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Air France Flight 358

Coordinates: 43°39′23.2″N 79°37′29.0″W / 43.656444°N 79.624722°W / 43.656444; -79.624722
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Air France Flight 358
File:Air France Flight 358 cropped.jpg
The wreckage of Flight 358
Runway overrun
Date2 August 2005 (2005-08-02)
SummaryWeather-induced runway overrun, Pilot error, spatial disorientation
SiteToronto Pearson Int'l Airport
(Mississauga, Ontario, Canada)
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAirbus A340-313X
OperatorAir France
RegistrationF-GLZQ
Flight originParis-Charles de Gaulle Airport
Paris, France
DestinationToronto Pearson Int'l Airport
(Mississauga, Ontario, Canada)
Passengers297
Crew12
Fatalities0
Injuries43
Survivors309 (all)
Path of Flight 358. Dotted lines indicate the normal landing procedures.

Air France Flight 358, a flight from Paris, France, to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, using an Airbus A340 airliner, departed Paris without incident at 11:53 UTC 2 August 2005, later touching down on runway 24L-06R at Toronto Pearson International Airport at 20:01 UTC (16:01 EDT). The aircraft failed to stop on the runway and plunged into a nearby shallow ravine, coming to rest and bursting into flames approximately 300 metres past the end of the runway. The Airbus A340-300 had 309 people aboard, 297 passengers (two of them infants, without seat) and 12 crew, all of whom survived with only 12 sustaining serious injuries. The accident highlighted the role played by highly-trained flight attendants during an emergency situation.

Many flights departing and arriving at Pearson were cancelled, and many subsequent flights to Toronto Pearson were diverted to other Canadian airports in Ottawa, London, Hamilton and Winnipeg, and most of the larger aircraft were diverted to Montreal,[1][dead link] as well as Syracuse, New York,[2][dead link] and Buffalo, New York. Flights from Vancouver were turned back. Some 540 flights were cancelled.

The crash of Air France Flight 358 was the biggest crisis to hit Toronto Pearson since the airport's involvement in Operation Yellow Ribbon.

Jean Lapierre, the Canadian Minister of Transport, referred Flight 358 as a "miracle" because all of the passengers survived.[3] Other press sources described the accident as the "Miracle in Toronto",[3][4] the "Toronto Miracle",[5] the "Miracle" Escape,[6] and the Miracle of Runway 24L".[7]

Aircraft

The aircraft operating Flight 358 was a 295-seat Airbus A340-313X powered by four CFM International CFM56 engines.[8] With Manufacturers Serial Number 289 and registered F-GLZQ it was first flown in 3 August 1999 and delivered to Air France on the 7 September 1999.

Passengers

Nationality Total
 Canada 103
 France 101
 Germany 2
 India 8
 Italy 19
 Israel 4
 Mexico 1
 Turkey 1
 United Kingdom 7
 United States 19
Total[9][dead link] 265 (32 missing)

Out of the 297 passengers, there were 168 adult males, 118 adult females, 8 children and 3 infants. Among them, 3 passengers were seated in crew seats, one in the third occupant seat of the flight deck and two in the flight crew rest area. Also among the passengers were 3 wheelchair passengers and 1 blind passenger.[10] The passengers consisted of businesspersons, vacationers and students.[11]

Narrative

File:Air France Flight 358.jpg
The burnt wreckage of Flight 358 at Toronto Pearson International Airport. Note the Etobicoke Creek bridges in the background carrying Highway 401 traffic.
File:Crash air france.jpg
The tail of the burning wreckage of Flight 358

The accident occurred on 2 August 2005 20:03 UTC (16:03 EDT). Air France Flight 358, an Airbus A340-313X with 297 passengers and 12 crew, overshot the end of runway 24L at Toronto Pearson International Airport (in Mississauga, Ontario) and came to rest in a small ravine 300 metres past the end of the runway. All passengers and crew evacuated successfully. Twelve major injuries and no fatalities resulted from the accident.[12] The rest suffered minor or no injuries. A post-crash fire destroyed the aircraft.

The flight landed during reports of exceptionally bad weather — severe winds, heavy rain, and localized thunderstorms near the airport (see weather, below) — and touched down further along the runway than usual. Some passengers report that the plane was rocking from side to side before landing, possibly due to turbulence and gusting winds associated with the storm systems. One passenger described the crash as like a "car accident, but it keeps going and going, non-stop."[13]

The plane was cleared to land at 16:04 EDT on Runway 24L, which at 9,000 feet (2,700 metres) in length is the shortest runway at Pearson Airport. After touchdown, the aircraft did not stop before the end of the runway, but continued for 300 metres until it slid into the Etobicoke Creek ravine, on the western edge of the airport near the interchange of Dixie Road and Highway 401.

After coming to rest, fire was noticed outside the aircraft, and an evacuation order was given. The two rear left exits remained closed due to the fire. On opening the emergency exits, one of the right middle exit slides (R3) deflated after being punctured by debris from the aircraft, while one of the left slides (L2) failed to deploy at all for unknown reasons.[14] A number of passengers were forced to jump from the aircraft to exit. The actions of the flight attendants, who ensured that all of the passengers quickly evacuated, contributed to the escapes of all of the passengers.[15] The first officer was the last to leave the plane, which was evacuated within the required 90 second time frame.

Emergency response teams responded to the incident and were on site within 52 seconds of the crash occurring.[16] The TSB official report states that "the first response vehicle arrived at the scene within one minute of the crash alarm sounding".[14]

After the crash some passengers, including those who were injured, scrambled up the ravine to Highway 401 which runs almost parallel to the runway. Peel Regional Police located the first officer and several passengers along Highway 401, receiving assistance from motorists who were passing the airport when the crash occurred. Some motorists took injured people, including the pilot, directly to hospitals. Other motorists took non-injured passengers to the airport. The main fire burned for two hours, ending just before 18:00 EDT. All fires were out by early afternoon 3 August 2005, and investigators were able to begin their work.

The accident caused the cancellation or diversion of hundreds of flights, with ripple effects throughout the North American air traffic system. By that night, four of the five runway surfaces were back in service, but the flight (and passenger) backlog continued through the next day.

The accident also snarled traffic throughout Toronto's highway system. Highway 401, one of the world's busiest highways, is the main route through the Greater Toronto Area, and the crash occurred near the highway's widest point where 18 lanes of traffic travel between Highway 403, Highway 410 and Highway 427. Though the fire was extinguished within hours, there was considerable congestion on the highway for days after the crash, due to motorists slowing down or even pulling over to get a look at the wreckage. Traffic flow was slowed due to numerous traffic collisions, prompting the Ontario Provincial Police to increase patrols along that stretch.

In 1978, Air Canada Flight 189 slid into Etobicoke Creek, the site of the AF358 crash, resulting in two deaths. The Air Canada DC-9 used the 24R-06L runway, crashing north of the AF358 crash scene and deeper into the ravine. The runway the Air France plane landed on, 24L-06R, is an east-west runway with a length of 2.7 kilometres (9,000 feet), so the plane did not land very far off the runway. After the crash of AF358, there were some calls for the ravine to be filled or spanned by a bridge. Others said that such an undertaking would have been prohibitively expensive.[17] (Note: At the time of the crash of Air Canada Flight 189 the runway used by Air France 358 did not yet exist, and runway 24R-06L was numbered 24L-06R. The current runway 23-05 was at that time numbered 24R-06L)

This was the first time an Airbus A340 series was involved in a crash, ending its 14-year clean record. The plane entered service in 1999 and had its last maintenance check done in France on 5 July 2005. The plane made 3,711 flights for a total of 28,418 flight hours.

Weather

A METAR (weather observation) for the Pearson Airport was released almost exactly at the time of the accident. It stated that the weather at 20:04 UTC (16:04 EDT) consisted of winds from 340° true (north-northwest) at 24 kn (44 km/h) gusting to 33 kn (61 km/h), with 1+1⁄4 miles (2.0 km) visibility in heavy thunderstorms and rain. The ceiling was overcast at 4,500 feet (1,400 metres) above ground level with towering cumulus cloud. The temperature was 23 °C (73 °F). According to the Canada Air Pilot, runway 24L has a heading of 227° true (237° magnetic), and the minima for the ILS approach are ceiling 200 feet (61 metres) above ground level and visibility 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) or runway visual range of 2600 (RVR). The METAR for 21:00 UTC (17:00 EDT), nearly an hour after the accident, shows wind backing to the south and improving conditions generally, but includes in its remarks "FU ALF" to indicate smoke aloft from the burning plane.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that the crash occurred two hours after a ground stop was declared at the airport because of severe thunderstorms in the area ("red alert" status, which, for safety reasons, halts all ground activity on the apron and gate area. Aircraft can still land, and take off if still in queue). Visibility at the time of the accident was reported to be very poor. There was lightning, strong gusty winds, and hail at the time and the rain just began as the plane was landing. Within two hours the winds increased from 5 to 30 km/h (3 to 20 mph) and the temperature dropped from 30 to 23 °C (86 to 73 °F). A severe thunderstorm warning was in effect since 11:30 a.m. and all outbound flights and ground servicing operations had been canceled but landings were still permitted.

Dramatization

This accident is also featured on The Weather Channel television program Storm Stories. An episode of Mayday (Air Crash Investigation, Air Emergency) series also features this incident.[18]

Injuries

The following table summarizes the injuries as reported by the Transportation Safety Board.[12]

Crew Passengers Total
Fatal 0 0 0
Serious 2 10 12
Minor / None 10 287 297
Total 12 297 309

Out of the twelve passengers who suffered major injuries, nine suffered the injuries from the impact and three suffered the injuries from the evacuation.[12] Most of the injuries occurred to passengers and crew located in the flight deck and forward cabin.[19]

According to passenger reports, the leap from the aircraft to the ground caused many of the injuries, including broken legs, and ruptured vertebrae.[7] The Captain sustained back and head injuries during the impact of the crash when his seat lifted off, causing him to hit his head against the overhead controls. Minor injuries included twisted ankles, sore necks, bruises and effects from smoke inhalation. A total of 33 persons were taken to various Greater Toronto Area hospitals for treatment, 21 were treated for minor injuries and released. Hospitals included:

At the crash site were a number of emergency services:

A class-action lawsuit was filed approximately a week after the crash in Ontario Superior Court of Justice; the lawsuit seeks C$269 million in damages for trauma, any future medical expenses, and loss of property and earnings.

Investigation

Panoramic picture of the aftermath of Flight 358

Representation

The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) took control of the accident site once emergency response teams had finished their work. The TSB led the investigation, with the cooperation of several other organizations:

International protocol regarding the investigation of civil aviation accidents mandates that representatives from the manufacturer's nation participate. As GE-Aviation is headquartered in Evendale, Ohio, the Transportation Safety Board of Canada invited representatives from the NTSB to assist in the investigation.[27]

Evidence

The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were sent to France for analysis. Preliminary results indicate that the plane landed 1,220 metres (4,000 feet) from the start of the 2,743 metres (9,000 feet) runway (much further along than normal) at a ground speed of 148 knots (274 kilometres per hour; 170 miles per hour) – 140 knots being considered normal – with a tailwind, skidded down the runway and was traveling over 70 knots (130 kilometres per hour; 81 miles per hour) as it overran the tarmac and fell into the ravine. Tire marks extend 1,600 ft (490 m) indicating emergency braking action.

Réal Levasseur, the TSB's lead investigator for the accident, said the plane landed too far down the runway to have been able to stop properly on such wet pavement. Investigators have found no evidence of engine trouble, brake failure, or problems with the spoilers or thrust reversers. Why evacuation chutes failed to deploy from two exits remains under study. Some fleeing passengers were forced to jump some two metres (six feet) to the ground.

Irregularities

The final report of the TSB investigation can be found at the TSB website here (PDF document). The TSB update states: "During the flare, the aircraft entered a heavy shower area, and the crew's forward visibility was significantly reduced as they entered the downpour." This suggests the possibility that the plane was hit in heavy weather by a wet downburst, causing the Airbus to land long. Based on the Air France A340-313 Quick Reference Handbook (QRH), page 34G, "Landing Distance Without Autobrake", the minimum distance of 1,155 m (3,789 ft) would be used in dry conditions to bring the aircraft to a complete stop. In wet conditions the braking distance increases with a 5-knot tailwind, reversers operative, and a 6.3 mm (0.25 in) of downpour on the runway to 2,016 m (6,614 ft). This runway length was obviously not available at touch down of AF 358.

Other possible irregularities mentioned in a government report on the accident:[28]

  • Passenger oxygen tanks supposedly exploded in the heat of the fire. (Emergency passenger oxygen is provided via a chemical oxygen generator but the aircraft would have been carrying therapeutic oxygen for passengers requiring a constant supply throughout the flight and first aid situations.)
  • The copy of the "E.R.S. Aircraft Crash Chart" at Pearson International Airport did not include blueprints for the Airbus A340 model of planes at the time of the crash. The blueprints would have contained vital information with regards to search and rescue efforts, and provide the location of fuel and pressurised gas tanks so that rescue crews can avoid them.

Conclusions

The TSB concluded in their final report that the pilots had missed cues that would have prompted them to review their decision to land.[29] In their report[14] the TSB cited that

  • Air France had no procedures related to distance required from thunderstorms during approaches and landings
  • After the autopilot had been disengaged, the pilot flying increased engine thrust in reaction to a decrease in airspeed and a perception that the aircraft was sinking (spatial disorientation). The power increase contributed to an increase in aircraft energy and the aircraft deviated above the flight path.
  • At 300 feet above ground level, the wind changed from a headwind to a tailwind.
  • While approaching the threshold, the aircraft entered an intense downpour and the forward visibility became severely reduced.
  • When the aircraft was near the threshold, the crew members committed to the landing and believed their go-around option no longer existed.
  • The pilot not flying did not make the standard callouts concerning the spoilers and thrust reversers during the landing roll. This contributed to the delay in the pilot flying selecting the thrust reversers.
  • There were no landing distances indicated on the operational flight plan for a contaminated runway condition at the Toronto / Lester B. Pearson International Airport.
  • The crew did not calculate the landing distance required for runway 24L despite aviation routine weather reports (METARs) calling for thunderstorms. The crew were not aware of the margin of error.
  • The topography at the end of the runway beyond the area and the end of Runway 24L contributed to aircraft damage and injuries to crew and passengers.

The TSB advised changes to bring Canadian runway standards in line with those used abroad, either by extending them to have a 300 m runway safety area (or Runway End Safety Area) or, where that is impossible, providing an equivalently effective backup method of stopping aircraft.[14][30] Other recommendations that the TSB made includes having the Department of Transport establish clear standards limiting approaches and landings in convective weather for all operators at Canadian airports, and mandate training for all pilots involved in Canadian air operations to better enable them to make landing decisions in bad weather.[14]

Compensation

Within one week of the crash, cash payments ranging from C$1,000 to C$3,700 (all figures in this article in Canadian dollars unless otherwise stated) were given to passengers for interim emergency use. These funds were given to passengers through an emergency centre set up in the Novotel Hotel in Mississauga, near the airport. These payments were independent of the claims process, which has been started for passengers who have not retained counsel. It is expected that the insurers of Air France will pay for all damages as well as extra compensation for having passengers go through the ordeal; however, only amounts of €6,000-€9,000 have been offered, prompting passengers to turn to the lawsuit to seek legal action. The insurance is handled by the Societé de Gestion & D'Expertises D'Assurances in France. All passengers have also been offered a free return ticket to any Air France destination in the world in the same fare class in which they were originally booked on AF358.

Litigation

Passenger class action

Within a few days after the accident, a class action suit was filed on behalf of all passengers on board by representative plaintiff Suzanne Deak to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. The attorneys representing Deak and the passengers are Gary R. Will and Paul Miller from Will Barristers in Toronto. The plaintiffs are seeking payments for general and aggravated damages in the amount of $75 million, and payments for special damages and pecuniary damages in the amount of $250 million. A second class action lawsuit was also filed by plaintiffs Sahar Alqudsi and Younis Qawasmi (her husband) for $150 million a few days later. However, both suits have since merged as only one lawsuit is allowed to proceed to court.

In December 2009, a $12 million settlement agreement was reached between Air France and the class.[31] The settlement will resolve the claims of 184 passengers and their families. Forty-five other passengers had opted out of the suit, while 68 others have already agreed to a settlement with Air France.

Air France stated that it will not lose any money from the lawsuits as it is covered by its insurers. Also, Air France did not provide further contacts and assistance to those who retained counsel of the lawsuit until an agreement has been made between both sides' lawyers.

Air France lawsuit

In June 2008, almost 3 years after the accident, Air France filed a lawsuit against the Greater Toronto Airports Authority, NAV Canada, and the Canadian Federal Government for $180 million.[32] In the statement of claim filed with the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Air France alleged that the "GTAA failed to provide a safe environment for the conduct of civil air operations." The statement also claims that "The overrun and the consequent injuries to persons and damage to property were caused solely by the negligence of the defendants". Air France says Transport Canada was "negligent" by not implementing the recommendations of a coroner's inquest into the 1978 crash that urged the creation of a 300-metre safety area to give aircraft more room to stop after landing.

Aftermath

An inquiry by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada found runway safety zones at the end of runways at some Canadian airports are below accepted international standards. The report highlighted that Toronto Pearson's runways meet current Canadian standards, and that runway 24L has a defacto 300 metre RESA. The TSB also suggested precautions are needed to be taken by airlines when landing in bad weather.[14][30]

See also

Wikinews has related news:

References

  1. ^ The Star. Toronto http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1123019209131&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ http://news10now.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=46605
  3. ^ a b "'We thought the plane would blow up' ", The Sydney Morning Herald
  4. ^ "Air France Crash in Canada; Discovery to Perform Repairs; National Identification Cards", CNN
  5. ^ "Passengers, Crew Survive Fiery Plane Crash", Fox News
  6. ^ "For crash survivors, a 'miracle' escape." Associated Press. August 25, 2005. Retrieved on December 3, 2009.
  7. ^ a b "Pearson disaster was avoidable", Toronto Star
  8. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
  9. ^ a b "'A miracle' no deaths as Air France flight skids off runway, burns in Toronto," CBC
  10. ^ "Aviation Investigation Report A05H0002", 1.15.1 General, pg 54, Transport Safety Board of Canada, 2005
  11. ^ "Canada crash had textbook evacuation," KREM-TV
  12. ^ a b c "Aviation Investigation Report A05H0002", 1.2 Injuries to persons, p. 6, Transport Safety Board of Canada, 2005.
  13. ^ "Survivors' stories", CBC News.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Aviation Investigation Report: Runway Overrun and Fire -Air France Airbus A340-313 F-GLZQ – Toronto/Lester B. Pearson International Airport, Ontario – 2 August 2005. Report Number A05H0002 Transportation Safety Board'.' Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  15. ^ "Miracle Escape," Mayday
  16. ^ "Air France Flight 358 – FAQs," CTV
  17. ^ "No fatalities in Toronto airplane fire" CBC News
  18. ^ "Air Emergency: Miracle Escape", National Geographic Channel
  19. ^ "Aviation Investigation Report A05H0002", 1.15 Survival Aspects, pg 54, Transport Safety Board of Canada, 2005
  20. ^ "All survive Air France jet crash and fire," CNN
  21. ^ "The Osler Connection, Winter 2006," The Osler Foundation
  22. ^ a b WOHC (William osler Health centre) (2005-08-06). "Emergency response procedures worked according to plan after Air France plane crash". Aviation.ca. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  23. ^ "Survival By More Than 300 Air France Passengers in Toronto Called Miraculous," Red Orbit
  24. ^ "Passengers, crew survive fiery crash in Toronto," CTV
  25. ^ "The Credit Valley Hospital," Credit Valley Hospital
  26. ^ a b c Regional Council Minutes – 11 August 2005," Region of Peel
  27. ^ NTSB (2005-08-03). "NTSB Advisory". Ntsb.gov. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  28. ^ Tom Blackwell, National Post, 14 February 2006
  29. ^ "Air France Pilots Faulted by Board in Toronto Crash". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  30. ^ a b TSB advises runway changes in light of Air France crash. CBC News 2007-12-12 Retrieved 2007-12-13
  31. ^ "$12M settlement for passengers of plane that overshot Pearson airport". Nationalpost.com. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  32. ^ Air France sues over crash Toronto Star 2008-06-04 Retrieved 2008-06-08
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