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Pussy Riot
Seven members of the band Pussy Riot
Background information
OriginMoscow, Russia
GenresPunk rock
Years active2011 (2011)–present
LabelsNone
Websitepussy-riot.livejournal.com

Pussy Riot is a Russian feminist punk-rock band based in Moscow. Founded in August 2011, the band stages politically provocative impromptu performances about Russian political life in unusual locations, such as on top of a trolleybus or on a scaffold in the Moscow Metro.

On February 21, 2012, four members of the group staged a performance on the soleas of Moscow’s Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, motivated by their opposition to the Russian President Vladimir Putin and the politics of the Russian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Their actions were stopped by church security officials. On March 3, after a video of the performance appeared online, three of the group members were arrested and charged with hooliganism.[3]

Their trial began in late July and raised much controversy in Russia and globally. According to a poll by the Levada Center, 44% of Russians supported the trial and believed in its fairness, while 17% did not.[4] At the same time, the band members gained some noticeable support in Russia and internationally because of allegations of harsh treatment while in custody and the risk of a possible seven-year jail sentence.[5][6]

On August 17, 2012, the three members were convicted of hooliganism (article 213.2 of the Criminal Code) motivated by religious hatred and each sentenced to two years imprisonment.[7][8] The Russian Orthodox Church issued a statement appealing to the authorities to show clemency, within the framework of the law. The Church cast no doubt on the legitimacy of the court’s decision.[9][10] The trial and conviction have attracted international criticism.[11] The foreign ministries of Germany and Sweden, together with representatives of the European Union and the United States, called the sentence “disproportionate”.[12]

Performance style and musical influences

A performance at Lobnoye Mesto in Red Square, on January 20,2012
Interior of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

The group's costumes are usually brightly colored dresses and tights, even in bitterly cold weather, with their faces masked by balaclavas, both while performing and giving interviews, for which they always adopt pseudonyms. The collective comprises around 10 performers and about 15 people who handle the technical work of shooting and editing their videos, which are posted on the Internet.[13][14]

The group cites punk rock and Oi! bands Angelic Upstarts, Cockney Rejects, Sham 69 and The 4-Skins as their main musical influences.[15][16] The band also cite American punk rock band Bikini Kill and the Riot grrrl movement of the 1990s as inspirations. They have said, "What we have in common is impudence, politically loaded lyrics, the importance of feminist discourse and a non-standard female image."[17]

Pussy Riot formed in August 2011, in part due to mutual anger over what they perceived as government policies that discriminate against women. In December 2011, the group performed atop a garage beside a prison, playing a song titled "Death To Prison, Freedom To Protest". On 8 February 2012, they played a song in Red Square mocking Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, leading to some of their members being arrested and briefly detained.[13]

Songs and videos

Pussy Riot has released six songs and five videos. An Associated Press reporter described them as "badly recorded, based on simple riffs and scream-like singing", and described by "many critics and listeners" as "amateur, provocative and obscene".[18]

Church protest

On February 21, 2012, as part of a protest movement against the re-election of Vladimir Putin, four women from the group went to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour of the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow, masking their identities, crossing themselves, bowing to the altar and beginning to perform the song “Mother of God, Put Putin Away”. After less than a minute they were escorted outside the building by guards.[19][20] Film of the performance was later used to create a video clip for the song.

The growing ties between the church and the state have been a target of criticism and protest. The Russian Patriarch, Kirill I of Moscow had openly supported Putin's candidacy before the presidential election, calling Putin a “miracle from God” who had “rectified the crooked path of history.” After the performance in the cathedral, the members of Pussy Riot said the church is a “weapon in a dirty election campaign” and called Putin “a man who is as far as can be from God’s truth.” Pussy Riot said their protest was a political statement, but prosecutors said the band was trying to “incite religious hatred” against the Orthodox Church.[21]

Arrest and prosecution

On March 3, 2012, Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, two alleged members of Pussy Riot, were arrested by the Russian authorities and accused of hooliganism. Both women at first denied being members of the group and started a hunger strike in protest against being held in jail away from their young children until their case came to trial in April.[22] On March 16 another woman, Yekaterina Samutsevitch, who had earlier been questioned as a witness in the case, was similarly arrested and charged.[23]

On June 4, the group was formally charged, the indictment running to 2,800 pages.[24] On July 4, they were suddenly informed that they would have to finish preparing their defense by July 9. They announced a hunger strike in response, saying that two working days was inadequate time to prepare a trial defense.[25] On July 21, the court extended their pre-trial detention by a further six months.[26]

Nadezhda Tolokonnikova
Yekaterina Samutsevich
Maria Alekhina
The three Pussy Riot members at their trial in Tagansky District Court

The three detained members of Pussy Riot are recognized as political prisoners by the Union of Solidarity with Political Prisoners (SPP).[27] Amnesty International named them prisoners of conscience due to "the severity of the response of the Russian authorities".[28]

Speaking at a liturgy in Moscow's Deposition of the Robe Church on March 21, the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Kirill I, condemned Pussy Riot's actions as "blasphemous", saying that the "Devil has laughed at all of us ... We have no future if we allow mockery in front of great shrines, and if some see such mockery as a sort of bravery, an expression of political protest, an acceptable action or a harmless joke."[29] Singer Alla Pugachyova appealed on the women's behalf, stating that they should be ordered to perform community service rather than be imprisoned.[30] According to BBC correspondent Daniel Sandford, "Their treatment has caused deep disquiet among many Russians, who feel the women are – to coin a phrase from the 1967 trial of members of the rock band The Rolling Stones – butterflies being broken on a wheel."[31]

By late June 2012, growing disquiet over the trio's detention without setting a trial date and concern over what was regarded as excessive and arbitrary treatment, led to the drawing up of an open letter. It was signed by leading oppositional figures as well as director Fyodor Bondarchuk, a supporter of Putin, and actors Chulpan Khamatova and Yevgeny Mironov, both of whom had appeared in campaign videos supporting Putin's re-election.[32] Nikita Mikhalkov, head of the Russian Cinematographers' Union, stated in an interview that he would gladly sign an open letter "against" them.[33]

In July 2012, sociologist Alek D. Epstein published a compilation of artistic works by various Russian artists entitled "Art on the barricades: Pussy Riot, the Bus Exhibit and the protest art-activism" in support of the trio.[34]

The trial of the three women started in Moscow's Khamovniki, or Khamovnichesky, District Court on July 30.[35] Charged with "premeditated hooliganism performed by an organized group of people motivated by religious hatred or hostility", they faced possible sentences of up to seven years imprisonment.[36] In early July, a poll conducted in Moscow found that half of the respondents opposed the trial while 36 percent supported it; the rest being undecided.[37] The defendants pleaded not guilty, insisting that they had not meant their protest to be offensive.[36] On July 31, The Financial Times published an editorial saying the women had become "an international cause célèbre" due to the harsh treatment they have received.[38] On August 15, a group of protestors gathered in support of Pussy Riot outside the Christ the Saviour Cathedral and held up placards to make the phrase Blessed are the merciful. They were quickly set upon by cathedral guards.[39]

Pussy Riot's lawyers said that the circumstances of the case have revived the Soviet-era tradition of the show trial.[5][40]

Defendants

  • Maria Vladimirovna Alyokhina (rus. Мари́я Влади́мировна Алёхина), born (1988-06-06) June 6, 1988 (age 36),[41] a fourth year student at the Institute of Journalism and Creative Writing in Moscow, has a history as a humanitarian volunteer and environmental activist with Greenpeace Russia. She has one young child. She played an active role in the trial: cross-examining witnesses and aggressively questioning the nature of the charges and proceedings.[42]
  • Yekaterina Stanislavovna Samutsevich (rus. Екатери́на Станисла́вовна Самуцевич), born (1982-08-09) August 9, 1982 (age 42),[41] is a computer programmer interested in LGBT issues. She is a graduate of the Rodchenko School of Photography and Multimedia in Moscow. Court sessions were attended by her grandfather Stanislav Samutsevich.[43]
  • Nadezhda Andreyevna Tolokonnikova (rus. Наде́жда Андре́евна Толоко́нникова), born (1989-11-07) November 7, 1989 (age 35),[44][41] is a philosophy student at Moscow State University with a history of political activism with the street-art group Voina. She is married to Pyotr Verzilov and has a four-year-old daughter.[45] She has Canadian permanent resident status and her husband is a dual citizen of Canada and Russia. There is speculation in Canada over whether the authorities there should get involved in the case.[44][46]

Public opinion in Russia

A series of Levada Center polls showed that 44% of Russians believed that the trial was "fair and impartial" while 17% believed it was not. 36% believed that the verdict would be based on the evidence and 18% believed that the verdict would be influenced by the state.[4] 6% sympathised with Pussy Riot, while 41% felt antipathy towards them. However, 58% of respondents expected the defendants to receive a disproportionate punishment.[47][48] The conservatism of the public has been criticized by many Russian commentators.[4] The director of the Levada Center, Lev Gudkov, commented on these results, stating that most Russians get their information from television, and therefore perceive the event in accordance with the state's "official version".[4]

International support

Protests in Moscow in June 2012

The accused have received support from various international artists, politicians, musicians and personalities such as (alphabetical by name):

A letter of support from 120 members of the German parliament, the Bundestag, was sent to the Russian Ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin. The letter referred to proceedings against the women as being disproportionate and draconian.[71] On August 9, 2012, 400 Pussy Riot supporters in Berlin marched wearing colored balaclavas in a show of support for the group.[72]

Conviction and sentencing

All three were convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment on August 17, 2012. The judge stated that they had “crudely undermined the social order” with their protest, showing a “complete lack of respect” for believers.[73] Tolokonnikova later replied that “Our imprisonment serves as a clear and unambiguous sign that freedom is being taken away from the entire country.”[73] Supporters and critics of the band both demonstrated at their sentencing hearing.[73] Opposition leader Sergei Udaltsov, who was protesting in support of the band, was detained by police,[74] while former world chess champion Garry Kasparov, trying to attend the reading of the verdict, was arrested and beaten.[75][76][77]

Defense lawyers said they would appeal the verdict, although they saw little prospect of it being overturned. “Under no circumstances will the girls ask for a pardon [from Putin],” said Mark Feygin. “They will not beg and humiliate themselves before such a bastard.”[78] The Russian Orthodox Church stated that while the actions of Pussy Riot were offensive to “millions of people,” the church called “on the state authorities to show mercy to the people convicted within the framework of the law, in the hope that they will refrain from repeating blasphemous actions.”[79]

Even some Kremlin loyalists strongly criticized the verdict. Former Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin said it has dealt “yet another blow to the court system and citizens’ trust in it.” “The country’s image and its attractiveness in the eyes of investors have suffered an enormous damage,” he said.[80]

International reaction

Amnesty International called the conviction "a bitter blow for freedom of expression".[78] Hugh Williamson, of Human Rights Watch, stated that the "charges and verdict... distort both the facts and the law... These women should never have been charged with a hate crime and should be released immediately."[81]

Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird's press secretary, Rick Ross, said Canada "believes strongly in the rule of law, administered independently and without political bias or motivation... the promotion of Canadian values, including freedom, democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, features prominently in our ongoing dialogue with the Russian authorities."[78] The United States embassy in Moscow tweeted that the sentence "looks disproportionate to the actions," and the United States State Department asked Russia to "review this case and ensure that the right to freedom of expression is upheld."[82] Barack Obama expressed disappointment, and the White House stated "we have serious concerns about the way that these young women have been treated by the Russian judicial system."[80]

Lyudmila Alexeyeva stated that the judgement was politically motivated and that the Russian court was "not in line with the law, common sense or mercy".[83] A protest organizer, Alexei Navalny, described the verdict as being "written by Vladimir Putin" and called it Putin's "revenge".[83] Author Boris Akunin attended the protests on the day of the conviction and stated that "Putin has doomed himself to another year and a half of international shame and humiliation."[80] Alexei Kudrin stated that the trial caused "huge damage" to Russia's image and its "attractiveness to investors."[84] Irina Yarovaya, a member of the General Council of Putin's United Russia party, defended the conviction, stating "they deserved it."[85]

Protests

Protests were held around the world after the sentence was announced. Amnesty International declared August 17 "Pussy Riot Global Day" by activists.[86] People gathered in New York City where Chloe Sevigny read writings and court statements by the convicted members of the band. In Kiev, Inna Shevchenko, a topless feminist activist from the group FEMEN, used a chainsaw to destroy a wooden sculpture of Christ on the cross, which was erected on a hill overlooking the city center. Some sources claimed that it was the cross erected to commemorate victims of Stalinist repression and the famine of the 1930s,[87][78] however that the cross is made of stone not wood, and the wooden cross which was destroyed is likely to have been the cross dedicated to the events of the Orange Revolution of 2004–2005.[88] In Bulgaria people put masks, similar to those worn by Pussy Riot, on a Soviet sculpture.[83] Approximately 100 people protested outside the Russian consulate in Toronto.[89]

In Serbia, the right-wing activist group Nasi released a video game online focusing on the members of Pussy Riot and supporting the women's imprisonment.[90]

In Edinburgh, Scotland, Fringe performers read a trial testimony of the Pussy Riot women.[91]

Voina

The connection between Pussy Riot and the group Voina has been highlighted by some of the group's critics and has been called an "aggravating moral circumstance" in the eyes of the conservative public (which constitutes about 60 per cent of Russians).[4]

Pussy Riot members Nadezhda Tolokonnikova and Yekaterina Samutsevich participated in some Voina performances. Tolokonnikova was part of a performance in which a number of couples were filmed having sex in the Biology Museum in Moscow in 2008[4] which has been called an "orgy" in the media.[92] Samutsevich took part in actions which involved releasing live cockroaches in a court room and kissing policewomen in the Moscow metro and on the streets (which in some cases was seen as attempted assault).[4][93]

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See also

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