Cornell University
- "Cornell" redirects here. For the unaffiliated liberal arts college in Mount Vernon, Iowa, see Cornell College. For other uses, see Cornell (disambiguation).
| Cornell University | |
| Motto | "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study" –Ezra Cornell, 1865 |
|---|---|
| Type | Private with 14 colleges and schools, including 4 statutory colleges |
| Established | 1865 |
| Endowment | $3.847 billion1 |
| President | Hunter R. Rawlings, III |
| President-elect | David Skorton (Inauguration: July 1, 2006) |
Academic staff | 3,241 |
| Undergraduates | 13,665 |
| Postgraduates | 6,679 |
| Location | , , |
| Campus | Urban area, 745 acres (3.0 km²) |
| Athletics | 36 Varsity Teams |
| Mascot | |
| Website | www.cornell.edu |
| Cornell University | |
Cornell University is a research university located on the East Hill of Ithaca, New York. Its two medical campuses are located in New York City and in Education City, Qatar, near Doha.
The youngest member of the Ivy League, Cornell was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White as a coeducational, nonsectarian institution where admission was offered irrespective of religion or race. Conceived immediately after the Industrial Revolution and the American Civil War, its founders intended that the new university would teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge—from the classics to the sciences and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals—a radical departure at the time—are captured in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study".
Known for both its undergraduate and graduate programs, Cornell continues to have one of the broadest curricula of any university, offering more than 80 majors, housing over 150 departments and academic areas and offering well over 5000 courses. Cornell is also a leader in research: During the 2004–05 academic year, research expenditures topped $560 million[1]. In recent years, Cornell has been aggressively expanding its international programs—from the establishment, in 2001, of the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the first American medical school outside of the United States, to the forging of partnerships and collaboration with major institutions in China[2], India[3] and Singapore[4]—it has gone as far as claiming to be "the first transnational university."[5]
History
Cornell was created on April 27, 1865 by the New York State Senate when they passed a bill naming Cornell as the state's land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, NY as a site and $500,000 of his personal fortune as an initial endowment. Fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. Over the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the initial two buildings and traveled about the country, attracting students and faculty.
After much planning, the university was inaugurated on October 7, 1868 and, through examination, admitted its first students the following day - an initial enrolment of 412 men [6]. While Cornell offered coeducation since its inception, no women enrolled until 1870, many years before any of the other Ivy League schools. The initial faculty included such noteworthy academics as Louis Agassiz and James Crafts.
Notable research
The Automotive Crash Injury Research project was begun in 1952 by John O. Moore at the Cornell Aeronautical Research Laboratories (spun off in 1972 as Calspan Corporation). It pioneered the first-ever use of crash testing (originally using corpses rather than dummies). The project discovered that an extraordinary percentage of injuries could be prevented by improved door locks, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded dashboards, and seat belts. The project led to Liberty Mutual's funding the building of a demonstration Cornell Safety Car in 1956, which received national publicity, and influenced carmakers. Carmakers started their own crash-test laboratories and gradually adopted the main Cornell innovations, all now taken for granted (although others, such as rear-facing passenger seats, never found favor with carmakers or the public).
In 1984, the National Science Foundation began work on establishing five new supercomputer centers, including the Cornell Theory Center, to provide high-speed computing resources for research within the United States. In 1985, development of NSFNet, a TCP/IP-based computer network that could connect to the ARPANET, was undertaken by a team from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Cornell Theory Center. This high-speed network, unrestricted to academic users, became a backbone to which regional networks would be connected. Initially a 56- kbit/s network, traffic on the network grew exponentially; the links were upgraded to 1.5- Mbit/s T1s in 1988 and to 45 Mbit/s in 1991. The NSFNet was a major milestone in the development of the Internet and its rapid growth coincided with the development of the World Wide Web.[7]
For more than 40 years, Cornell has been involved in unmanned missions to Mars[8]. Recently, Cornell had a hand in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Cornell's own Steve Squyres[9], Principal investigator for the Athena Science Payload, led the selection of the landing zones and requested data collection features for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers took those requests and designed the rovers to meet them. JPL is also responsible for all of the designs relating to space travel, Mars terrain travel, and the software-control system. The rovers, which have both operated long past their original life expectancy, are responsible for the discoveries that were awarded 2004 Breakthrough of the Year honors[10] by Science. Photos taken by Opportunity, near its landing site at Meridiani Planum, showed a stratification pattern and cross bedding within the rocks that suggest a history of water flowing in the region. Control of the Mars rovers has shifted between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech and Cornell's Space Sciences Building[11].
Organization
Academic units
Cornell is a private institution, receiving most of its funding through tuition, research grants, and alumni contributions. However, three of its undergraduate colleges as well as the graduate-level College of Veterinary Medicine, called contract or statutory colleges, also receive partial funding from the state of New York to support their research and service mission in niche fields. Residents of New York enrolled in the contract colleges enjoy reduced tuition. Further, the governor of the state serves as an ex-officio member of the board of trustees. It is a common misconception that Cornell's contract colleges are public institutions. They are not—they are private institutions that Cornell operates by contract with the state government.
Cornell is highly decentralized, with its colleges and schools enjoying wide autonomy. Each defines its own academic programs, organizes its own admissions and advising programs, and confers its own degrees. The only university-wide requirements for a baccalaureate degree are to pass a swimming test and take two physical education courses. Periodically, the university attempts to resolve naturally arising redundancies by creating special inter-school departments. While students may take courses offered by the division, their enrollment remains with their individual college or school. With that said, any student may take any course in any of the colleges, provided they have fulfilled the pre-requisites for enrollment.
Seven schools offer undergraduate programs. Students pursuing graduate degrees in departments of these schools are enrolled in the Graduate School. In addition, there are six units offering graduate and professional programs.
Undergraduate colleges and schools
Endowed colleges |
Contract colleges |
Graduate/Professional colleges and schools
All of Cornell's graduate and professional schools are endowed, except for the statutory veterinary school.
- Graduate School
- Cornell Law School
- S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management
- Weill Cornell Medical College (New York City)
- Weill Cornell Medical College (Qatar)
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences (New York City)
- New York State College of Veterinary Medicine
Other
- School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions
Non-academic units
Cornell University Library
The Cornell University Library (CUL) consists of twenty units. One of the twelve largest academic research libraries in the United States by volume, it holds 7 million volumes in open stacks, 8 million microforms, and some 76,000 sound recordings in its collections, in addition to extensive digital resources and the University Archives[12]. It was the first among all U.S. colleges and universities to allow undergraduates to borrow books from its libraries.
CUL plays an active role in furthering online archiving of scientific and historical documents. The arXiv.org e-print archive, created at Los Alamos National Laboratory by Paul Ginsparg, is operated and primarily funded by Cornell as part of CUL's services. The archive has changed the way many physicists and mathematicians communicate, making the eprint a viable and popular form for announcing new research.
The Project Euclid initiative creates one resource joining commercial journals with low-cost independent journals in mathematics and statistics. The project is aimed at enabling affordable scholarly communication through the Internet. Besides archival purposes, primary goals of the project is to facilitate journal searches and interoperatibility between different publishers.
The Cornell Library Digital Collections are online collections of historical documents. Featured collections include the Database of African-American Poetry, the Historic Math Book Collection, the Samuel May Anti-Slavery Collection, the Witchcraft Collection, and the Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection.
Cornell University Press
Cornell University Press, established in 1869, but inactive from about 1890 to 1930, was the first university publishing enterprise in the United States and is one of the country's largest university presses[13]. It produces approximately 150 titles each year in various disciplines including anthropology, classics, cultural studies, history, literary criticism and theory, medieval studies, philosophy, politics and international relations, psychology and psychiatry, and women's studies. Established in the College of the Mechanic Arts (as mechanical engineering was called in the 1800s), probably because engineers knew more than literature professors did about running steam-powered printing presses, the Cornell University Press offered work-study financial aid when tuition to Cornell cost $75 a year. Students with previous training in the printing trades were paid to set the type and run the presses that printed textbooks, a weekly student journal, pamphlets and official university publications, such as the annual “Register” book. An advertisement in the 1870 “Register” said that America’s first university press “solicits the patronage of the public for two reasons: First, it attempts to do its work well. Second, its employees are all young men who are endeavoring, by means of their own labor, to defer the expenses of a University education”.
The campuses
Main campus
Cornell's main campus is located on the eastern hill of Ithaca, New York, overlooking the city. Day Hall, the administration building, is located on East Avenue. The campus itself is situated on a rolling site of 745 acres (3 km²) on East Hill, overlooking Cayuga Lake and downtown Ithaca two miles (3 km) to the west. Over time, the campus has had numerous layouts proposed. The original one was created by Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park and numerous other college campuses. The changing plans have evolved into the 260 or so major buildings mostly divided into quads for the Arts, Engineering, and Agriculture, a science lab complex, and the athletic complex.
Central Campus is bounded to its north and south by limestone gorges and waterfalls. Dormitories, fraternity and sorority houses, and student centers are located on North Campus, north of Fall Creek Gorge, and on West Campus, at the bottom of the Library Slope ("Libe Slope"). After snowfalls, students are known to sled down the Slope on trays from the dining halls. East of the main campus lie the Cornell Plantations, approximately 3,600 acres (15 km²) encompassing botanical gardens and the F.R. Newman Arboretum, as well as natural woodlands, trails, streams, and gorges. South of Cascadilla Gorge lies the student-oriented Collegetown business and residential district.
The first building, Morrill Hall, was erected in 1868, although Cascadilla Hall, a dormitory in Collegetown, predates the university (it was originally used as a water-cure sanitarium and school for the education of women physicians and nurses when it was built in 1864[14]). Cornell's signature landmark is McGraw Tower, which rises 173 feet and 161 steps from the ground. Constructed in 1891 adjoining Uris Library, it features the Cornell Chimes, 21 bells on which the Cornell chimesmasters play three daily concerts. The clock tower has been the target of a number of pranks. In 1997, a large pumpkin[15] was placed on spire of the clock tower and a disco ball[16] in 2005. How either prank was engineered has not been discovered.
Contrasting with the Gothic, Victorian, and Neoclassical buildings on the Arts Quad is the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, designed by I. M. Pei. Other notable buildings: Willard Straight Hall, one of the earliest student unions[17]; Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, the largest academic building in the eastern United States; Duffield Hall, one of the world's most advanced nanotechnology facilities; and the Statler Hotel, adjacent to and associated with the School of Hotel Administration.
New York City campus
The New York Weill Cornell Medical Center is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. It is home both to the Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and has a long affiliation with the New York-Presbyterian Hospital. Although their faculty and academic divisions remain separate, the Medical Center shares its administrative functions with the Columbia University Medical Center. Weill Cornell Medical College is also affiliated with the neighboring Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, and the Hospital for Special Surgery. Many faculty have joint appointments at these institutions, and Weill Cornell, Rockefeller, and MSKCC offer a Tri-Institutional MD-PhD program to selected entering Cornell medical students.
New York City is also home to local offices of the Cornell Cooperative Extension, to an office of the ILR (Industrial and Labor Relations) Extension, to an office of the College of Architecture, Art & Planning, and to Cornell's Operations Research Manhattan Center. These facilities are all separate from and operated independently of the medical center.
Other campuses
The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, operated by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is located in Geneva, New York, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of the main campus. The facility now comprises 20 major buildings on 130 acres (0.5 km²) of land, as well as over 700 acres (2.8 km²) of test plots and other lands devoted to horticultural research. It also operates three substations, Vineyard Research Laboratory in Fredonia, Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland and the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in Riverhead.
The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, located in Education City, near Doha, is housed in a large two-story structure designed by Arata Isozaki.
The Shoals Marine Laboratory, a seasonal marine field station dedicated to undergraduate education and research operated in conjunction with the University of New Hampshire, is located on the 95 acre (0.4 km²) Appledore Island off the Maine–New Hampshire coast.
The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, site of the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, is operated by Cornell.
Cornell University maintains facilities in Washington, D.C. and New York City for its Cornell in Washington, Urban Semester, and Urban Scholars Programs.
Other facilities include
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology in Sapsucker Woods in Ithaca, New York
- Cornell Biological Field Station at Shackelton Point in Bridgeport, New York
- Punta Cana and EsBaran biodiversity field stations in the Dominican Republic and Peru
- Arnot Teaching and Research Forest natural resources center in Tompkins and Schuyler Counties.
- Animal Science Teaching and Research Center in Harford, New York, and Duck Research Laboratory in Eastport, New York
- Offices of the New York Sea Grant, Cornell Cooperative Extension, and School of Industrial and Labor Relations Extension Service throughout New York State
- Offices for Cornell-administered study abroad programs such as the Cornell-Nepal Study Program and Cornell-in-Rome
Academics
For the undergraduate class of 2009, 27.1% of applicants were admitted. Over 88% of them graduated in the top 10% of their high school class (among schools reporting class rank)[18]. Cornell's enrollment includes students from over 120 countries and all fifty U.S. states.
International programs
Cornell offers a wide array of programs and undergraduate majors with an international focus, including Africana Studies, Asian Studies, French Studies, German Studies, Jewish Studies, Latino Studies, Near Eastern Studies, Romance Studies, Russian Literature, the South Asia Program, the Southeast Asia Program, and the newly-launched China and Asia-Pacific Studies (CAPS). In addition to these academic programs, to the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and to its study abroad programs on six continents[19], Cornell has undertaken a number of major initiatives overseas:
- In Asia, Cornell has an agreement with Peking University in which students in the CAPS major will spend a semester in Beijing.
- The College of Engineering has an agreement to exchange faculty and graduate students with Tsinghua University in Beijing[20].
- The School of Hotel Administration has a joint master's program with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore[21].
- The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences has signed an agreement with Japan's National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences to engage in joint research, and to exchange graduate students and faculty members.
- The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences has agreed to cooperate in agricultural research with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research[22].
- In the Middle East, Cornell is developing the Bridging the Rift Center[23], a "Library of Life" (or databank about all living systems) on the border of Israel and Jordan, in collaboration with those two countries and Stanford University.
Reputation
Cornell ranked 13th in the 2006 U.S. News and World Report "National Universities" ranking[24], and 12th globally in an academic ranking of world universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2005[25].
In its 2005 ranking of engineering programs at universities in the United States, U.S. News and World Report has placed Cornell first in engineering science and engineering physics. That same magazine rated the medical school's departments of psychiatry and orthopedic surgery as second best in the country, while rheumatology was rated third.
Student life
Activities
Cornell has more than 800 registered student organizations, running the gamut from kayaking to full-armor jousting, from varsity and club sports and a cappella groups to improvisational theatre, from political clubs and publications to chess and video game clubs. Many groups are subsidized financially by the Student Assembly Finance Commission, a student-run organization that gives nearly $1,000,000 a year to clubs and organizations. Organized in 1868, the oldest student organization is the Cornell University Glee Club.
The Cornell Daily Sun is the oldest continuously independent college daily in the United States, having published since September 1880, and the first collegiate member of the Associated Press. Other campus publications include The Cornell Review, Turn Left and The Cornell American.
WVBR is an independent radio station owned and operated by Cornell students. During the 1970s, it was noted for its progressive rock radio format. It is also known for its coverage of both Cornell and national sports.
Cornell also hosts one of the largest fraternity and sorority systems in North America, with over 60 chapters involving 30% of undergraduate students. Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans was founded at Cornell in 1906.
Housing
University housing is broadly divided into three sections: West Campus, Collegetown and North Campus. As a result of President Hunter R. Rawlings III's 1997 Residential Initiative,[26] West Campus houses mostly transfer and returning students, whereas North Campus is almost entirely populated by freshmen. The only options for living on North Campus for upperclassmen are the program houses: Risley Residential College, Just About Music (JAM), the Ecology House, Holland International Living Center (HILC), the Multicultural Living Learning Unit (MLLU), the Latino Living Center (LLC), Akwe:kon, and Ujaama.
In an attempt to create a sense of community and an atmosphere of education outside the classroom, the university has undertaken the $250 million residential college project on West Campus. In line with Andrew Dickson White's vision of the university, the West Campus Class Halls will be demolished and rebuilt as five residential colleges. The first House, the Alice Cook House, was opened to students in 2004, followed by the Carl Becker House in 2005. The next house will be the Hans Bethe House. The names of the Houses come from notable Cornell professors. The idea of building a House system can be attributed in part to the success of Risley Residential College, the oldest continually-operating residential college at Cornell. Like Risley, the new houses will have their own dining halls, student governments, in-house lectures, House trips, and crests. The completion of the five-House "residential college" campus will occur in 2010.[27]
A variety of off-campus housing options exist. Many homes in the East Hill neighborhoods adjacent to the university have been converted to apartments, and several high-rise apartment complexes have been constructed in the Collegetown neighborhood. A significant number of undergraduate students live in fraternity and sorority houses. Many "co-op" or other independent living units such as Watermargin, Telluride House, the Center for Jewish Living (formerly the Young Israel House), and the Wait Cooperative also exist.
The campus dining services have been rated as one of the top college dining services many times in recent years[28]. Cornell has a program called Cross Country Gourmet Guest Restaurant Series which periodically brings chefs, menus, and atmosphere from America’s most influential restaurants to Cornell’s dining rooms.
Athletics
Cornell has one of the most diverse varsity athletic programs in the country. It sponsors 36 varsity teams.
An NCAA Division I institution, Cornell is a member of the Ivy League and also competes in Eastern College Athletic Conference, the largest athletic conference in North America. Cornell's traditional football rival is the University of Pennsylvania; in 1993, the two institutions celebrated the 100th anniversary of their first game. More keenly followed in the present day are the men's ice hockey contests with Harvard University, although the rivalry has been somewhat one-sided in recent years, with Cornell leading 22-5-2 since the 95-96 season, including ECAC Championship Game wins in 1996, 2003, and 2005.
In addition to the school's varsity athletics, a wide variety of club sports teams have been organized as student organizations under the auspices of the Dean of Students.
Cornell's intramural program includes 30 sports. In addition to such familiar sports such as flag football, squash, or horseshoes, such unusual offerings as "inner tube water polo" and formerly "broomstick polo" have been offered, as well as a sports trivia competition.
Faculty
Cornell University has over 1,550 full-time and part-time academic faculty members, and an additional 1,600 affiliated with its medical divisions. The 2004-05 Cornell faculty included three Nobel laureates, a Crawford Prize winner, two Turing Award winners, a Fields Medal winner, two Legion of Honor recipients, a World Food Prize winner, four National Medal of Science winners, two Wolf Prize winners, four MacArthur Award winners, four Pulitzer Prize winners, 14 Alexander von Humboldt Award winners, two Eminent Ecologist Award recipients, a Carter G. Woodson Scholars Medallion recipient, 20 National Science Foundation CAREER grant holders, a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiatives in Research, a winner of the American Mathematical Society's Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement, a recipient of the Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, two Packard Foundation grant holders, a Keck Distinguished Young Scholar, two Beckman Foundation Young Investigator grant holders, and two NYSTAR (New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research) early career award winners. In total, Cornell is affiliated to 32 Nobel laureates.[29]
Among Cornell's notable former professors are Carl Sagan, Norman Malcolm, Vladimir Nabokov, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Kip S. Thorne, and Allan Bloom.
Alumni
As of 2005, Cornell University counted over 230,000 living alumni[30]. The Office of Alumni Affairs and Development sponsors a wide variety of affinity programs, activities, and organizations, including annual Reunion Weekend and Homecoming Weekend festivities in Ithaca, and the International Spirit of Zinck's Night sponsored by Cornell offices and organizations around the world. The various classes, regional clubs, and special interest associations are coordinated by the Cornell Alumni Federation.
Cornell ranked second in gifts and bequests from alumni and third in total support from all sources (alumni, friends, corporations, and foundations) among U.S. colleges and universities reporting voluntary gift support received in fiscal year 2003-4[31].
Among Cornell's most notable alumni are Pearl S. Buck, Ruth Bader Ginsberg, David Starr Jordan, C. Everett Koop, Lee Teng-hui, Thomas Pynchon, Christopher Reeve, Janet Reno, Hu Shih, Sanford I. Weill, E. B. White and Paul Wolfowitz.
Cornelliana
- See main article: Cornelliana
Cornelliana is a term for Cornell's unique traditions, legends and lore. Cornellian traditions include Slope Day, a celebration held on the last day of classes, and Dragon Day, which includes the burning of a dragon built by architecture students.
The school colors are carnelian (a shade of red) and white, a play on "Cornellian" and Andrew Dickson White. Cornell's athletic teams are referred to as the "Big Red"; a bear is commonly used as the unofficial mascot, which dates back to the introduction of the mascot "Touchdown" in 1915, a live bear who was brought onto the field during football games. The sports teams participate in the Ivy League and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). At sporting events, Cornellians sing the university's alma mater "Far Above Cayuga's Waters" and fight song "Give My Regards to Davy". People associated with the university are called "Cornellians"; "Cornellian" may also be used as an adjective and is the name of the university's yearbook.
See also
External links
- Cornell University, official website
- Cornell Undergraduate Admissions
- CUinfo, campus information portal
- alumni.cornell, portal for the alumni, parents, and friends of Cornell University, offering services, organizations, and ways to become involved and support the university's mission.
- Cornell Big Red, official athletics site
- The Cornell Daily Sun, student newspaper (independent)
- Cornell Cybertower, collection of Cornell lectures available online
- Legal Information Institute, public information service of Cornell Law School
- A Virtual Tour of Cornell
Notes and references
- ^ "Cornell Institutional Research and Planning: Research". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""Lehman leads Cornell delegation in China; Hong Kong and India next"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.; ""Rawlings heads to China to sign partnership agreement and deliver keynote address at economic summit in Beijing"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""Lehman discusses research and academic collaborations in India"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.; ""Cornell president joins Indian prime minister to open new chapter in science education"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.; ""Cornell's International Programs awarded $300,000 USAID grant to help bolster agricultural economy in India"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""Hotel School, Singapore university establish joint master's program"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "The Cornell University Mission". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Ezra Cornell: The Business of the Telegraph". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Ezra Cornell: "To the poor and to posterity"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "State of New York. In Senate, February 7, 1865". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ Becker, Carl (1943). Cornell University: Founders and the Founding. Cornell University Press. p. 90.
- ^ "Facts about Cornell - How old is Cornell?". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Cornell University - Office of the President - Andrew Dickson White". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ Bishop, Morris (1962). A History of Cornell (1st ed. ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-8014-0036-8.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help); Rudolph, Frederick (1977). Curriculum: a history of the American undergraduate course of study since 1636 (1st ed. ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. ISBN 0-8758-9358-9.{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ "Cornell University - Academics - Overview". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "The Internet - The Launch of NSFNET". Retrieved 2006-01-05.; "A Brief History of NSF and the Internet". Retrieved 2006-01-05.; "NSFNET, National Science Foundation Network". Retrieved 2006-01-05.
- ^ "Cornell's role in missions to Mars: 1962-2003". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
- ^ "Science and Technology at Scientific American.com: Father of Spirit and Opportunity". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
- ^ "Editorial: Breakthrough of the Year". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
- ^ "Space.com—Control of Mars Rovers Shifts to Cornell". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
- ^ ""Cornell University Library: Collection Statistics"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""The History of the Cornell University Press"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Dear Uncle Ezra: Questions for Thursday, October 6, 1994". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "The Great Cornell Pumpkin". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""The Cornell Daily Sun - 'Disco Ball' Affixed to Top of McGraw Tower"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Willard Straight Hall". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Admissions Information" (PDF). Retrieved 2005-11-23.
- ^ "Cornell Abroad - University & Program Choices". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""Cornell China major sealed in Beijing as Rawlings signs agreement with Peking University"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""Cornell signs research agreement with Japan's genome research institute"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ ""Cornell and India sign new agreement for agricultural development"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Cornell in the Desert: Bridging the Rift". Retrieved 2006-01-01.; ""Cornell and Stanford to work with Israel and Jordan on Bridging the Rift research center to include world's first databank for all living systems"". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "USNews.com: America's Best Colleges 2006: National Universities: Top Schools". Retrieved 2005-11-23.
- ^ "Top 500 World Universities (1-100)". Retrieved 2005-11-23.
- ^ "The Residential Initiative: North Campus". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "The Residential Initiative: West Campus". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "The Best 361 College Rankings on The Princeton Review: Quality of Life: Best Campus Food". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Facts about Cornell - Marks of Distinction". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Facts about Cornell - Statistics". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ "Facts about Cornell - Marks of Distinction". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
