--13e-victime-au-queteacutebec.fr.html
- ^ http://www.saskatoonhomepage.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19718&Itemid=421
- ^ Mills, Sarah (30 April 2009). "Suspected Swine Flu Cases Rise". CKOM. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Government of Canada - Health Canada: Update bulletins for influenza A H1N1 2009 (human swine influenza)
- ^ Lauren Etter (3 May 2009). "Pigs in Canada Contract Flu Virus". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ "Canada farm worker 'infects pigs'". BBC News. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ "3,000 Alberta hogs culled due to swine flu" Health Zone – Canada, June 7, 2009
- ^ Ljunggren David, Anderson Scott (24 April 2009). "Swine flu not as serious as SARS: Canada's Ontario". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector". Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "Swine-flu fears at Lakeshore General unfounded". Montreal: The Gazette (Montreal). 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ "Canadian lab confirms human swine flu cases in Mexico". CBC News. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ "Travel advisory warns of severe respiratory illness in Mexico". 23 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ "Health officials confirm swine flu in Canada". The Canadian Press. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ Staff Writer (April 26, 2009). "6 cases of swine flu confirmed in Canada: health officials". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ Brennan Richard J (26 April 2009). "Swine flu confirmed in Canada : Unlike deadly outbreak in Mexico, the cases in Nova Scotia and B.C. were mild and didn't require hospitalization". Toronto: The Star. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ Staff Writer (26 April 2009). "Six swine flu cases confirmed in Canada". CTV Media. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "H1N1 virus genome: 'This is a world first'" (Press release). Cape Town: Independent. Agence France Press. May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ [http http://www.montrealgazette.com/Health/Aboriginal+populations+vulnerable+H1N1+Report/1756277/story.html "Aboriginal populations vulnerable to H1N1: Report"]. The Montreal Gazette. 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ [http http://www2.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/columnists/story.html?id=9e42d002-c8f0-4889-9337-41271a149455 "First Nations prime ground for H1N1 pandemic"]. The Star Phoenix. 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ "First Nations Chief In Manitoba Declares State Of Emergency Over H1N1 Virus". AHN. 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
External links
- Canadian
- FightFlu.ca. Updates from the public Health Agency of Canada
- Health Canada: Preparing for a pandemic (Government of Canada)
- Public Health Agency of Canada: Swine Influenza
- International
- Swine influenza, at the World Health Organization
- WHO's Pandemic Influenza Phases
- BioHealthBase Bioinformatics Resource Center – Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
- Confirmed and Suspected Cases
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Swine Influenza (Flu)
- Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus: Swine Flu
- Medical Encyclopedia WebMD: Swine Flu Center