Jump to content

Paintball

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 24.4.101.72 (talk) at 08:47, 14 June 2010 (Undid revision 367931954 by Doopoo1011 (talk)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Paintball
File:Drexelbreakout.jpg
The Drexel University paintball team.
First playedJune 27, 1981, Henniker, New Hampshire
Characteristics
ContactNo physical contact between players (Contact can result in penalties)
Team membersVaries depending on game format and level of play (recreational or professional)
TypeExtreme; indoor or outdoor
EquipmentPaintballs, paintball marker, CO2, compressed air/HPA (High Pressure Air), mask, hopper

Paintball is a game,[1][2][3] first played in 1981 in New Hampshire, in which players compete, in teams or individually, to eliminate opponents by hitting them with capsules containing paint (referred to as a paintball) from a gas-powered device called a paintball marker. The game is regularly played at a sporting level with worldwide leagues, tournaments, professional teams and players,[4][5] but is also used by armies to supplement military training.

Depending on the venue, games are played on either indoor or outdoor fields of varying size. A game field is scattered with natural or artificial terrain, which players use for strategic play. Rules for playing paintball vary, but can include capture the flag, elimination, defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours or even days in scenario play.

The legality of paintball varies between countries and regions. In most areas where regulated play is offered, players are always required to wear protective masks, and game rules are strictly enforced. The game and its associated equipment has attracted controversy worldwide due to incidents of injury on and off the playing field, and criticism due to its military theme.

History

A paintball player crouching behind cover

In 1976, Hayes Noel, a stock trader, Bob Gurnsey, and author Charles Gaines were discussing Gaines' recent trip to Africa and his experiences hunting buffalo. Inspired in part by Richard Connell's short story The Most Dangerous Game, they created a game where they would stalk and hunt each other; recreating the same adrenaline rush that came with animal hunting.[6] In 1981 in New Hampshire, the group used a "Nel-spot 007" pistol (normally used by farmers and ranchers for marking trees and livestock) to fire balls of paint. Twelve people participated in this first game, which was a "capture the flag" scenario between two teams. The winner captured all flags without firing a shot.[7]

As national interest in the game steadily built, Bob Gurnsey formed the National Survival Game company, and entered a contract with Nelson Paint Company to be the sole distributor of their paintball equipment.[8] Thereafter, they licensed to franchises in other states the right to sell their guns, paint, and goggles. As a result of their monopoly on equipment, they turned a profit in only six months.[8]

The first games of paintball made use of Nelspot pistols, which were the only guns available at the time.[when?] They used 12-gram CO2 cartridges, held only ten rounds, and had to be tilted to roll the ball into the chamber and then recocked after each shot. Dedicated paintball masks had not yet been created, so players wore shop glasses that left the rest of their faces exposed. The first paintballs were oil-based and thus not water soluble; "turpentine parties" were common after a day of play.[9] Games often lasted for hours as players stalked each other, and since each player had only a limited number of rounds, shooting was rare.[10]

Between 1981 and 1983, rival manufacturers such as PMI began to create competing products, and it was during those years that the game took off.[11] Paintball technology gradually developed as manufacturers added a front-mounted pump in order to make recocking easier, then replaced the 12-gram cartridges with larger air tanks, commonly referred to as "constant air".[12] These innovations were followed by gravity feed hoppers and 45-degree elbows to facilitate loading from the hopper.[12] In 1984, paintball was established in other countries outside the United States; with Skirmish Paintball setting up fields in Australia and England.[13][14]

Equipment

Main article: Paintball equipment

The paintball equipment used depends on the game type, for example: woodsball, speedball, or scenarioball, and how much money someone is willing to spend on equipment. Every player, however, is required to have three basic pieces of equipment:

  • Paintball marker: also known as a paintball gun, this is the primary piece of equipment, used to tag an opposing player with paintballs. The paintball marker must have attached a loader or "hopper" for keeping the marker fed with ammunition, and will be either gravity fed (where balls drop into the loading chamber), or electronically force fed. A marker will require a compressed air bottle or carbon dioxide for propellant.
  • Paintballs: The ammunition used in the marker, paintballs are spherical gelatin capsules containing primarily polyethylene glycol, other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. The quality of paintballs are dependent on the brittleness of the ball's shell, and the thickness of the fill; with higher quality balls being almost perfectly spherical and having a thick fill to guarantee breaking upon impact.
  • Mask or goggles: Masks are safety devices players are required to wear at all times on the field, to protect from paintballs.[15] They completely cover the eyes, mouth, ears and nostrils of the wearer, and masks can also feature throat guards. Modern masks have evolved to be less bulky compared with older designs.

Gameplay

A paintball team prepares to breakout.

Paintball is played with a potentially limitless variety of rules and variations, which are specified before the game begins. The most basic game rule is that players must attempt to accomplish a goal without being shot with paintballs. When a player is shot (and the ball splatters – a 'bounce' means you're still in the game), they must raise their marker to indicate that they are out, and leave the playing field.[16] Depending on the agreed upon game rules, the player may return to the field and continue playing, or is eliminated from the game completely.

The particular goal of the game is determined before play begins; examples include capture the flag[17] or Elimination.[18] Paintball has spawned popular variants, including woodsball, which is played in the natural environment and spans across a large area.[19] Conversely, the variant of speedball is played on a smaller field and has a very fast pace (with games lasting up to five minutes).[20] Another variant is scenario paintball, in which players attempt to recreate historical, or fictional settings; the largest being Oklahoma D-Day's World War II re-enactment.

Enforcement of game rules

Regulated games are overseen by referees (or marshals[citation needed]) , who patrol the course to ensure enforcement of the rules and the safety of the players. If a player is marked with paint, they will call them out, but competitors may also be expected to follow the honor code; a broken ball means elimination.[21] Field operators may specify variations to this rule, such as requiring a tag to certain body locations only – such as the head and torso only.[22] There are game rules that can be enforced depending on the venue, in order to ensure safety, balance the fairness of the game or eliminate cheating.

  • Minimum distance – When being tagged, depending on the distance from where the shot was fired, getting marked can feel like a firm pinch. Being marked may even leave a welt. Because of the pain associated with being hit by a paintball, commercial venues may enforce a minimum distance rule; such as 25 feet (7.6 meters), whereby players cannot shoot an opponent if they are closer than this distance.[23]
  • Overshooting – Fields may discourage players from overshooting (also regarded as bonus balling, "overkill" or lighting up), which is to repeatedly shoot a player after they are eliminated from the game.[24] It is also considered overshooting if a player knew the opponent was eliminated but continued to shoot, disregarding the safety of the opposing player and risking dangerous injury to others.
  • Ramping – Ramping refers to an electronically controlled marker increasing its rate of fire (or ROF, in balls per second or BPS) when a player reaches a certain number of trigger pulls per second and then maintains that trigger pull speed his marker will increase its rate of fire. Ramping of rate of fire is widely prohibited at most paintball fields, however it is allowed in some tournament formats.[25]
  • Wiping – Players may attempt to cheat by wiping paint from themselves, to pretend they were not hit and stay in the game.[21]

Playing venues

A "speedball" field consisting of inflatable paintball bunkers

Paintball is played at both commercial venues, which require paid admission, and private land; both of which may include multiple fields of varying size and layout. Fields can be scattered with either natural or artificial terrain, and may also be themed to simulate a particular environment, such as a wooded or urban area, and may involve a historical context.[26] Smaller fields (such as those used for Speedball and tournaments) may include an assortment of various inflatable bunkers.

Commercial venues may provide amenities such as bathrooms, picnic areas, lockers, equipment rentals,[27] air refills and food service. Countries may have paintball sports guidelines, with rules on specific safety and insurance standards, and paid staff (including referees) who must ensure players are instructed in proper play to ensure participants' safety. Fields may choose to only allow players to use their own paint, to offset insurance costs and other expenses.[28][29][30]

Playing on a non-established field is sometimes referred to as renegade play or outlaw ball (with the players nicknamed renegade ballers).[31] Though less expensive and less structured than play at a commercial facility, the lack of safety protocols, instruction, and oversight can lead to higher incidence of injuries.

Organized play

Template:Globalize/US

Many used or smashed paintballs

The first organized paintball game in record was held by Charles Gaines and friends in New Hampshire in 1981, with the first paintball field opening approximately a year later in Rochester, New York.[32] In 1983 the first National Survival Game (NSG) national championship was held, with a $14,000 cash award for the winning team.[33] As of 2010, tournaments are largely organized by paintball leagues.

Leagues

Main article: List of paintball leagues

A paintball league is an organization that provides a regulated competition for paintball players to compete. Leagues can be of various sizes (for example, regional, national or international) and offer organized tournaments for professional, semi-professional, and amateur teams, sometimes with financial prizes.[34] As of 2010, major leagues include the USPL and PSP in the United States,[34][35] the Millennium Series in western Europe,[36] the Centurio series in Eastern Europe, and the National Collegiate Paintball Association in the US and Canada.[37] They are supplemented by various regional and local leagues spread worldwide.

Tournament format

The nature and timing of paintball events are specified by the league running the tournament, with the league also defining match rules – such as number of players per team, or acceptable equipment for use. The number of matches in a tournament is largely defined by the number of available teams playing.

A match in a tournament is refereed by a judge, whose authority and decisions are final. Tournament rules can vary as specified by the league, but may include for example – not allowing players to use devices to communicate with other persons during a game, or not allowing players to unduly alter the layout of terrain on the field. In contrast to a casual game designed for fun, a tournament is much stricter and violations of rules may result in penalties for the players or entire teams.[38]

Though tournament paintball was originally played in the woods, speedball became the standard competitive format in the 1990s.[34][39] The smaller fields made use of artificial terrain such as bunkers, allowing symmetrical fields that eliminate terrain advantages for either team; woodsball fields having no such guarantee.[32]

Professional teams

Main article: List of professional paintball teams

A professional paintball team is one that plays paintball with the financial, equipment or other kind of support of one or more sponsors, often in return for advertising rights. Professional teams can have different names in different leagues due to franchising and sponsorship issues.

Military usage and themes

As of 2007 major militaries, including the U.S. military, Canadian forces, and British forces, have used training on paintball ranges to supplement combat training for their soldiers.[40] In these cases the games take on a military theme,[41] with players able to replicate authentic militaristic scenarios by using fully functional military accessories alongside paintball markers, designed to appear like realistic weaponry; enabling military simulations (or MilSim). Such games are not restricted to the military however, but can also be played at a casual or professional level.

However, due to firearms crime, paintball occasionally receives negative publicity. To combat negative perceptions, paintballs military theme can be de-emphasised[42] by referring to a paintball gun as a marker.[23][31]

Safety statistics

Paintball players in mid-game

The rate of injury to paintball participants has been estimated as 4.5 injuries per 10,000 participants per year.[43] Research published by the Minnesota Paintball Association has argued that paintball is one of the statistically safest sports to participate in, with 0.2 injuries per 1000 players annually,[44] and these injuries tend to be a result of tripping. An international study using 288 incidents has shown that of modern sports, paintball is responsible for 20.8% of eye injuries.[45] Furthermore, a one-year study undertaken by the Eye Emergency Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston has shown that most sports eye injuries are caused by basketball, baseball, hockey, and racquetball.[46] Another analysis concluded that eye injuries incurred from paintball were in settings where protective equipment such as masks were not enforced, or were removed by the player.[47] Although eye injuries can occur when protective equipment is not properly used, such injuries often cause devastating visual loss.[48][49] For safety, most regulated paintball fields strictly enforce a 'masks-on' policy, and most eject players who consistently disobey.

Regardless, paintball has received criticism due to incidents of injury. In Canada in 2007, an eleven year old boy lifted his mask and was shot point blank in the eye by an adult playing on the same field,[50] leading to calls by the Montreal Children's Hospital to restrict the minimum age of paintball participants to 16 years. In Australia, the sport attracted criticism when a 39 year old man playing at a registered field in Victoria died of a suspected heart attack, after being struck in the chest.[4][51]

Additionally, the use of paintball markers outside a regulated environment has caused concern. In the United States in 1998, 14 year old Jorel Lynn Travis was shot with a paintball gun while standing outside a Fort Collins, Colorado ice cream parlor – blinding her in one eye.[52] In 2001, a series of pre-meditated and racially motivated drive-by shootings targeted Alaska Natives in Anchorage, Alaska, using a paintball marker, and paintball ammunition which allegedly had been frozen solid. In Ottawa, Canada in 2007, Ashley Roos was shot in the eye and blinded with a paintball gun while waiting for a bus.[53][54][55]

Legality

Australia

Paintballing in Australia is controlled by the police in each state, with differing minimum age requirement. Players under eighteen are required to have a guardian sign a consent form. The minimum ages are twelve for South and Western Australia, fifteen for Queensland, sixteen for New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, and eighteen in Victoria.[56] Paintball has been banned in Tasmania since the events of the Port Arthur massacre in 1996.[4] Operators must adhere to particular rules on gun storage, safety training and field sizes. In all states, in order to own a paintball marker, players must have a paintball gun licence, be at least eighteen years old, and have the marker safely stored in a category 2 safe.[57] Until 2005, Victoria was the only state which required players to have a long-arm firearm licence; a law which was criticized on the grounds it drew players to real firearms.[58]

Germany

In Germany, paintball is restricted to players over eighteen years of age, and is not generally played in military fatigues.[59] Paintball markers are classified as weapons that do not require a license or permit; they are legal to buy and use, but restricted to adults.[60] In May 2009, reacting to the Winnenden school shooting, German lawmakers announced plans to ban games such as paintball as they allegedly trivialised and encouraged violence[61][62] but the plans were retracted a few days later.[63]

United Kingdom

Laws pertaining to paintball markers in the United Kingdom classify them as Air Weapons, as they fire frangible ammunition which breaks up on contact rather than inflicting a penetrating injury. Owners do not require a license unless the marker fires above 330 feet per second. Only approved paintballs can be used, and the marker must not be fully automatic. The minimum age to be in possession of a marker is seventeen, except in target shooting clubs or galleries, or on private property so long as projectiles are not fired beyond the premises. It is prohibited to be in possession of a paintball marker in public places.[64]

United States

In the United States of America, eight states define explicit legislation for paintball guns. In Pennsylvania, paintball markers have transport requirements, cannot be used against anyone not participating in a paintball activity, and cannot be used for property damage. New Hampshire and Rhode Island require players be at least eighteen years of age to own a marker, with students in New Hampshire faced with the possibility of expulsion from school for possessing a marker. In Illinois, owners must be over the age of twelve and can only use their markers in private land or on safely constructed target ranges.

Virginia is one of two states that permit its towns to adopt ordinances on paintball guns, allowing its local authorities to do so. Delaware on the other hand only authorizes Wilmington to do so, but does allow paintball to be played on farms as it is considered an agritourism activity. Florida and Texas limit government liability if a government entity allows paintball on its property.[65]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Defined by the OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY as a "war game"". Stony Brook University Libraries. Retrieved 27 December 2009.(registration required)
  2. ^ "The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition". Dictionary.com. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster Online. 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  4. ^ a b c Brown, Damien (September 9, 2009). "Push to legalise paintball". The Mercury. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  5. ^ Greenberg, Karl (September 11, 2009). "Sporting Goods Group Dissects Team Sports". MediaPost Communications. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  6. ^ Davidson, Steve, et al. The Complete Guide to Paintball, 4–12. Hatherleigh Press, New York. 1999
  7. ^ "Paintball History – How it all started !!". www.paintball-guns.com. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  8. ^ a b Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 8.
  9. ^ Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 17.
  10. ^ Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 22.
  11. ^ Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 10.
  12. ^ a b Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 19.
  13. ^ "True History of Paintball (with note to Skirmish AUS)". www.paintball-tips-and-tricks.com. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  14. ^ "Skirmish News Feed – Skirmish celebrates 25 Years of Paintball in the UK". www.skirmishpaintball.com. Skirmish. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  15. ^ Barrett, Lindsey (September 2, 2009). "Aiming to please: Paintball Club geared toward beginners". The Orion. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  16. ^ McCarthy, Chris. "Paintball Planet features competitive fun". Cherokee County Herald. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  17. ^ Billard, Mary (20 October 1991). "The Executive Life; The Satisfying Silliness Of the Paintball Wars". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  18. ^ Ewing, Bill (13 January 2005). "Indoor paintball site targets the rapid growth of sport". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  19. ^ Peters, Kristina (28 September 2007). "Paintball addictive to players". The Daily Eastern News. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  20. ^ Gase, Thomas. "Paintball's popularity continues to spread". Simi Valley Acorn. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  21. ^ a b Kousnetz, Zack (3 January 2005). "Ready, Aim ... Paint?". The Paly Voice. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  22. ^ Zimmerman, Fred (13 March 2005). "Paintball warriors embrace fast and furious version known as 'speedball'". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
  23. ^ a b Fowler, Hart (17 September 2006). "Paintball: There's a little pain, but it's a ball". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  24. ^ Santschi, Mark (18 April 2001). "Ready, Aim, Paint!". The Daily of the University of Washington. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  25. ^ "WARPIG.com Paintball Dictionary". Warpig.com via Corinthian Media Services. 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Smith, Rain (7 October 2008). "Video Report – Blountville-based paintball team ranked fifth in nation, heading to World Championships". www.timesnews.net. Kingsport Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  27. ^ Schilling, Philip (17 May 2009). "Paintball – Cover Me, I Lost My Guppy!". ArticlesBase.com. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  28. ^ "Field Paint Only Policy – see number 24". EMR Paintball. Retrieved Tuesday February 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  29. ^ "FPO? What is that?". Gatsplat. Retrieved Tuesday February 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  30. ^ "Both locations are now Field Paint Only (FPO). You can no longer bring in your own paint (BYOP)". Lehigh Valley Paintball Inc. Retrieved Tuesday February 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ^ a b "SPLAT! ; South Sound Plays Host to Some of the Best in the World of Paintball". News Tribune, The. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  32. ^ a b "Styles of play". St Petersburg Times. 18 May 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  33. ^ "The True History Of Paintball". Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  34. ^ a b c Alvania, Rebecca (May 23, 2007). "In The Paint". Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  35. ^ "NPPL Info Dump". December 9, 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  36. ^ Davidson, Max (3 May 2008). "Paintball: gunning for the games". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  37. ^ "Pro Paintball – News, Teams, Industry, Leagues, Gear, and more". Retrieved 18 March 2010. See list of current leagues under North American Leagues menu
  38. ^ "PSP Point Rules" (PDF). PSP Events. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  39. ^ "National Pump League Goes Back To Paintball's Roots". .68caliber. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  40. ^ "Canadian forces training by playing paintball". CTV News. 14 January 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  41. ^ (2007): The Allure of Airsoft
  42. ^ "With Image Brush-Up, Paintball Moving From Military to Mainstream" Los Angeles Times, Jul 15, 2000
  43. ^ Conn JM; Annest JL; Gilchrist J; Ryan GW (2004). "Injuries from paintball game related activities in the United States, 1997–2001". Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 10 (3): 139–43. PMC 1730099. PMID 15178668. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ^ (2003): National Injury Information Clearinghouse of the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission in Washington D.C. (Published by Minnesota Paintball Association) [1]. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  45. ^ Capão Filipe JA; Rocha-Sousa A; Falcão-Reis F; Castro-Correia J (2003). "Modern sports eye injuries". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 87 (11): 1336–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.11.1336. PMC 1771879. PMID 14609827. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  46. ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information "Sports-related ocular trauma" [2]. Retrieved 02–19–07.
  47. ^ Fineman MS; Fischer DH; Jeffers JB; Buerger DG; Repke C (2000). "Changing trends in paintball sport-related ocular injuries". Archives of Ophthalmology. 118 (1): 60–4. PMID 10636415. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  48. ^ Alliman KJ; Smiddy WE; Banta J; Qureshi Y; Miller DM; Schiffman JC (2009). "Ocular trauma and visual outcome secondary to paintball projectiles". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 147 (2): 239–242.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.08.007. PMID 18835471. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Pahk PJ; Adelman RA (2009). "Ocular trauma resulting from paintball injury". Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Für Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 247 (4): 469–75. doi:10.1007/s00417-008-0985-2. PMID 19034480. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  50. ^ DeMelt, Annie (June 28, 2007). "Doctors say paintball too dangerous for kids". CTV.ca. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
  51. ^ "Paintball organisers defend sport after death". The Age Company Ltd. January 15, 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  52. ^ Langer, Sara (July 17, 2002). "Paintball Suit Results in Defense Win – Case against a youth who hurt a girl settles". The National Law Journal. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  53. ^ "Paintball gun shot could leave woman blind in one eye". The Ottawa Citizen. May 9, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  54. ^ "Girl, 17, and man, 20, charged in Ottawa paintball shooting". CBC News. Retrieved 21 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Text "11 May 2007" ignored (help)
  55. ^ Wieclawski, Tim (30 October 2007). "'Appalled' paintballers help victim". Metro Ottawa. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  56. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Is there a minimum / maximum age limit?". World Series Paintball. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  57. ^ "GETTING YOUR PAINTBALL GUN LICENSE" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  58. ^ Tomazin, Farrah (October 6, 2005). "Paintball gun law to be dumped". The Age. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  59. ^ "MPs rush new gun law but back down from paintball ban". 14 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  60. ^ "Anlage 2 zu § 2 Abs. 2 bis 4 WaffG Abschnitt 2, Nummer 1.1". {{cite web}}: Text "accessdate 22 February 2010" ignored (help)
  61. ^ "World | Europe | Germany moves to outlaw paintball". BBC News. 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  62. ^ Last Updated: 5:15PM BST 07 May 2009 (2009-05-07). "Germany to ban paintball in wake of high school shooting". Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14). "AFP: Paintball dodges bullet in Germany". Google.com. Retrieved 2009-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ "Paintball – The Law". UK Paintball Sports Federation. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  65. ^ Senior Attorney – Reinhart, Christopher Reinhart (October 24, 2008). "LEGISLATION ON PAINTBALL GUNS". Connecticut General Assembly. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paintball&oldid=367932340"