Attack on USNS Card
| Attack on the USNS Card | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Vietnam War | |||||||
| File:Usscard1.jpg This photograph taken on May 2, 1964, showed the USNS Card in Saigon Port after it was attacked by Viet Cong commandos. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Viet Cong |
 United States | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Lam Son Nao |
Unknown | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| 65th Special Operations Group | USNS Card | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2 commandos | 1 escort carrier | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| None |
1 escort carrier temporarily sunk 5 U.S. civilian employees killed. | ||||||
The Attack on the USNS Card was a Viet Cong operation during the Vietnam War. It took place in the port of Saigon in the early hours of May 2, 1964, and mounted by commandos from the 65th Special Operations Group.
The Card was first commissioned into the United States Navy during World War II, playing a significant role in destroying German Navy submarines as the flagship of Task Group 21.14. Decommissioned in 1945, the Card was reactivated in 1958 and entered service with the Military Sea Transport Service, transporting military equipment to South Vietnam as part of the United States military commitment to that country.
With the USNS Card a regular visitor to the port, it became a target for local Viet Cong commando units. Shortly after midnight on May 2, 1964, two Viet Cong commandos climbed out of the sewer tunnel near the area where the Card was anchored, and they attached two loads of explosives to the ship’s hull. The attack was a success and the Card sank 48 feet, and five civilian crew members were killed by the explosions. The ship was refloated 17 days later, and was towed to the Philippines for repairs.
Background
The USNS Card was a Bogue class escort carrier that had served in the United States Navy with distinction. The Card’s hull was laid down on October 27, 1941; originally intended as a cargo ship, the ship was reclassified ACV-11 and converted into an escort carrier with a displacement of 9,800 tons. On July 15, 1943, the Card was reclassified CVE-11 and became the flagship of Task Group 21.14 (TG21.14), a hunter-killer group formed to destroy German submarines in the North Atlantic. During the periods between July and November, the Card’s aircraft and the escort vessels of TG21.14 destroyed a total of five German submarines.[1] On November 11, 1943, the Card and her escort destroyers were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their success as part of TG21.14, and the Card became the first escort carrier to receive such an award for combating German submarines. By the end of World War II, the Card and her aircraft destroyed a total of 11 German submarines, which made it the second most successful ship of its class.[2]
After 1945 the Card was decommissioned and briefly put out of service when it was transferred to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. On May 16, 1958, the Card entered service with the Military Sea Transport Service, under the control of the United States Navy. The ship was manned by a civilian crew and was prefixed "USNS" (United States Naval Ship) instead of "USS" (United States Ship) as it was in service but not commissioned.[3] With the war's escalation, the United States government stepped up military support for South Vietnam's fight against the Communist National Liberation Front (also known as the Viet Cong). On December 11, 1961, the USNS Card docked in the Saigon Port to unload 32 H-21 Shawnee helicopters and more than 400 U.S. soldiers from the 57th Transport Company from Fort Lewis, and the 8th and 9th Transport Companies from Fort Bragg. The arrival of the Card in Saigon marked the beginning of a major U.S military involvement in the Vietnam War.[4]
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From 1961 onwards, the Card and the USNS Core regularly docked in Saigon to unload heavy artillery, M-113 armored personnel carriers, aircraft, helicopters and ammunition for the South Vietnamese government. The Port of Saigon was situated between the Te and Ben Nghe Canals, and was about 700 meters (2,300 ft) wide from one side to the other.[5] To facilitate the arrival of the Card and other American ships which pulled into Saigon, the South Vietnamese military often deployed navy vessels to conduct patrols around the port, while the surrounding shores were protected by an elite Army of the Republic of Vietnam ("ARVN") airborne battalion. The port itself was guarded round the clock by South Vietnamese police, as undercover South Vietnamese agents operated across the river in the Thu Thiem area to disrupt Viet Cong activities there. Undeterred by the level of protection which the South Vietnamese government normally afforded to American ships, Tran Hai Phung—commander of the Viet Cong’s Saigon-Gia Dinh Military District—ordered the 65th Special Operations Group to attack the USNS Card.[5]
Sinking of the USNS Card
Failed attempt on the USNS Core
Despite their best efforts to control Viet Cong activities across the river in the Thu Thiem area, the South Vietnamese military and police could not stop Viet Cong agents from operating there. So Viet Cong members of the 65th Special Operations Group were able to watch U.S. and South Vietnamese military activities at the port, while they were preparing to attack American targets. Lam Son Nao, a commando of the 65th Special Operations Group, was also an employee at the port facility.[5] As his unit was assigned with the mission to attack the American escort carrier, Nao took advantage of his position as an employee at the port facility, to reconnoitre the Card to design the best strategy to sabotage the ship and all the military hardware onboard. Nao’s father had previously worked at the port facility as a tradesman, so he memorised all the underground tunnels and sewerage systems which ran in and out of the facility. He advised Nao that the best way to enter the area where the American ships normally anchored, was via the sewer tunnel opposite Thu Thiem.[5]
On one occasion while he was bathing in the Saigon River, Nao decided to inspect the sewer tunnel which his father had advised him to use. Nao concluded that the tunnel would provide the best way to get in and out of the American area, but using it also presented challenges. The sewerage tunnel contained both wastes and toxic oils which could cause blindness, so Nao and his men would have to close their eyes as they move through the tunnel, in order to avoid blindness.[6] Furthermore, Nao and his men must wash their bodies to get rid of the deadly odours to avoid detection, and probably arrest, by South Vietnamese authorities. After Nao had surveyed the tunnels which lead into the port, he presented his plan of attack to the Saigon-Gia Dinh Military District Headquarters. Nao decided to utilise high explosives, enough to sink a ship, and detonate it using a timer so that his men could get away safely. Nao’s superiors approved the plan, and they ordered him to launch the attack before sunrise to avoid killing local Vietnamese civilians.[6]
Nao then returned to Saigon and began assembling the equipment required for the attack which included C4 plastic explosives, TNT, wires, mine detonators and batteries. Nao also trained new commandos, namely Nguyen Phu Hung and Nguyen Van Cay, to support his operation. To ensure that his operation would go smoothly, Nao measured the height, length and width of the sewer tunnel to assemble the bomb devices to the right size, so it could be carried through the tunnel unhindered.[6] Towards the end of 1963, Nao received news that the Card had arrived in Saigon with another load of armoured personnel carriers, artillery and aircraft. But the aircraft carrier turned out to be the sister-ship the USNS Core. On the evening of December 29, 1963, Nao and Cay managed to carry their bomb devices through the sewer tunnel which had about 80 kilograms (180 lb) of explosives. The commandos attached the explosives to Core’s hull, set the timer and retreated back into the sewer to wait for the outcome.[6]
However, the bomb device failed to explode as planned, because the battery had expired due to long periods of storage.[6] Determined the operation would remain a secret, the commandos snuck back to the Core and retrieved the explosive devices. Not long afterwards, the Core and its crew sailed out of Saigon, intact without any damage. Nao, on the other hand, reported the failure of his mission to the Saigon-Gia Dinh Military District Headquarters; his superiors did not express disappointment in the failure of the operation, but instead they encouraged Nao and his men to destroy the Card at all cost. Finally on May 1, 1964, Viet Cong reconnaissance teams spotted the USNS Card sailed through Ganh Rai Bay and entered Long Tau River, so they immediately reported the information to the 65th Special Operations Group in Saigon.[7]As usual, the Card docked at the commercial port district in the city to unload another shipment of cargo and military helicopters, as well as upload a batch of helicopters scheduled to be returned to the United States.[8]
Successful attack
When Nao received news the Card had arrived in Saigon, he inspected the equipment which now included a new battery and a redesigned bomb device. Again, Nao decided to set off the bomb device during the early hours of May 2, so that he and his fellow operative could escape safely and avoid inflicting casualties on the local population. But due to illness, Cay declined to take part in the operation, so Hung had to replace him.[7] At around 9am on May 1, Nao rushed to Hung’s home, where the latter was given a hand grenade and was notified of an upcoming operation without much detail. At 6pm, after Nao had finished unloading the bomb devices onto one canoe, he and Hung traveled down the Saigon River in two separate canoes, towards the commercial port district. Both men than pulled over in the Thu Thiem area, to avoid detection from South Vietnamese authorities by intermingling with the local workers who lived there. While waiting for the right time, Nao briefed Hung on the objectives of the operation, which was to sink the largest American ship at the Saigon Port, and promptly report the results back to headquarters.[7]
Shortly after 6.30pm as both men headed towards Warehouse Number 0 at the commercial port district, a police patrol boat spotted them and quickly gave chase. Nao than ordered Hung to throw the hand grenade and both men would retreat towards the local village, if their bomb devices were discovered by the police. The police patrol stopped about 20 meters (66 ft) away from Nao’s canoe, and the patrol boat commander questioned both men about their activities during that time of the evening.[9] In response, Nao claimed that he and Hung intended to go to the other side of the river, to buy some new clothes at the market. To avoid delaying the operation, Nao decided to bribe the patrol boat commander, as the South Vietnamese police were widely known for their corruption. When the patrol boat commander received the bribe, he gave both Nao and Hung permission to move on but demanded another bribe when they return. When the commandos arrived at the sewer tunnel, they assembled the bomb device with each man carrying 40 kilograms (88 lb) of explosives down through the tunnel.[9]
Once the commandos finally got out of the tunnel, they both swam towards the broadside of the Card which anchored near the opening of the sewer. As planned, Nao and Hung attached two bomb devices on the ship, with one near the bilge and one at the engine compartment, just above the water surface. After the bomb devices had been attached to the Card’s hull, Nao inspected both devices to ensure it had been assembled properly.[10] After that Nao stick the battery onto a pole and connected it to the bomb devices with wires, than set the timer. At 1.10am, the bomb devices were completed and both commandos retreated back into the sewer tunnel, and climbed into their canoes on the other side and rowed back to Thu Thiem. Again, the police patrol boat was waiting for Nao and Hung to arrive, because the commander wanted another bribe. As Nao and Hung approached the patrol boat, an explosion was heard and a bright light could be seen in the commercial port area. The South Vietnamese police patrol boat than started its engine and raced towards the Card, instead of hassling the Viet Cong commandos for another bribe.[10]
Aftermath
For the Viet Cong commandos of the 65th Special Operations Group, namely Lam Son Nao and Nguyen Phu Hung, the explosion on the Card signalled a successful mission.[9] By the time the sun rose over Saigon, the Card had sunk 48 feet (15 m) with the engine compartment completely flooded. Furthermore, five American civilians who worked on the ship died as a result of the attack.[11] But to the rapid response from the ship’s crew and the local authorities, flooding inside the ship was quickly stopped and it was stabilized. An inspection later revealed that the explosion had torn open a hole which measured 12 feet (3.7 m) long and 3 feet (0.91 m) high, on the starboard side of the ship.[12] In the days that followed, five U.S. Navy divers were deployed to Saigon from the Philippines, in addition to several salvage teams from U.S. bases in Japan and the Military Sea Transport Service Command.[12]
The USS Reclaimer rescue and salvage ship, which was heading for the Philippines at the time, was ordered to change course and sailed for Saigon. Meanwhile, the tug boat USS Tawakoni based at Subic Bay in the Philippines was placed on standby, and later received similar orders to head for South Vietnam.[12] Upon their arrival in Saigon, U.S. Navy divers and salvage teams tried desperately to pump water out from the Card’s flooded compartments, but their initial attempts were hindered by a combination of malfunctions in the pumping equipment, and the poor diving conditions in the river. Ultimately it took the salvors 17 days to refloat the Card, and when that was completed they began the process of moving the ship out of Saigon by installing a 6-inch pump and a load of generators inside the Card to get rid of excess water while at sea. The Reclaimer and the Tawakoni than towed the damaged Card out of Saigon, and headed for Subic Bay where it underwent further repairs.[13]
Shortly after the Card was sunk, North Vietnam made full use of the incident for propaganda purposes. On October 20, 1964, the North Vietnamese government issued a postage stamp which proclaimed an "Aircraft Carrier of America sunk in the Harbor of Saigon", to praise the Viet Cong commandos who carried out the attack.[14] For the United States Navy, the sinking of the Card was a hurtful event, especially since the ship had won a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the Second World War. In what characterized the U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, the U.S. Navy refused to learn the lessons which came about as a result of the incident, by refusing to admit the Card had been sunk even for a brief period of time. Instead, the U.S. Navy simply stated the Card was damaged and quickly repaired.[15] For the remainder of 1964, the Viet Cong launched further attacks on U.S. targets such as the Brinks Hotel and Bien Hoa Air Base, but again there were no significant responses from the U.S. military.[16]
Notes
- ^ Wise, p.46
- ^ Wise, p.45
- ^ Grey, p.146
- ^ de Chaunac, p.101
- ^ a b c d Ho, p.11
- ^ a b c d e Ho, p.12
- ^ a b c Ho, p.13
- ^ Bartholomew & Milwee, p.247
- ^ a b c Ho, p.14
- ^ a b Ho, p.15
- ^ Bowman, p.37
- ^ a b c Bartholomew & Milwee, p.248
- ^ Bartholomew & Milwee, p.250
- ^ Thompson, p.64
- ^ Thompson, p.65
- ^ Cosmas, p.172
References
- Bartholomew, Charles A. (2005). Mud, muscles and miracles: marine salvage in the United States Navy. Washington D.C.: United States Government Print. ISBN 09452746053.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Bowman, John S. (1989). Vietnam War: Day by Day. New York: Batnam Books. ISBN 0792450870.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Cosmas, Graham A. (2006). MACV: the Joint Command in the years of escalation, 1962-1967, Volume 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. ISBN 0160723671.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Grey, Walter L. (2010). U.S. Army Sea Tales. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pp. s. ISBN 1453549742.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Ho, Si Thanh (2007). The Commandos of Saigon: Untold Stories. Hanoi: People’s Army Publishing House.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - de Chaunac, Jacques-Francois (2003). The American Cavalry in Vietnam (Translated by Lyman C. Duryea). Paducah: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1563118904.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Thompson, Roger (2007). Lessons the U.S. Navy's status quo culture not learned. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591148650.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Wise, John E. (2005). U-505: The Final Journey. Washington D.C.: U.S. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591149673.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)