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YuYu Hakusho
File:Yuyu123.jpg
Cover of YuYu Hakusho volume 1 as released by Shueisha
幽☆遊☆白書
(Yū Yū Hakusho)
GenreMartial arts, Bangsian fantasy
Manga
Written byYoshihiro Togashi
Published byShueisha
English publisherCanada United States Viz Media
MagazineWeekly Shōnen Jump
English magazineUnited States Canada Shonen Jump
DemographicShōnen
Original run1990 – 1994
Volumes19 (List of volumes)
Anime
Directed byNoriyuki Abe
StudioStudio Pierrot
Released October 10, 1992 – January 7, 1995
Anime
Eizō Hakusho
StudioStudio Pierrot
Released1996
Anime
Eizō Hakusho II
StudioStudio Pierrot
Released1996
Related works

YuYu Hakusho (幽☆遊☆白書, Yū Yū Hakusho, lit. "Ghost Files" or "Poltergeist Report"[1]) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi with an anime adaptation. The name of the series is spelled Yu Yu Hakusho in Funimation Entertainment's distribution of the anime and YuYu Hakusho in the Viz manga. YuYu Hakusho tells the story of Yusuke Urameshi, a teenage delinquent who is struck and killed by a car while attempting to save a child's life. After a number of tests presented to him by Koenma, the son of the ruler of the afterlife Underworld, Yusuke is revived and appointed the title of "Underworld Detective", with which he must investigate various cases involving demons and apparitions in the human world. Based on his interests in the occult and horror films, Togashi began creating YuYu Hakusho in November 1990.

The manga was originally published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1990 to 1994. The series consists of 175 chapters collected in 19 tankōbon volumes. In North America, the manga ran completely in Viz's Shonen Jump from January 2003 to January 2010. The anime, directed by Noriyuki Abe and co-produced by Fuji Television, Yomiko Advertising, and Studio Pierrot, consists of 112 television episodes. The TV series originally aired on Japan's Fuji Television network from October 10, 1992 to January 7, 1995. It was later licensed in North America by Funimation in 2001, where it aired on various Cartoon Network blocks including Adult Swim and Toonami. The television series has also been broadcast across Japan, other parts of Asia, and Eastern Europe by the anime satellite television network Animax. The YuYu Hakusho franchise has spawned two animated films, a series of original video animations (OVAs), drama albums, video games, and other merchandise.

YuYu Hakusho has been well received since its debut, with the manga selling over 44,000,000 copies in Japan alone and winning the prestigous Shogakukan Manga Award in 1994. The animated series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize for best anime in 1994 and 1995. YuYu Hakusho has been watched by a large number of television viewers in both Japan and North America. The anime has been given mostly positive reviews by critics in the United States, which compliment its writing, characters, and amount of action.

Plot

See also: List of YuYu Hakusho characters

YuYu Hakusho is set in modern day Japan. The plot follows Yusuke Urameshi, a street-brawling delinquent attending the fictional Sarayashiki Junior High. His mother Atsuko, an alcoholic, had him at the age of 14 and raised Yusuke on her own. He is constantly in trouble in school, which he rarely attends, and is targeted by many of the local gangs. His only apparent friend is Keiko, a girl who he has known for many years and his eventual love interest.

In an uncharacteristic act of altruism Yusuke is hit by a car and killed, saving a young boy by pushing him out of the way. His ghost is greeted by Botan, a blue-haired woman who introduces herself as the pilot of the River Styx, who ferries souls to the Underworld where they may be judged for the afterlife. Botan informs Yusuke that his act had caught even the Underworld by surprise and that there was not yet a place made for him in either heaven or hell. Thus Koenma, son of the Underworld's ruler King Enma, offers Yusuke a chance to return to his body through a series of tests, through which Yusuke eventually succeeds. After returning to life, Koenma hires Yusuke as the Underworld Detective, charging him with investigating supernatural activity within the human world. Soon Yusuke is off on his first case, retrieving three treasures stolen from the Underworld by three demons: Hiei, Kurama and Goki. Yusuke collects the three treasures with the help of his new technique, the Rei Gun, a shot of aura energy fired mentally from his index finger. He then travels to the mountains in search of the aged martial artist Genkai. Together with his rival Kazuma Kuwabara, Yusuke fights through a tournament to become the heir to Genkai's techniques while simulatenously searching for Rando, a demon who steals the techniques of martial arts masters and kills them. Yusuke defeats Rando in the final round of the tournament and trains with Genkai for several months, gaining more mastery over his aura. Yusuke is then sent to Demon City in the Underworld where Kuwabara, Kurama and Hiei aid him in defeating the Four Beasts, a quartet of demons attempting to blackmail Koenma into removing the barrier keeping them out of the human world.

Yusuke's next case sends him on a rescue mission to save an ice maiden named Yukina. During the rescue he meets Toguro, a human turned into the strongest of demons. Toguro invites Yusuke to the Dark Tournament, an event put on by corrupt, rich humans in which teams of demons, and occassionally humans, fight fierce battles for the chance to receive any wish they desire. Team Urameshi, consisting of Yusuke, Kuwabara, Kurama, Hiei and Genkai (initially disguised as the "Masked Fighter"), traverse through the strenuous early rounds to face Team Toguro in the finals and win the tournament. They learn that Team Toguro's owner, Sakyo, was attempting to win prize money in order to create a large hole to the Demon World. With his loss, Sakyo destroys the tournament arena, killing himself in the process. Yusuke returns home, but has little time to rest as he is challenged to a fight by three teenagers possessing superhuman powers and who end up taking the detective hostage. Kuwabara and the others rescue him as they learn that the whole scenario was a test by Genkai. It is disclosed that Shinobu Sensui, Yusuke's predecessor as Underworld Detective, has recruited six other powerful beings to help him take over where Sakyo left off, boring a hole to the Demon World. Yusuke and his friends challenge and defeat Sensui's minions one-by-one, culminating in a final battle between the two detectives. Sensui kills Yusuke then retreats into the newly opened portal to Demon World, quickly followed by Kurama, Hiei and Kuwabara. Yusuke is reborn as a partial demon, discovering that his ancestor passed down a recessive gene that would hide until an heir with sufficient power surfaced, when his demonic lineage would be revealed. Yusuke travels to the Demon World and defeats Sensui, aided by the spirit of his ancestor who takes control of his body to finish the fight.

As they return to human world, Yusuke is stripped of his detective title as King Enma orders he be captured and executed in fear that his demon blood could cause him to go on a rampage in the human world. Yusuke, unsettled at having been controlled by his ancestor, Raizen, accepts an offer by Raizen's followers to return to Demon World. Raizen, desiring a successor to his territory, is on the brink of dying, a death that would topple the delicate political balance of the three ruling powers of the Demon World. Hiei and Kurama are summoned by the other two rulers, Mukuro and Yomi, respectively, to prepare for an inevitable war. The three protagonists train in the Demon World for one year, during which time Raizen dies and Yusuke inherits his territory. Yusuke takes initiative and proposes a fighting tournament to name the true ruler of the Demon World, which is eventually agreed upon by Mokuro and Yomi. During the tournament, Yusuke and Yomi meet in the second elimination round where Yusuke is defeated and knocked unconscious. Yusuke awakens days later to find that the tournament was won by Raizen's old friend Enki, who proposes that a similar competition be held ever so often to determine Demon World's ruler. Yusuke stays in the Demon World for a while longer, but eventually returns to the human world to be with Keiko.

Production

Togashi said that he began working on YuYu Hakusho during a period of time around November 1990 though he forgot the exact time.[2] As a fan of the occult and horror films, he desired to write and illustrate a manga based on his interests.[3] When first creating the series, Togashi did not have a clear idea of what he wanted to call it. When presenting rough drafts to his editors he used the tentative title "How to be a Ghost". Once given the go-ahead to begin publication, Togashi proposed "YuYu-Ki (Poltergeist Chronicles)" for the title, as there would be battles with demons and it would be a play on the title SaiYu-Ki. Because a series with a similar name (Chin-Yu-Ki) had already begun publication, Togashi quickly created an alternative: "YuYu Hakusho". He comments that he could have used "Den (Legend)" or "Monogatari (Story)", but "Hakusho (Report)" was the first thing that came to his mind.[4] He contiguously developed the names of the main characters by skimming through a dictionary and taking out kanji characters he found appealing. "Yusuke Urameshi" is a pun, "Kazuma Kuwabara" is a combination of two professional baseball players, and "Hiei" and "Kurama" are, as Togashi explains, "just names that popped into [his] head".[3] When he introduced the latter two characters in volume three, the author had planned from the beginning to make Kurama a main character but was not certain about Hiei.[3]

For his drawing materials, Togashi used drafting ink and Kabura pens throughout the creation of the series. While his style of artwork began with screentone, he gradually developed into what Shonen Jump describes as "attactive minimalism". As the series progressed, he would draw figures and faces either very detailed or "cartoony, sketchy and jumping with action" whenever he desired such effects.[3]

The manga's apparent shift from the occult detective fiction to the martial arts genre after Yusuke's death and revival in the earlier chapters was planned by Togashi from the beginning.[3] Togashi came up with the concept of the Ningenkai (human world), Reikai (underworld), and Makai (demon world) as being parallel planes of existence that exist in the reality of the YuYu Hakusho universe. He thought of them as places that one could not easily travel between using modern technology, but rather as a spirit lacking a material body.[3]

Media

Manga

Main article: List of YuYu Hakusho chapters

The YuYu Hakusho manga series was written and drawn by Togashi and published originally serialized by Shueisha in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1990 to 1994. The manga consists of 175 chapters spanning 19 tankōbon (collected volumes) with the first one being released on April 10, 1991 and the last one released on December 12, 1994.[5][6] In August 2004, the Japanese publishers of YuYu Hakusho released the kanzenban (complete) edition. Each kanzenban volume features a new cover and more chapters than the tankōbon edition. There are 15 kanzenban volumes in total. Two books were released monthly from August 4, 2004 to March 4, 2005.[7][8]

The YuYu Hakusho manga was serialized in North America by Viz Media in the American Shōnen Jump magazine, where it debuted in the magazine's inaugural January 2003 issue and ended in January 2010.[9] Viz began releasing the collected volumes of the manga on May 13, 2003. Eighteen volumes have currently been released with the final volume due out on March 2, 2010.[10][11] The manga has additionally been licensed and published across Asia and Europe.

Anime

Main article: List of YuYu Hakusho episodes

The anime, directed by Noriyuki Abe and co-produced by Fuji Television, Yomiko Advertising, and Studio Pierrot, consists of 112 television episodes. The series aired from October 10, 1992, to January 7, 1995, on Fuji Television in Japan. In early 2001, the series was acquired by Funimation Entertainment for North American distribution.[12] The English dubbed episodes aired from February 23, 2002 to April 1, 2006 on Cartoon Network. Initially, the episodes were shown on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block from February 2002 to April 2003, and switched to Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block.[13][14] YuYu Hakusho was taken off Toonami around March 2005 and moved to an early Saturday morning time slot that October where the series finished its run.[15] It also aired as part of the Funimation programming block on Colours TV in 2006.[16] The series was distributed in the United Kingdom by MVM Films and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment.[17][18] The anime is currently being aired by the satellite television network Animax across East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and eastern European nations such as Hungary and Romania.[19][20][21][22] YuYu Hakusho was localized in the Philippines as Ghost Fighter and aired on the GMA Network.[23]

The four seasons that compose the series are each their own story arc, and referred to as "sagas" by Funimation.[24] In North America, 32 DVD compilations have been released by Funimation for the four sagas, with the first released on April 16, 2002, and the thirty-second on July 19, 2005.[25][26] In addition, DVD collection boxes have been released for each saga,[27][28][29] containing all the episodes of every saga, with the exception of the Dark Tournament Saga, which had two collection boxes.[30][31] Funimation released season boxsets of the anime starting with season one on July 8, 2008 and ending with season four on January 13, 2009.[32][33] Each set contains four DVDs which have a quarter of the whole series (about 28 episodes). In Japan, three separate multidisc DVD boxsets were released, as well as twenty-eight DVDs totalling all 112 episodes of the series.[34] Japanese home video distributor Bandai Visual began releasing the series on Blu-ray on October 27, 2009, with the first set containing a picture drama set after the end of the series.[35]

Films and original video animations

See also: List of YuYu Hakusho films

Two films based on YuYu Hakusho have been released theatrically in Japan. Both films have original storyline content that is not canon to the manga. YuYu Hakusho: The Movie was released in Japan on July 10, 1993. In the movie, the protagonists Yusuke and Kuwabara are on a mission to rescue a kidnapped Koenma from a pair of demons who desire the Golden Seal, an artifact owned by the young ruler's father. AnimeWorks released an English dubbed version of the half-hour film for DVD on January 30, 2001.[36] YuYu Hakusho the Movie: Poltergeist Report (幽☆遊☆白書 冥界死闘篇 炎の絆, Yū Yū Hakusho: Meikai Shitou Hen Honoo no Kizuna, lit. Edge of the Netherworld Bonds of Fire) was released in Japan on April 9, 1994. The plot revolves around Yusuke and his friends defending the human world against inhabitants of a fourth plane of existence called the Netherworld. This full-length feature received an English dubbed version by US Manga Corps, which released it on DVD on October 8, 2002.[37]

A series of YuYu Hakusho OVAs were released in Japan after the anime completed its inital run. The OVAs contain video montages from the anime, image songs, voice actor interviews, and satiracal animated short films. They have since been broadcast across Japan, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and India by the anime satellite television network Animax. The OVAs, collectively titled Eizō Hakusho (映像白書, lit. Video Report), consist of six volumes as well as an opening and ending encyclopedia and a three volume series recap guide.[38] A DVD boxset containing this series was released in Japan by Pony Canyon on December 15, 2004.[34]

CDs

The music for the YuYu Hakusho anime series was composed by Yusuke Honma. The series has one opening theme, "Hohoemi no Bakudan" (微笑みの爆弾) by Matsuko Mawatari, as well as five closing themes: "Homework ga Owaranai," (ホームワークが終わらない) "Sayonara bye bye," (さよならbye bye) and "Daydream Generation" by Mawatari, as well as "Unbalance na Kiss wo Shite" (アンバランスなkissをして) and "Taiyou ga Mata Kagayaku Toki" by Hiro Takahashi. A number of soundtracks have been released in Japan by Pony Canyon. The YuYu Hakusho Original Soundtrack was all released in two separate volumes on January 17, 1997.[39][40] Also released on that day is YuYu Hakusho: Music Battle, a collection of three drama albums featuring vocal tracks sung by the Japanese voice actors as their respective characters.[41][42][43] Several compilation soundtracks were also published. The Legend of YuYu Hakusho: "Sai-Kyou" Best Selection Album was released on March 21, 1997.[44] YuYu Hakusho ~ Collective Songs ~ and YuYu Hakusho ~Collective Rare Trax~ were both released on March 17, 1999.[45][46] The soundtrack for YuYu Hakusho the Movie: Poltergeist Report was released by EMI Music Japan on April 27, 1994.[47]

Video games and other media

See also: List of YuYu Hakusho video games

A number of video games have been developed that tie to the YuYu Hakusho series, most of which have been released exclusively in Japan. When Atari gained publishing rights to the franchise, the company released three games in North America and Europe: YuYu Hakusho: Spirit Detective, an action game for the Game Boy Advance; YuYu Hakusho: Tournament Tactics, a tactical role-playing game also for the Game Boy Advance; and YuYu Hakusho: Dark Tournament, a 3D fighting game for the PlayStation 2.[48][49][50] Various collectibles have also been released, such as action figures by Jakks Pacific and trading figures by Giant Ape.[51][52][53] Two collectable card games based on the franchise have been produced, the first by Movic in Japan and the second by Score Entertainment in the United States.[34][54] Two artbooks were published by Shueisha: the YuYu Hakusho Who's Who Spirit World Character Book on March 4, 2005 and the YuYu Hakusho Illustrations book on April 27, 2005.[55][56]

Reception

As of June 2007, YuYu Hakusho has sold more than 44,000,000 copies in Japan alone.[57] It won the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen in 1994.[58] Several volumes of the manga have ranked within the weekly Nielsen BookScan graphic novels list, including volume five at both sixth and ninth in October 2004, volume six at sixth in February 2005, and volume seven at seventh in June 2005.[59][60][61][62] Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania.com calls the artwork for the manga "interesting", finding that the supporting characters tend to be illustrated with more detail than the main characters. He praises Lillian Olsen's English translation, but dislikes Viz's use of overlaying English words to translate the expression of sound effects. As YuYu Hakusho progresses, Chavez is dismayed by the transition of the manga from the early detective cases to the Dark Tournament arc, asserting, "Seeing fight, after fight, after fight gets boring and this seriously is only the start of this trend."[63]

The YuYu Hakusho anime was voted the best anime of the year in the 1994 and 1995 Animage Grand Prix and the second best in 1993 (after Sailor Moon).[64][65][66] Additionally, the magazine declared the series number 53 on its top 100 anime listing in 2001.[67] In a 2006 web poll conducted in Japan by the network TV Asahi, YuYu Hakusho was voted as the 15th best anime of all time.[68] Japanese magazine Brutus voted it the sixth best anime of all time.[49] The hit show garnered a large number of viewers during its run in Japan. Gen Fukunaga, president of Funimation, noted that YuYu Hakusho "came 'out of nowhere' to surprise people with huge ratings". YuYu Hakusho received ratings just below those achieved by the popular series Dragon Ball Z.[69] YuYu Hakusho initially met with good ratings in several age groups during its early run in North America. When it aired on Adult Swim, the anime, along with others such as InuYasha and Cowboy Bebop, met with audiences in men ages 18–34.[70] During its Toonami debut in May 2003, YuYu Hakusho placed in seven out of the top 111 Nielsen ratings for Cartoon Network telecasts, with the highest being number 30 on May 13 at a two percent share.[71] Atari stated in December 2003 that the anime was one of the top-rated television programs in North America for males ages 9–14.[49] It was additionally noted that Nielsen ratings reports showed that YuYu Hakusho tied with Dragon Ball GT as the top-rated Cartoon Network program for the same demographic during the week of September 28, 2004. It was the second highest-rated show among ages 12–17 the same week.[72] Cartoon Network's cites declining ratings as the reason for dropping the show from Toonami in March 2005.[15]

In his review of the series, Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk declares, "It's a fun show with a great cast, a sense of humor, and a lot of action so there's no excuse not to at least give it a chance." He recommends the first three season boxsets of YuYu Hakusho, as well as the original boxset of the "Three Kings Saga", but praises the show's third season more than the others due to its multiple plotlines.[73][74][75][76] In his review of the anime's final episodes, N. S. Davidson of IGN states having multiple plot branches is not enough for an anime to succeed, but that good writing, interesting characters and action are also necessary. He proclaims that YuYu Hakusho possesses all of these qualities.[77] Jeffrey Harris of the same website was a bit more critical when looking at later episodes, feeling that the end of the show's third arc involving the villain Sensui is too similar to the finale of the second arc with Toguro. He describes the episodes as going "too much out of the way to make the villains sympathetic characters".[78] Despite not being listed by the editors of IGN as one of their favorite animated series, YuYu Hakusho was voted by the users of the website as the tenth best animated series of all time.[79]

References

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