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Anders Behring Breivik
File:Anders Behring Breivik (Facebook portrait in suit).jpg
Anders Behring Breivik
Born (1979-02-13) 13 February 1979 (age 45)[1]
London, United Kingdom [2]
Other namesAndrew Berwick,[3] Sigurd (Jorsalfar)[4]
CitizenshipNorwegian
EducationBusiness administration
OccupationBusinessman
Known for2011 Norway attacks

Anders Behring Breivik Norwegian pronunciation: ['andərs 'beːriŋ 'bræɪviːk] (born 13 February 1979)[1] is a Norwegian right-wing extremist,[5] who has claimed responsibility[6][7] for the 2011 Norway attacks on 22 July 2011, with 172 victims of which 76 died, most of whom were teenagers and children.[8][9]

Breivik is accused of exploding a car bomb in downtown Oslo, near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway and several other governmental buildings. The explosion killed eight people and wounded 26. He subsequently travelled to the island of Utøya where he attacked participants at a Norwegian Labour Party youth camp, using a variety of weapons, killing a further 68 people and wounding 66.

Breivik's far-right[10] militant ideology is described in an online manifesto 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence, posted by Breivik on the day of the attacks[10][11] under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[12][13] His ultranationalist manifesto lays out his worldview, which includes support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, anti-Islamization, "far-right Zionism", and Serbian paramilitarism.[10][14] It argues for the violent annihilation of Islam, "cultural Marxism", and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christianized Europe.[10][15][16][17][18][19]

Police initially believed he acted alone but did not rule out the possibility of an accomplice.[20][21][22] Breivik claimed contact with Norwegian and international far-right political movements.[23][24] During interrogation, he claimed to belong to an international anti-Islam network with two cells in Norway and more in other countries. Police and experts doubt these claims but dare not "to be completely dismissive about it."[25]

Breivik was charged so far with acts of terrorism under the criminal law and ordered held for eight weeks — the first four in solitary confinement — pending further court proceedings.[9]

Biography

Personal life

Breivik was born in London, on 13 February 1979.[26][27] His father, Jens David Breivik, is a Siviløkonom (Norwegian professional title, literally "civil economist"), who worked as a diplomat for the Royal Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris. Breivik’s parents divorced when he was one year old.[28] His father later married a diplomat, Tove Øvermo; they divorced when the younger Breivik was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian army officer.[29]

Both his natural parents are said to hold left-of-centre political views. Breivik wrote that his parents supported the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party and that his mother was a moderate feminist. He wrote: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."[30]

Breivik's father currently lives in France as a pensioner and said that he has had no contact with his son since 1995.[31] His home in the south of France was surrounded by gendarmes following the murders.[32][33] They initially said they were searching the premises,[34] but later the state prosecutor at Carcassonne said that the gendarmes were to protect Breivik and his wife.[30] The local mayor's office said Breivik had requested protection against harassment from journalists.[35] After the attack, Jens Breivik is quoted as saying "I don't feel like his father", and "How could he just stand there and kill so many innocent people and just seem to think that what he did was OK? He should have taken his own life, too. That's what he should have done", adding "I will have to live with this shame for the rest of my life."[34]

Breivik spent the first year of his life in London,[26] and grew up in the affluent west-end of Oslo. He attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School. When he reached adolescence his behaviour became more rebellious and wayward. A fan of hip-hop music, he and his gang of friends would reportedly spend their evenings hanging around Oslo, spraying tags and graffiti on buildings. In his manifesto, he claimed that after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls, his natural father stopped contact with him.[30] A former classmate has recalled that Breivik was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[36]

For some time he worked in the customer service of a company.[37] A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[38] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[39]

Breivik was exempt from conscription in the Norwegian Army and has no other military training.[40] In his manifesto Breivik bragged how he dodged his mandatory military service in the Norwegian Army three times by claiming he would not put his life on the line for Norway’s political parties. He was described by friends as a 'mummy's boy' who did not leave home until the age of 30, had few friends and no serious girlfriends.[29] He is often described by people who came into contact with him through the years as "quiet" and "withdrawn".[41]

Breivik listed Freemasonry as one of his interests on his Facebook page and was himself a Freemason.[42] He had displayed photographs of himself in Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile[43] and was a member of St. Olaus T.D. Tre Søiler No. 8 in Oslo.[44] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately expelling him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[45][46] His manifesto called for a revolution to be led by Knights Templar.[47]

In 2002 Breivik began to write the over 1500-page manifesto, "2083 - A European Declaration of Independence" and started planning the attacks. At that time he also traded online buying and selling stocks and commodities. He was also then owner and director of a company that sold software. The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[48] He planned to make money to help spread his ideology, and so between 2002 and 2005 he amassed about kr 4,000,000, but then lost half of that by 2008.[citation needed] To save money, he moved to his mother's home again. According to Breivik, the cost of preparations for the attacks was 317,000 euros -"130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years."[37]

In late June or early July 2011, Breivik moved to the small rural town of Rena in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (86 miles) northeast of Oslo,[22] where he operated a farming sole proprietorship under the name "Breivik Geofarm", (established May 2009).[49] Immediately after the attack there was speculation that he could have used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of fertiliser explosives.[22] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[50]Newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought large amounts of fertiliser from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. Despite this, the security service accessed his phone and email but only for for 24 hours. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with the fertiliser nitrate explosives before detailing a successful test detonation at a remote location on June 13, 2011.[51]

According to the newspaper Verdens Gang, Breivik had no previous history with the police, apart from traffic violations, and had a Glock pistol, a rifle and a shotgun registered to his name.[22]

2011 attacks

File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a compression garment in a photo released six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter - Norway - Multiculti Traitor Hunting Permit"
Main article: 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011, Breivik went to Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the adolescents present, reportedly killing 68.[52][53]

He has also been linked with the bomb blasts which had taken place approximately two hours earlier in Oslo, killing eight people. He was arrested on Utøya and is currently in police custody. Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by officials as being a right-wing extremist.[19] The acting police chief, Sveinung Sponheim, said the suspect’s Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and anti-Muslim views, but if that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen."[19]

Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a compression garment and pointing a rifle.[54]

Beliefs

Breivik stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." He has been described[by whom?] as "several miles further right of Hitler in terms of political philosophies." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.[55] After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.[53][56][57] Breivik's lawyer has stated that Breivik may be insane.[58] The killer claimed he took nine years to write the manifesto. Breivik himself has confessed to using testosterone.[59][60]

Writings

Breivik used an array of internet forums to display his Islamophobic views and criticise immigration policies.[15] In online debates he was a strong opponent of the idea that people of different cultural backgrounds can live alongside each other.[15] In this context, he boasted about conversations with unnamed members of the organisation Stop the Islamification of Europe.[15] However, Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[61] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[62] website document.no.[63] He also attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website.[64] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[65][66][67]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[15][68] On July 25, 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[69] EDL issued a statement denouncing terror as a tool on 26 July 2011.[70] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[23][71][72] Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[73] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, finding him "a fair and resolute leader worth of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[74]

2083

Writing with the pseudonym "Andrew Berwick", Breivik [75] penned a 1,516-page manifesto entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence — a reference to the unsuccessful second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683[76] — which he e-mailed to 5,700 people just hours before the attacks.[77] In the manifesto, which is part political discussion, part confessional, and part action plan, Breivik sets out his belief that his actions will help to spark a civil war in Europe that will last for decades, progressing through three distinct phases and culminating in 2083 with the extermination of European Marxists and the expulsion of Muslims from Europe.[78]

In the manifesto, Berwick-Breivik describes his background and discusses his political viewpoints.[79][80][81] Major parts of the manifesto are attributed to the anonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[82] The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[83] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[84] The New York Times described American influences in Brevik's writings, noting that he mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times in his manifesto and cites Spencer's works at great length.[85] The work of the Egyptian born British author Bat Ye'or, whom the New York Times called one “of the most extreme voices on the new Jewish right”,[86] is cited dozens of times.[87] The pamphlet also quotes from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column as well as Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[88] Breivik also admires Ayaan Hirsi Ali, whom he thinks deserving of the Nobel Prize, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[89] and Henryk M. Broder.[90]

Politics

Initial police and local media reports described him as a Christian Fundamentalist, nationalist and right-wing extremist,[19][53][91][92][5] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia" and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[93] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to the "Islamisation of Europe", and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[10]

In the manifesto, Breivik considers himself "a real European hero", "the saviour of Christianity" and "the greatest defender of cultural-conservatism in Europe since 1950".[94] Breivik wanted to see European policies on multiculturalism more similar to those of Japan and South Korea, which he said are “not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best”.[16]

Breivik was previously a member of the Progress Party (FrP), which promotes libertarian, conservative and right-wing populist viewpoints[17][95][96] and its youth wing FpU. According to current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but left the party in 2007 as his viewpoints became more extreme.[97]

Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL)[23] and claimed to have been involved with the Norwegian Defence League(NDL),[24] The NDL had held a failed rally in Norway in April 2011[98] An EDL leader denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011.[70] He sympathises with the Serbian paramilitarism.[14]

PCCTS, "Knights Templar" order

See also: Knights Templar and popular culture

During interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression". This order allegedly is called the "Knights Templar" and, according to his manifesto, has between fifteen and eighty "ordinated knights" besides an unknown number of "civilian members".[99]

The order, whose full name is the "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici" or PCCTS, is said to have been established in London in April, 2002, as a "re-founding" of the twelfth-century crusading order. The new organisation supposedly was established to take political and military control of Western Europe, with its members being armed as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation". It reportedly was established by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian, and a Serb. The main initiator apparently was the Serb, whom Breivik claims to have visited in Liberia and whom he referred to as a "war hero".[4]

Breivik said that his own code name was "Sigurd Jorsalfar" and that his "mentor" was "Richard Lionheart" (recalling the twelfth-century Crusaders King Sigurd I of Norway and Richard the Lionheart). Breivik asserted that Norway had "4,848 traitors" who had to die.[4]

Religion

Breivik has been described as a Christian terrorist.[100][101][102][103] On his Facebook profile, Breivik describes himself as a Christian.[15][104] He has also stated that he chose to be baptised into the Protestant Church of Norway at the age of 15 although he later became disenchanted with Norway's State Church, supporting “an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic” in an online post in 2009.[17] Breivik hasn't been to church since he was a teenager,[105] and describes himself as a cultural Christian.[106]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI, for his dialogue with Islam: “Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope.” It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a “Great Christian Congress” would set up a new European Church.[107]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist"[53][108][109][110] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterization of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[111][107][112] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[113][114][115]

Influences

Breivik identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, Winston Churchill,[116] Max Manus,[116][117] Robert Spencer[118] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could “truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture”.[119] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[22][120]

Breivik has also frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[121] In response to his knowledge of this following the 2011 attacks, Fjordman distanced himself strongly from Breivik, whom he referred to as a "violent psychopath", and said he "intensely dislike[d]" that he was cited by Breivik.[122]

See also

References

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  85. ^ Scott Shane (25 July 2011). "Killings in Norway spotlight anti-Muslim thought in U.S." The New York Times.
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  88. ^ Bigotry a stepping stone to extreme action Newsroom, 26 July 2011
  89. ^ De var Breiviks helter, 26.07.2011, Dagbladet
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  91. ^ Davey, Melissa (24 July 2011). "You will all die". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  92. ^ Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting Reuters, July 23, 2011
  93. ^ Terroristen ville bruke atomvåpen - bt.no
  94. ^ Breivik forberedte terror i ni år (in the embedded video)
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  98. ^ NDL-ledelsen kastet etter fiasko-demonstrasjonen, Eiliv Frich Flydal, Dagbladet News, April 2011
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  100. ^ Mark Juergensmeyer (24 July 2011). "Is Norway's Suspected Murderer Anders Breivik a Christian Terrorist?".
  101. ^ David Gibson (26 July 2011). Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/26/anders-breivik-christian-terrorist_n_910379.html. If he did what he has alleged to have done, Anders Breivik is a Christian terrorist,"Boston University religion scholoar Stephen Prothero {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  102. ^ "Wesleyan Professor Says Christian". Hartford Courant. What's happening is he's a Christian terrorist because he says he is," said Andrew Walsh, associate director of Trinity College's Leonard E. Greenberg Center for the Study of Religion in Public Life.
  103. ^ Mark Woodward, Center for Religious and Cross Cultural Studies Gadjah Mada University (24 July 2011). "Is Norway's Suspected Murderer Anders Breivik a Christian Terrorist?". While this event certainly can be called Christian Terrorism
  104. ^ Schmalz, Matthew N.,Anders Behring Breivik: Christian terrorist? Right-wing extremist? Madman? Washington Post, On Religion, July 25, 2011
  105. ^ Levant, Ezra, Breivik no Christian nut, just nuts Toronto Sun, July 26, 2011
  106. ^ Anders Breivik Manifesto: Shooter/Bomber Downplayed Religion, Secular Influence Key. (25 July 2011). International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/186020/20110725/anders-breivik-manifesto-shooter-bomber-downplayed-religion-secular-influence-key.htmAccessed 26 July 2011
  107. ^ a b Introvigne, Massimo (2011). "The Identity Ideology of Anders Breivik. Not a Christian Fundamentalist". Turin: CESNUR. Retrieved 26 July 2011. At first, the media called Anders Behring Breivik a Christian fundamentalist, some of them even a Roman Catholic. This shows the cavalier use of the word 'fundamentalist' prevailing today in several quarters. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  113. ^ AP Interview: Head of world church body says Norway attack was abuse of Christianity The Washington Post, 25 July 2011
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  118. ^ Shane, Scott (24 July 2011). "Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
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  122. ^ Viktig inspirator kaller Breivik «voldelig psykopat». VG Nett, 25.07.2011
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