Arthur W. Radford

Arthur William Radford
Born	27 February 1896 Chicago, Illinois
Died	17 August 1973 (aged 77) Bethesda, Maryland
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1916–1957
Rank	Admiral
Commands	VF-1B Naval Air Station Seattle Aviation Training Division Carrier Division Eleven Second Task Fleet Vice Chief of Naval Operations Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Battles/wars	World War I World War II
Awards	Navy Distinguished Service Medal (4) Legion of Merit (2)

Arthur William Radford (27 February 27 1896 – 17 August 1973) was a United States Navy Admiral and naval aviator. In his over 40 years of military service, Radford served a variety of roles including Vice Chief of Naval Operations, commander of the United States Pacific Fleet and later the second Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

With an interest in ships and aircraft from a young age, Radford saw his first sea duty aboard a battleship during World War I. In the inter-war period he earned his pilot wings and rose through the ranks in duties aboard ships and in the Bureau of Aeronautics. After the U.S. entered World War II, Radford was the architect of the development and expansion of the Navy's naval aviator training programs in the first years of the war. In its final years he commanded carrier battle groups through several major campaigns of the Pacific War.

Noted as a strong-willed and aggressive leader, Radford was a central figure in the post-war debates on U.S. military policy, and was a staunch proponent of naval aviation. As commander of the Pacific Fleet, Radford defended the Navy's interests in an era of shrinking defense budgets, and was a central figure in the "Revolt of the Admirals." As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Radford continued to advocate for aggressive foreign policy and a strong nuclear deterrent in support of the "New Look" policy of President Dwight Eisenhower.

Retiring from the military in 1957, Radford continued to be a military adviser to several prominent politicians until his death in 1973. For his extensive service, Radford was awarded many military honors, and was the namesake of the Spruance-class destroyer USS Arthur W. Radford (DD-968).

Early life

Arthur William Radford was born on 27 February 1896 in Chicago, Illinois, to John Arthur Radford, a Canadian-born electrical engineer, and Agnes Eliza Radford (née Knight). Arthur, the eldest of four children, was described as bright and energetic in his youth. When Arthur was six years old, the family moved to Riverside, Illinois, as his father took a job as managing engineer with Commonwealth Edison Company. John Radford managed the first steam turbine engines in the United States, at the Fisk Street Generating Station.

Radford began his school years at Riverside Public School, where he expressed an interest in the United States Navy from a young age. He gained an interest in aviation during a visit to the World Fair in San Fransisco, California. By fourth grade, he frequently drew detailed cross-section diagrams of the USS Maine (ACR-1). Performing very well in school, Radford was nonetheless a reserved student. In mid-1910, Radford moved with his family to Grinnell, Iowa, and attended Grinnell High School for a year and a half, before deciding to apply to the United States Naval Academy. Radford obtained the local congressman's appointment to the academy, and was accepted. After several months of tutoring at an Annapolis, Maryland, he entered the academy in July 1912, at the age of sixteen.

In his first year, Radford had a mediocre academic performance, but applied himself to his studies in his remaining years at the Academy. He participated in summer cruises to Europe in 1913 and 1914 as well as through the Panama Canal to San Fransisco in 1916. Radford, known as "Raddie" among other students, graduated 59 of 177 in the class of 1916, and was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Navy.

Military career

Radford's first tour of duty was aboard the battleship USS South Carolina (BB-26). In this post he saw his first duty during World War I. He was aboard South Carolina as it escorted one transatlantic convoy to France in 1918. In his second tour, he was an aide-de-camp to a battleship division commander, and then as a flag lieutenant for another battleship division commander.

USS South Carolina (BB-26), on which Radford served his first tour of duty during World War I.

In 1920, Radford reported to Pensacola, Florida, for flight training, and became a lieutenant soon thereafter. Between the 1920s and 1930s, Radford alternated between sea duty with several aircraft squadrons, fleet staffs, and tours in the U.S. with the Bureau of Aeronautics. It was during this time that Radford served under then-Rear Admiral William Moffett, and where his frequent interaction with politicians gave him the political acumen that would be useful later in his career. While he did not attend Naval War College as other rising officers did, Radford established himself as an effective officer who would speak his mind frankly, even to superiors.

Radford was a lieutenant commander by 1927, and served with fighter squadron units aboard USS Colorado (BB-45), USS Pennsylvania (BB-38), and USS Wright (AV-1). In 1936, Radford was promoted to commander and took charge of aircraft squadron VF-1B aboard USS Saratoga (CV-3). By 1939, he was given command of Naval Air Station Seattle in Seattle, Washington. In May 1940, Radford was appointed as executive officer of the USS Yorktown (CV-5), a post he served for one year.

In July 1941, he was appointed commander of the Naval Air Station in Trinidad, British West Indies. Radford did not enjoy this latest assignment, protesting his appointment because he feared he would remain there for years, sidelined from sea duty as World War II loomed. Radford only remained in this station for three months, however, because of a large organizational shift in the Bureau of Aeronautics. By mid-1941, thanks to a large expansion in the naval aviator program, squadrons could no longer train newly arrived aviators, and because of the vast difference in performance of combat aircraft over training aircraft at the time, pilots needed more time in combat aircraft to become proficient in them. Artemus L. Gates, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air, visited Radford and was so impressed with him that he ordered rear admiral John H. Towers to transfer Radford to a newly formed training division.

World War II

Aviation Training Division

Radford took command of the Aviation Training Division in Washington, D.C. on 1 December 1941, seven days before the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II. He was appointed as Director of Aviation Training for both the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Bureau of Navigation, in order to facilitate training coordination in a more centralized way for all naval aviators. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, Radford's office worked "dawn to dusk" six days a week in an effort to build up the necessary training infrastructure as quickly as possible. For several months, this around-the-clock work took up all of his time, and Radford later noted walking to work was his only form of exercise for several months. During this time, he impressed colleagues with a direct and no-nonsense approach to work, while still maintaining a demeanor that made him easy to work for. He was promoted to captain soon after.

Throughout 1942, the administrative infrastructure for aviation training was set up and refined, and Radford oversaw the massive growth of the training division, establishing separate sections for administration, Physical Training Service Schools, training devices and sections to train various aviators in flight, aircraft operation, radio operation, and gunnery. The section also organized technical training and established training literature. Radford also oversaw the establishment of four field commands for pilot training: Air Primary Training Command oversaw all pre-flight schools and Naval reserve aviation bases in the country. Air Intermediate Training Command administered Naval Air Station Pensacola and Naval Air Station Corpus Christi where flight training was conducted. Air Operational Training Command oversaw all education of pilots between pilot training and their first flying assignments. Air Technical Training Command trained enlisted men for support jobs in aviation such as maintenance, engineering, aerography, and parachute operations. Radford sought to integrate his own efficient leadership style into the organization of these schools.

Radford was also noted for thinking progressively and innovatively to establish the most effective and efficient training programs. He sought to integrate sports conditioning programs into naval aviator training, bringing in athletic directors from Ohio State University, Harvard University and Penn State University under american football player and naval aviator Tom Hamilton to develop conditioning programs. He also suggested integrating women into intricate but repetitive tasks, such as running flight simulators. When commanders rejected the idea of bringing women into the service, Radford convinced Congressman Carl Vinson, chair of the House Naval Affairs Committee. This effort eventually led to the employment of the "Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service", and 23,000 WAVES would assist in aeronautical training in the course of the war. Radford also sought to best use the assets of businessmen and established professionals who had volunteered for military service, establishing the Aviation Indoctrination School and Air Combat Intelligence School at Naval Air Station Quonset Point for these professionals to become more experienced Naval officers.

Sea duty

Radford (right) with Captain Joseph J. Clark aboard Yorktown, October 1943

By early 1943, with Radford's training programs established and functioning efficiently, he sought combat duty. In April of that year, he was ordered to report to Commander Air Force, Pacific Fleet where he was promoted to rear admiral and assigned as a carrier division commander. This was an unusual appointment, as most carrier division commanders were appointed only after duty commanding a capital ship. Radford then spent May and June 1943 on an inspection party under Gates, touring U.S. bases in the south Pacific. Following this, he was assigned under Rear Admiral Frederick C. Sherman, commander of Carrier Division Two at Pearl Harbor. Radford spent several weeks observing flight operations and carrier tactics for various ships operating out of Hawaii. Radford was particularly impressed with how carrier doctrine had evolved in the time since his own assignment on a carrier, and in June 1943, he was ordered onto the light aircraft carrier USS Independence (CVL-22), there learning the unique challenges of using light carriers.

On 21 July 1943, Radford was given command of Carrier Division Eleven, which consisted of the new Essex class carrier USS Lexington (CV-16) as well as the light carriers USS Independence and USS Princeton (CVL-23). These carriers remained at Pearl Harbor through August, training and refining their aircraft operations. Radford got his first operational experience on 1 September 1943, covering a foray to Baker and Howland Islands as part of Task Force 11 under Rear Admiral Willis A. Lee. Radford commanded Princeton, USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24) and four destroyers to act as a covering force for Lee's Marines, who built an airfield on the islands. This operation successful, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz sent Task Force 15, with Lexington, under Rear Admiral Charles A. Pownall, and Radford and Pownall steamed for Tarawa Atoll to strike it. The night of 17–18 September, the carriers launched six strikes of fighter aircraft, dive bombers, and torpedo planes to work over the Japanese defenses.

Next, Radford took part in an air attack and cruiser bombardment of Wake Island on 5–6 October 1943. Radford shifted his flag to Lexington for the operation, which took two days. Though the results of the operations on Japanese positions were not known, Radford and other leaders saw that they were preparing the ships' crews for smooth combat operations, thus readying them for the many major battles to come in the Central Pacific.

Major combat operations

The first major operations in the Central Pacific began that November. The next operation Radford took part in was Operation Galvanic, campaign into the Gilbert Islands which with the objective of capturing Tarawa as well as Makin Island and Apamama Atoll. It would be the first time that American carriers would be operating against Japanese land-based air power in force as U.S. Army troops and U.S. Marines fought the Japanese on the ground. For this operation, Radford was given command of Task Group 50.2, the Northern Carrier Group, which consisted of USS Enterprise (CV-6), Belleau Wood and USS Monterey (CVL-26). Radford did not agree with this strategy, stating until his death the force should have gone on an offensive to strike Japanese air power instead of being tied to the ground forces. Regardless of his objections, the force left Pearl Harbor on its mission on 10 November.

The invasion began on 20 November, and Radford's force was busy with air strikes on Japanese ground targets. It also faced frequent attack by Japanese aircraft at night, which increasingly became a threat, as U.S. aircrews were not well prepared or equipped for night combat. It was during this combat that Radford improvised a unit to counter Japanese night raids, and is credited with establoshing routines for nighttime patrols to protect carriers which were adopted fleetwide. However, in an attack on the night of 26 November, Edward O'Hare, the group commander of the Enterprise air group, was shot down and killed. Radford commanded Carrier Division Eleven around Tarawa for several more days, returning to Pearl Harbor on 4 December.

Returning from Tarawa, Radford was reassigned as Towers' chief of staff, where he assisted in planning upcoming operations, including Operation Flintlock, the invasion of the Marshall Islands. Radford had hoped to return to combat duty at the end of this assignment, but in March 1944 he was ordered to Washington, D.C. and appointed as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations. He assumed this new duty on 1 April under Vice Admiral John S. McCain, Sr.. Radford returned to primarily administrative duties in this time. His duties included establishing a new integrated system for aircraft maintenance, supply, and retirement, for which he was appointed the head of a board to study aircraft wear and tear. After six months in this duty, new Chief of Naval Operations Aubrey W. Fitch returned Radford to the Pacific theater.

Radford returned to Pearl Harbor on 7 October 1944, where he was appointed as commander of the First Carrier Task Force in Carrier Division Six. While flying to his new command, Radford was held over in Kwajalein and then Saipan, missing the battle of Leyte Gulf which took place in The Philippines during the layover. Radford flew to Ulithi where he reported to McCain. For the next two months, Radford remained on "make learn" status, as a passenger aboard USS Ticonderoga (CV-14), part of Task Group 38.3 and again under Sherman's command. During this time, he observed the strikes on Luzon and the Visayas, as well as air attacks on Japanese shipping and Typhoon Cobra.

"To every officer and man in this splendid group well done [.] In the last 45 days you have contributed much toward the victory announced today and I am proud of you."

—Radford's message to his fleet at the end of World War II.

On 29 December 1944, Radford was unexpectedly ordered to take command of Task Group 38.1 after its commander was injured. The next day the fleet sortied from Ulithi and headed for scheduled air strikes on Luzon and Formosa. Throughout January 1945, Radford's fleet operated in the South China Sea striking Japanese targets in French Indochina and Hong Kong. In February, the U.S. Third Fleet was re-designated the U.S. Fifth Fleet, and as a part of this reorganization Radford's force was redesignated Task Group 58.4. Rafdord continued striking Japanese targetsin the Inland Sea in March. On 1 April, the force was moved to support the Battle of Okinawa. Over the course of the next two months, Radford's force continued its use of night raids, which by this point were effective in repelling Japanese attacks on U.S. Navy ships. After two months supporting ground forces on Okinawa, Radford's fleet was detached from that operation.

Returning to the Third Fleet and being re-designated Task Group 38.4, the force began operating of the Japanese Home Islands in July 1945. They began an intense airstrike campaign against military targets on Honshu and Hokkaido, striking Japanese airfields, merchant shipping, and ground targets. Radford commanded the force in this duty until V-J Day, the end of the war in the Pacific. Upon receipt of the orders to end hostilities, Radford signaled his ships that he was proud of their accomplishments.

Postwar

File:RadfordTruman.jpg

Radford and President Truman, 1950

Radford was promoted to vice admiral in late 1945. For a time he was Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air under Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal. In the post-war period he was a strong advocate that naval aviation programs be maintained. When Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King issued a post-war plan calling for the U.S. to maintain nine active aircraft carriers, Radford suggested he double the number, a politically unrealistic proposal.

After the end of the war, Radford was a principal opponent in a plan to merge the uniformed services. A plan existed to split the Army and the Army Air Forces into separate branches and unite them and the Navy under one Cabinet-level defense organization. Fearing the loss of their branch's influence, Navy commanders opposed the formation of a separate Air Force and favored a more loose defense organization. Radford was picked by Forrestal to form the Secretary's Committee of Research and Reorganization. Months of discussion resulted in the National Security Act of 1947, a political Navy victory, because it created the U.S. Air Force while resulting in a coordinated, not unified, U.S. Department of Defense with limited power and with the Navy maintaining control of its air assets. In 1947, Radford was briefly appointed commander of the Second Task Fleet, a move he felt was to distance him from the budget negotiations in Washington, but nonetheless preferred.

In 1948, Radford was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as the Vice Chief of Naval Operations. Then, in 1949, Truman appointed Radford as the High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Debates continued with military leaders about the future of the armed forces as Truman sought to trim the defense budget. Radford was relied on by Navy leaders as an expert who would fiercely defend the Navy's interests from budget restrictions. These appointments were opposed, however, by Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, who feared Radford's hard-line stance on the budget would alienate the other branches. Still, historians contend Radford brought strong leadership to the role. Naval aviation assets grew from 2,467 aircraft to 3,467 during this time, almost all fast-attack carrier aircraft. He also oversaw the implementation of the "Full Air Program" which envisioned 14,500 total aircraft in the naval air force. Radford, along with his predecessor John Dale Price, favored reducing naval ship strength in order to develop stronger naval aviation capabilities.

Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet

In April 1949, Truman appointed Radford to the position of Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Radford, a staunch anticommunist, saw the greatest threat to U.S. security to be from Asia, not Europe. In these years, he traveled extensively throughout the Pacific as well as South Asia and the Far East. He became acquainted with political and military leaders in New Zealand, Australia, The Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, India, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Formosa, and Japan, and gained an in-depth understanding of the sociopolitical issues facing each nation and the region as a whole.

"Revolt of the Admirals"

Main article: Revolt of the Admirals

Despite his new office, Radford was almost immediately recalled to Washington to continue hearings on the future of the U.S. military budget. Radford is considered a key figure in what would later be called the "Revolt of the Admirals" which took place following the cancellation of the supercarrier USS United States (CVA-58) during the same month.

In Washington at the behest of committee chairman Carl Vinson, Radford strongly opposed plans by Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews, referring to the Air Force's principal bomber, the Convair B-36, as a "billion dollar blunder." Radford also questioned the Air Force idea that U.S. air power should focus on nuclear weapons as its primary deterrent to war. In this opposition, he famously remarked of nuclear war; "In my opinion, the American people, if they were well-informed on all factors involved, would consider such a war morally reprehensible." While the United States remained cancelled and the post-war cuts to the Navy were intact, U.S. military doctrine continued to emphasize conventional forces, and funding increased again during the Cold War era.

Korean War

Radford (right) and Douglas MacArthur confer on Wake Island in 1950. Radford was an admirer of MacArthur and a supporter of his strategies, both before and after the latter's dismissal.

Shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, command of the U.S. Seventh Fleet was transferred from Radford to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of the United Nations Command Korea. As such, Radford exercised no direct responsibility over forces involved in the conflict.

Radford was an admirer of MacArthur and a proponent of his "Asia First" strategy. He supported Operation Chromite in October 1950, as well as as the United Nations mission of Korean reunification. Radford attended the Wake Island Conference between MacArthur and Truman on 15 October, and later recalled his belief that, should the Chinese intervene in the war, the U.S. could still prevail provided it was able to strike Chinese bases in Manchuria with air power. When the People's Volunteer Army did intervene in favor of North Korea the next month, Radford shared MacArthur's frustration at restrictions placed on the UN force in the war preventing it from striking Chinese soil. Once Truman relieved MacArthur in April 1951, Radford reportedly gave the general a "Hero's welcome" in Hawaii as he was returning to the United States.

As commander of U.S. forces in the Philippines and Formosa, Radford accompanied President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower on his trip to Korea in December 1952. Eisenhower was looking for an exit strategy for the stalemated and unpopular war, and Radford suggested threatening China with attacks on its Manchurian bases and the use of nuclear weapons. This view was shared by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and UNC Commander General Mark W. Clark. The end of the war came in July 1953, likely due to pressure of domestic problems on the part of the Chinese. Still, the trip made enough of a good impression on Eisenhower that he sought to nominate Radford to be his Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

"I simply must find men who have the breadth of understanding and devotion to the country rather than to a single Service that will bring about better solutions than I get now. ... [strangely] enough the one man who sees this clearly is a Navy man who at one time was an uncompromising exponent of naval power and its superiority over any other kind of strength. That is Radford."

—Eisenhower on his choice to nominate Radford as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Eisenhower nominated Radford to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in mid-1953. Eisenhower was originally cautious about Radford due to his involvement in the inter-service rivalry and "revolt" in 1949, but Radford's anticommunist views, as well as his knowledge of Asia and his support of Eisenhower's "New Look" defense policy, made him an attractive nominee, particularly among Republicans, to replace Omar Bradley. During his nomination, Radford indicated a changed outlook from the positions he had taken during the "Revolt of the Admirals." As Chairman, Radford was later known to be well-liked by both the President and by Congress.

Military budget

Radford meets Dwight Eisenhower in 1952. It was during this meeting that Radford so impressed the President-elect that he was nominated to be Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the next year.

Radford was integral in formulating and executing the "New Look" policy, reducing spending on conventional military forces to favor a strong nuclear deterrent and a greater reliance on airpower. In this time, he had to overcome resistance from Army leaders who opposed the reduction of their forces, and Radford's decisions, unfettered by inter-service rivalry, impressed Eisenhower. In spite of his support of "New Look," Radford at times differed from Eisenhower on funding issues. Eisenhower on several occasions proposed drastic cuts Radford worried would render the U.S. Navy ineffective. In late 1954, for example, Radford testified before a congressional committee he felt some of Eisenhower's proposed defense cuts would limit the military ability for "massive retaliation," however instead of publicly disagreeing with the Eisenhower administration he worked from within and sought the funding to save specific strategic programs.

In 1956, Radford proposed protecting several military programs from funding reductions by reducing numbers of conventional forces, but the proposal was leaked to the press, causing an uproar in Congress and among U.S. military allies, and the plan was dropped. In 1957, after the other Joint Chiefs of Staff again disagreed on how to reduce force levels amid budget reductions, Radford submitted ideas for less dramatic force reductions directly to Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson, who along with Eisenhower, agreed to them.

Foreign military policy

While Radford remained Eisenhower's principal adviser for the budget, he and Radford differed on matters of foreign policy. Radford advocated the use of nuclear weapons and of a firm military and diplomatic stance against China. Early in his tenure, he suggested to Eisenhower a pre-emptive war against China or the Soviet Union while the U.S. posessed a nuclear advantage and before it became entangled in conflicts in the Far East. Eisenhower immediately dismissed this idea.

After France requested U.S. assistance for its beleaguered force at Dien Bein Phu in 1954, Radford suggested an aggressive stance toward the Viet Minh, recommending the U.S. threaten them with nuclear weapons as it had with the Chinese in Korea. He also advocated for U.S. military intervention during the 1955 First Taiwan Strait Crisis as well as the 1956 Suez Crisis, which Eisenhower rejected in favor of diplomatic approaches and threats of force.

Later life

The USS Arthur W. Radford (DD-968), which was launched in 1975 and named for Radford.

Following the end of his second term as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Radford opted to retire from the Navy in 1957. Following this, he entered the business world. However, Radford was called upon to serve as military campaign advisor to Richard Nixon in the 1960 election, and again to Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election.

Radford died at 77 on 17 August 1973 at Bethesda Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Radford was buried with the full honors accorded to a former four-star admiral, and a former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Section 3 of the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. In 1975, the Navy launched the anti-submarine warfare-specialized Spruance-class destroyer USS Arthur W. Radford (DD-968), named in Radford's honor.

Awards and decorations

Radford's awards and decorations include the following accolades:

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Naval Aviator Badge
	Navy Distinguished Service Medal with three stars	Legion of Merit with star
Navy Presidential Unit Citation with two service stars	Navy Unit Commendation	World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal with star	American Campaign Medal	Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven service stars
World War II Victory Medal	Korean Service Medal	Army of Occupation Medal
National Defense Service Medal	Order of Bath	Philippine Liberation Medal with service star

References

Sources

• Hattendorf, John B.; Elleman, Bruce A. (2010), Nineteen-Gun Salute: Case Studies of Operational, Strategic, and Diplomatic Naval Leadership During the 20th and Early 21st Centuries, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, ISBN 978-1884733666
• Muir, Malcom Jr. (2001), The Human Tradition in the World War II Era, Lanham, Maryland: SR Books, ISBN 978-0842027861
• Palmer, Michael A. (1990), Origins of the Maritime Strategy: The Development of American Naval Strategy, 1945–1955, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-0870216671
• Stewart, William (2009), Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0786438099
• Tucker, Spencer (2009), U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise, Volume 1, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1598841725

External links

• Arthur W. Radford, Dictionary of Naval Fighting Ships, Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy.