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Tunisian revolution

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2010–2011 Tunisian protests
Date18 December 2010 – ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)23-68[1][2]
Injuries100+[citation needed]

The 2010–2011 Tunisian protests are protests taking place in numerous towns across Tunisia. The protesters initially rioting over unemployment, food inflation, corruption,[3] freedom of speech[4] and poor living conditions, eventually led to President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali stepping down from his presidency and leaving Tunisia on 14 January 2011 after 23 years in power.[5]

The protests, which began in December 2010 after a fruit and vegetable seller set himself on fire after police confiscated his produce cart[6] constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades[7][8] and have resulted in scores of deaths and injuries. Following Ben Ali's departure, a new election was called within 60 days.

The protests have also been called the Jasmine Revolution in the western media[9][10] in keeping with the geopolitical nomenclature of "colour revolutions". Others have dubbed the protests and the ouster of President Ben Ali as a Twitter Revolution[11] or Wikileaks Revolution[12] due to the influence of these new media.

Background

File:Bouazizi.jpg
Mohamed Bouazizi.

Riots on 18 December in Sidi Bouzid went largely unnoticed, although social media sites such as Facebook and YouTube featured images of police dispersing youths who attacked shop windows and damaged cars. One protester, Mohamed Bouazizi, set himself alight in protest against the confiscation of his fruit and vegetable cart. He was subsequently transferred to a hospital in Tunis where he died on 4 January.[13]

As pointed out by media networks, such as Al Jazeera and CBS News, riots in Tunisia were rare[14] and noteworthy, especially since the country is generally considered to be wealthy and stable as compared to other countries in the region.[15] Al Jazeera English also said that Tunisian activists are amongst the most outspoken in its part of the world with various messages of support being posted on Twitter for Bouazizi.[16] An op-ed article in the same network said of the action that it was "suicidal protests of despair by Tunisia's youth." It pointed out that the state-controlled National Solidarity Fund and the National Employment Fund had traditionally subsidised many goods and services in the country but had started to shift the "burden of providence from state to society" to be funded by the "bidonvilles," or shanty towns, around the richer towns and suburbs.[clarification needed] It also cited the "marginalisation of the agrarian and arid central and southern areas [that] continue[s] unabated."[17] The protests were also called an "uprising" because of "a lethal combination of poverty, unemployment and political repression: three characteristics of most Arab societies."[18]

The Tunisian government of Ben Ali, which had been criticised in the media and amongst NGO's, was supported by the United States and France because of Ben Ali's "persecution of the Islamists"; further, his "economic agenda was touted as a brilliant model that could be replicated in North Africa and he proved to be a staunch US ally actively involved in the controversial rendition programme." As a result, the initial reactions by the US and France were muted.[19]

File:President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali visiting Mohamed Bouazizi in the hospital.jpg
President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali visiting Mohamed Bouazizi in the hospital.

Protests

There were reports of police obstructing demonstrators and using tear gas on hundreds of young protesters in Sidi Bouzid in mid-December 2010. The protesters had gathered outside regional government headquarters to demonstrate against the treatment of Mohamed Bouazizi who had set himself on fire to protest the police confiscation of fruit and vegetables he was trying to sell on the streets. Coverage of events was limited by Tunisian media. On 19 December, extra police were present on the streets of the city.[20]

On 22 December, Lahseen Naji, a protestor, responded to "hunger and joblessness" by electrocuting himself after climbing an electricity pylon.[21] Ramzi Al-Abboudi also killed himself because of financial difficulties arising from a business debt by the country's micro-credit solidarity programme.[17] On 24 December, Mohamed Ammari was fatally shot in the chest by police in Bouziane. Other protesters were also injured, including Chawki Belhoussine El Hadri, who died later on 30 December.[22] Police claimed they shot the demonstrators in "self-defence." A "quasi-curfew" was then imposed on the city by police.[23]

Demonstration in support of the Tunisian protests in Nantes, France, January 15, 2011.

Violence later increased as Tunisian authorities and residents of Sidi Bouzid Governorate encountered each other once again. The protests had reached the capital Tunis[21] on 27 December with about 1,000 citizens expressing solidarity[24] with residents of Sidi Bouzid and calling for jobs. The rally, which was called by independent trade union activists, was stopped by security forces. The protests also spread to Sousse, Sfax and Meknassy.[25] The following day the Tunisian Federation of Labour Unions held another rally in Gafsa which was also blocked by security forces. At the same time about 300 lawyers held a rally near the government's palace in Tunis.[26] Protests continued again on the 29 December.[27]

On 30 December, police peacefully broke up a protest in Monastir while using force to disrupt further demonstrations in Sbikha and Chebba. Momentum appeared to continue with the protests on 31 December and further demonstrations and public gatherings by lawyers in Tunis and other cities following a call by the Tunisian National Lawyers Order. Mokhtar Trifi, president of the Tunisian Human Rights League (LTDH), said that lawyers across Tunisia had been "savagely beaten."[22] There were also unconfirmed reports of another man attempting to commit suicide in El Hamma.[28]

On 3 January 2011, protests in Thala over unemployment and a high cost of living turned violent. At a demonstration of 250 people, mostly students, in support of the protesters in Sidi Bouzid, police fired tear gas; one canister landed in a local mosque. In response, the protesters were reported to have set fire to tyres and attacked the office of Constitutional Democratic Rally.[29]

Some of the more general protests sought changes in the government's online censorship, where a lot of the media images have been broadcast. Tunisian authorities also allegedly carried out phishing operations to take control of user passwords and check online criticism. Both state and non-state websites had been hacked.[30]

On 6 January, 95% of Tunisia's 8,000 lawyers went on strike, according to the chairman of the national bar association. He said "The strike carries a clear message that we do not accept unjustified attacks on lawyers. We want to strongly protest against the beating of lawyers in the past few days."[31] It was reported on the following day that teachers had also joined the strike.[32]

In response to January 11 protests police used riot gear to disperse protesters ransacking buildings, burning tyres, setting fire to a bus and burning two cars in the working class suburb of Ettadhamen-Mnihla in Tunis. The protesters were said to have chanted "We are not afraid, we are not afraid, we are afraid only of God." Military personnel were also deployed in many cities around the country.[33]

On 12 January, a reporter from the Italian state-owned television broadcaster RAI stated that he and his cameraman were beaten with batons by police during a riot in Tunis' central district and that the officers then confiscated their camera.[34] A night time curfew was also ordered in Tunis after protests and clashes with police.[35]

Hizb ut-Tahrir also organised protests after Friday prayer on January 14 to call for re-establishing the Islamic caliphate.[36][dubious – discuss] A day later, it also organised other protests that went to the April 9 Prison to free political prisoners.[clarification needed][37]

Following Ben Ali's departure violence and looting continued and the national army was reported to be extensively deployed in Tunis.[38] The identity of the perpetrators has not been determined. A high official of the Tunisian military, however, also stated that elements loyal to former President Ben Ali have deployed across the country.[39] The capital's main train station was also torched.[38] A prison director in Mahdia freed about 1,000 inmates following a deadly prison rebellion that left 5 people dead.[40] Many other prisons also had jao; breaks or raids from external groups to force prisoner releases, some suspected to be aided by prison guards. General pandemonium was said to have occurred in Tunisia as residents who were running out of necessary food supplies had armed themselves and barricaded their homes, even to the extent of having formed armed neighbourhood watches. Al Jazeera's correspondent said there were apparently three different armed groups: the police, (250,000 people of the country's population were supposedly part of the police force) security forces from the Interior Ministry and irregular militias supportive of Ben Ali who were vying for control.[41] The Tunisian army was reportedly struggling to assert control.[42]

On January 16, Imed Trabelsi, a nephew of Ben Ali's wife, died from a stab wound he received 2 days before. He was the first victim of the Ben Ali's extended family during the protests.[43]

Arrests

Reports indicated that webloggers and a rap singer were arrested. Tunisian Pirate Party activists Slah Eddine Kchouk, Slim Amamou and Azyz Amamy were reported to have "disappeared" as no news was heard about them.[30][44][45][dubious – discuss] Reporters Without Borders said the arrest of at least six bloggers and activists, who had either been arrested or had disappeared across Tunisia, was brought to their attention and that there were "probably" others.[46]

Hamma Hammami, the leader of the banned Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and a prominent critic of Ben Ali, was arrested on 12 January,[35] though he was released two days later.[47]

Domestic political response

During a national television broadcast on 28 December, President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali criticised people for their protests calling the perpetrators "extremists and mercenaries" and warned of "firm" punishment. He also accused "certain foreign television channels of broadcasting false allegations without verification, based on dramatisation, fermentation and deformation by media hostile to Tunisia."[48] His remarks were ignored and the protests continue.[27]

On 29 December, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali shuffled his cabinet to remove his communications minister Oussama Romdhani, while also announcing changes to the trade and handicrafts, religious affairs, communication and youth portfolios.[49] The next day he also announced the dismissal of the governors of Sidi Bouzid, Jendouba and Zaghouan.[50]

In January 2011, Ben Ali said 300,000 new jobs would be created, though he did not clarify what that meant. However, he also described the protests "the work of masked gangs that attacked at night government buildings and even civilians inside their homes in a terrorist act that cannot be overlooked." Ahmed Najib Chebbi, the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party, then said that despite official claims of police firing in self-defense "the demonstrations were non-violent and the youths were claiming their rights to jobs" and that "the funeral processions [for those killed on January 9] turned into demonstrations, and the police fired [at] the youths who were at these .. processions." He then criticised Ben Ali's comments as the protesters were "claiming their civil rights, and there is no terrorist act...no religious slogans," while accusing Ben Ali of "looking for scapegoats." He further criticised the additional jobs offered as mere "promises."[1]

On 10 January, the government announced the indefinite closure of all schools and universities in order to quell the unrest.[51]

Days before departing office, Ben Ali announced that he would not change the present constitution, which was read as, in effect, promising to step down in 2014 due to his age.[52]

President Ben Ali's resignation

On 14 January, Ben Ali dissolved his government and declared a state of emergency. Officials said the reason for the emergency declaration was to protect Tunisians and their property. People were also barred from gathering in more than groups of three people otherwise courting arrest or being shot if they try to run away.[53][54] He also called for an election within six months to defuse demonstrations aimed at forcing him out.[citation needed] France24 also said the military took control of the airport and closed the country's airspace.[55]

On the same day, Ben Ali fled the country and landed in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, after France rejected a request for the plane to land on its territory. Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi then briefly took over as acting president.[5][56] On the morning of January 15, Tunisian state TV announced that Ben Ali had officially resigned his position and Ghannouchi had handed power over to parliamentary speaker Fouad Mebazaa.[57] This was done after the head of Tunisia's Constitutional Court, Fethi Abdennadher, declared that Ben Ali had left for good, Ghannouchi did not have right to power and Mebazaa would be given 60 days to organise new election.[58] Mebazaa said it was in the country's best interest to form a National Unity government.[59]

Consequences

The most immediate result of the protests was seen in increased internet freedoms.[60] While commentators were divided about the extent to which the internet contributed to the ousting of Ben Ali itself,[61][62] (Facebook, however, remained accessible to roughly 20% of the population throughout the crisis[62][63]); the Tor anonymity network reported a surge of traffic from Tunisia.[64]

Reactions

Other domestic

The TUNINDEX fell on 12 January for a 3-consective day loss of 9.3%.[65] Following the curfew in Tunis, the market index again fell 3.8% as cost to protect against a sovereign default in credit default swaps rose to its highest level in almost 2 years.[66][67]

International and non-state

The International Federation for Human Rights condemned "the use of firearms by the Tunisian security forces, and calls for an independent inquiry to cast light on these events, to hold those responsible accountable and to guarantee the right to peaceful protest."[22]

On 2 January the hacktivist group Anonymous announced 'Operation Tunisia' in solidarity with the protests in hacking a number of Tunisian state-run websites.[30][68] In a statement Anonymous announced:

"The Tunisian government wants to control the present with falsehoods and misinformation in order to impose the future by keeping the truth hidden from its citizens. We will not remain silent while this happens. Anonymous has heard the claim for freedom of the Tunisian people. Anonymous is willing to help the Tunisian people in this fight against oppression."[69]

Within 24 hours of the announcement, multiple Tunisian governmental websites were unavailable, including: Bourse de Tunis, the Tunisian national stock exchange, Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Industry, Tunisian Government Commerce, The Carthage Palace (home to the President), Presidential election commission and a government website that is a portal for various ministries.[70]

The Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb voiced support for the demonstrators against both the the Tunisian and Algerian governments in a video released on January 13, 2011. Al Qaeda offered military aid and training to the demonstrators, calling on them to overthrow "the corrupt, criminal and tyrannical" regime and for "retaliation" against the Tunisian government. AQIM leader Abu Musab Abdul Wadud also called for Islamic sharia law to be established in Tunisia.[71][72]

Post-ouster

EU Foreign Policy Chief Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Stefan Fuele jointly expressed their "support and recognition to the Tunisian people and their democratic aspirations, which should be achieved in a peaceful way" urging "all parties to show restraint and remain calm in order to avoid further casualties and violence". The EU also expressed its "willingness to help find lasting democratic solutions to the ongoing crisis".[73]

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated that "the political situation is developing fast and every effort must be made by all concerned parties to establish dialogue and resolve problems peacefully to prevent further loss, violence and escalations"[73]

French President Nicolas Sarkozy stated that "only dialogue can bring a democratic and lasting solution to the current crisis"[73] French Socialist Party First Secretary, Martine Aubry, called on the French government to be tougher towards the Tunisian government. "I would like to say to the Tunisian people that it has the full support and solidarity of the PS, and we ask that France adopt a strong position condemning the unacceptable repression,"[74]

UK Foreign Secretary William Hague condemned the violence and called for "a rapid return to law and order, restraint from all sides, an orderly move towards free and fair elections and an immediate expansion of political freedoms in Tunisia", urging the Tunisian authorities "to do all they can to resolve the situation peacefully"[73]

United States President Barack Obama applauded the courage and dignity of protesting Tunisians. He urged all parties to keep calm and avoid violence.[75] He also called on the Tunisian government to respect human rights and hold free and fair elections in the future.[76]

Media and pundit reactions

The lack of coverage in the domestic state-controlled media was criticised.[16] Writer/activist Jillian York alleged that the mainstream media, particularly in the Western world, was providing less coverage and less sympathetic coverage to the Tunisia protests relative to Iranian protests and the Green movement and China's censorship. York alleged the "US government--which intervened heavily in Iran, approving circumvention technology for export and famously asking Twitter to halt updates during a critical time period—has not made any public overtures toward Tunisia at this time."[77]

Despite criticism about the "sparse" level of coverage and "little interest" given to the demonstrations by the international media, the protests have been hailed by some commentators as "momentous events" in Tunisian history.[78] Brian Whitaker, writing in The Guardian, suggested on 28 December 2010, that the protests would be enough to bring an end to Ben Ali's presidency and noted similarities with the end of Nicolae Ceauşescu's reign in Romania in 1989,[78] although Steven Cook, writing for the Council of Foreign Relations, notes that a tipping point is only obvious after the fact, and points to the counter-example of the 2009-2010 Iranian election protests.[79] Ben Ali's governing strategy was nevertheless regarded to be in serious trouble,[80] and Elliot Abrams noted both that demonstrators were able for the first time at the end of 2010 to defy the security forces and that the regime had no obvious successors outside of Ben Ali's own family.[81]

Al Jazeera read the ouster of the president as the "glass ceiling of fear has been for ever shattered in Tunisia and that the police state that Ben Ali created in 1987 when he came to power in a coup seems to be disintegrating." Though it added that Ben Ali's resignation following his statement that he had been "duped by his entourage" may not entirely be sincere just yet. Le Monde criticised French President Nicolas Sarkozy and the European Unions's "Silence over the Tragedy" when the unrest broke.[19]

Larbi Sadiki suggested that despite "conventional wisdom has it that 'terror' in the Arab world is monopolised by al-Qaeda in its various incarnations" there was also the practics of "regimes in countries like Tunisia and Algeria [that] have been arming and training security apparatuses to fight Osama bin Laden [they] were [also] caught unawares by the 'bin Laden within': the terror of marginalisation for the millions of educated youth who make up a large portion of the region's population. The winds of uncertainty blowing in the Arab west - the Maghreb - threaten to blow eastwards towards the Levant as the marginalised issue the fatalistic scream of despair to be given freedom and bread or death."[82] A similar op-ed in Al Jazeera by Lamis Ardoni said that the protests had "brought down the walls of fear, erected by repression and marginalisation, thus restoring the Arab peoples' faith in their ability to demand social justice and end tyranny." He also said that the proests taht succeeded in toppling the leadership should serve as a "warning to all leaders, whether supported by international or regional powers, that they are no longer immune to popular outcries of fury" even though Tunisia's ostensible change "could still be contained or confiscated by the country's ruling elite, which is desperately clinging to power." He called the protests the "Tunisian intifada" which had "placed the Arab world at a crossroads." He further added that if the change was ultimately successful in Tunisia it could "push the door wide open to freedom in Arab word. If it suffers a setback we shall witness unprecedented repression by rulers struggling to maintain their absolute grip on power. Either way, a system that combined a starkly unequal distribution of wealth with the denial of freedoms has collapsed."[83]

Regional instability

Many ordinary people and leaders across the Arab world were closely watching the event unfold in Tunisia amid uncertainty.[84]

On 29 December, clashes with police were also reported in neighbouring Algiers, Algeria, over protests about the lack of housing. At least 53 people were reported to have been injured and another 29 were arrested.[85] In January 2011, the protests against living conditions and food inflation continued[86] for two nights amid tighter security.[87] On the third day of protests three people were killed and many more were injured.[88]

On 14 January 2011, protesters in Jordan's capital Amman, Maan, Karak, Salt and Irbid and other cities. The protests, led by trade unionists and leftist parties, came after Friday prayers, and called for the government led by Prime Minister Samir Rifai to step down. They chanted anti-government slogans and called Rifai a "coward." One banner in the protest read "Jordan is not only for the rich. Bread is a red line. Beware of our starvation and fury," while protesters chanted "Down with Rifai's government. Unify yourselves because the government wants to eat your flesh. Raise fuel prices to fill your pocket with millions." Tawfiq al-Batoush, a former head of the Karak municipality, said: "We are protesting the policies of the government, high prices and repeated taxation that made the Jordanian people revolt."[89] The Muslim Brotherhood and 14 trade unions said they would hold a sit-down protest outside parliament the next day to "denounce government['s] economic policies." Parallels were drawn with the Tunisian protests.[90]

See also

References

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  89. ^ "Jordanians march against inflation - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  90. ^ Johnny McDevitt. "Jordanians protest against soaring food prices".

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