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Boston Marathon bombing

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Boston Marathon bombings
Aftermath of the first blast
LocationBombing: Boylston Street, west of Copley Square, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Shooting: MIT Campus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Manhunt: Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S.
DateBombing: April 15, 2013 (2013-04-15), 2:49 p.m. (EDT)
Shooting and manhunt: April 18, 2013, 10:48 p.m. – April 19, 2013, 8:42 p.m. (EDT)
Attack type
Bombing, terrorism,[1] shootings
Weapons
Guns
Deaths5 total
  • 3 civilians from bombing on April 15
  • 1 police officer from shooting on April 18
  • 1 suspect from firefight on April 19
Injured185 total
  • 183 civilians from bombing on April 15
  • 1 police officer from firefight on April 18
  • 1 suspect from firefight on April 18

During the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two bombs exploded, killing 3 people and injuring 183 others.[2] The bombs, at least one of which was a pressure cooker bomb, had been placed near the finish line, along Boylston Street.[3] They detonated at 2:49 p.m. EDT (18:49 UTC), 13 seconds apart. No warning was given. The FBI led the investigation into what it identified as a terrorist attack.

On the night of April 18, an MIT police officer was killed in a shooting at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus, local police engaged in a shootout and subsequent manhunt for two suspects, brothers Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Tamerlan Tsarnaev died in a hospital early on the morning of April 19, 2013 after being wounded in a shootout with police in Watertown, Massachusetts. Police conducted a manhunt in Watertown to find his brother Dzhokhar. Many public institutions closed. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was captured alive on the evening of April 19.[4][5][6]

Bombings

On Patriots' Day, Monday, April 15, 2013, the annual Boston Marathon began without any indications of an imminent attack.[7] Officials swept the area for bombs twice before the explosions; one of the sweeps occurred an hour before the bombs went off. People were able to come and go freely, and carry bags and items in and out of the area.[8]

At 2:49 p.m. EDT (18:49 UTC), two bombs detonated on Boylston Street near Copley Square about 180 yards (170 m) apart,[9][10] just before the finish line.[7] The first exploded outside Marathon Sports at 671–673 Boylston Street at 2:49:43 p.m. EDT;[11] the second, one block farther west at 755 Boylston Street at 2:49:57 p.m. EDT.[12][13]

The bombs were improvised explosive devices containing explosives, bits of metal, and ball bearings, placed in black nylon duffel bags or backpacks.[14][15][16] One device was described as a pressure cooker bomb, thought to be made using a Fagor-brand pressure cooker; the other device was housed in a metal container of unclear construction.[3] About 13 seconds passed between the two blasts.[3] The blasts blew out windows on adjacent buildings but did not cause any structural damage.[13][17]

At the time of the first explosion, the race clock at the finish line showed 04:09:43.[18] The bombs detonated about two hours after the winner crossed the finish line,[13] with more than 5,700 runners yet to finish.[19] Some runners continued to cross the line until 2:57 p.m., eight minutes after the explosions.[20]

Victims

The blasts occurred close to the finish line (yellow) along the marathon course (dark blue), with the first blast being closer to the finish

The toll from the bombings was 3 people killed and 183 injured. A number of the injuries were grievous, requiring intensive care, and appeared to be "war-like injuries" of mutilation, shrapnel wounds, and dismemberment. The trauma surgery chief at Boston Medical Center said: "We see patients like this, with mangled extremities, but we don’t see 16 of them at the same time, and we don’t see patients from blast injuries."[21]

Deaths

Template:Contains Chinese text Three spectators were killed in the bombings: Krystle Campbell, 29, a female restaurant manager from Medford, Massachusetts;[22] Lü Lingzi (simplified Chinese: 吕令子; traditional Chinese: 呂令子; pinyin: Lǚ Lìngzǐ[23][24]), 23, a female Chinese national and Boston University graduate student from Shenyang, Liaoning;[25][26] and Martin Richard, an 8-year-old boy from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, who was reportedly killed by the second bomb.[27]

An MIT police officer, Sean Collier, 26, was shot and killed three days later when he was ambushed by the suspects, leading to a manhunt.[28]

Injuries

Ten local hospitals treated more than 178 people.[3]

Many victims suffered lower leg injuries and shrapnel wounds, which indicated the devices were low to the ground.[29] Some suffered ruptured eardrums.[29] At least 13 of the injured suffered severed limbs.[30] Doctors described removing "bearing-ball type" metallic beads a little larger than BBs, and small carpenter-type nails about 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 in) long.[31] Similar objects were found at the scene.[32] The New York Times stated that, according to doctors, because the bombs were low to the ground, the injuries mainly affected legs and feet instead of abdomens, chests, and heads, and as a result few deaths occurred.[21]

During the manhunt three days later, MBTA police officer Richard Donohue, Jr., 33, was critically wounded in a shootout with the suspects.[33]

Response

Police and other emergency workers on the scene

Rescue workers, medical personnel on hand to assist runners, bystanders, and runners rushed to help the wounded in the immediate aftermath.[34][35]

The marathon was halted abruptly. Police, following emergency plans, diverted the remaining runners away from the finish line to Boston Common and Kenmore Square.[7] The nearby Lenox Hotel was also evacuated.[7] Police closed down a 15-block area around the blast site; this was reduced to a 12-block crime scene on April 16.[17][36] Massachusetts Army National Guard soldiers already on scene joined local authorities in rendering aid.[7] Bomb squads searched the area.[11] Many bystanders had dropped backpacks and other bags as they fled, requiring each to be treated as a potential bomb. Boston police commissioner Ed Davis recommended that people stay off the streets.[17]

No more bombs were found, although various bags and packages found on the street were initially treated as potential bombs. At one point on April 15, the Boston Police Bomb Squad said they would perform a controlled explosion of one such package found on the 600 block of Boylston Street,[37] but later decided it was unnecessary.[citation needed] Some news reports initially said that more bombs had been found.[7][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]

Emergency services at work after the bombings

As a precaution, the FAA restricted airspace over Boston, and issued a temporary ground stop for Boston's Logan International Airport.[45] Some Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority service was halted.[13] Several cities in Massachusetts and other states put their police forces on alert.[46] U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder directed that the "full resources" of the U.S. Department of Justice be brought to bear on investigating the explosions.[7] The Navy sent one of its bomb-disposal units to Boston to help local authorities.[47]

The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging, instead of voice calls, because of crowded cellphone lines.[13] Cellphone service in Boston was congested but remained in operation, despite some local media reports stating that cell service was shut down.[48]

The American Red Cross helped concerned friends and family receive information about runners and casualties.[49][50] The Boston Police Department also set up a helpline for people concerned about relatives or acquaintances to contact and a line for people to provide information.[51] Google Person Finder activated their disaster service under Boston Marathon Explosions to log known information about missing persons as a publicly viewable file.[52]

Because of the closure of several hotels near the blast zone, some out-of-town visitors were left with nowhere to stay; many Boston-area residents opened their homes to them.[53]

Investigation

Richard DesLauriers, special agent in charge of the FBI Boston Field Office, addresses the media.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which has been investigating the attack along with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Counterterrorism Center,[54] was treating the bombings as a terrorist attack, with at least two alleged perpetrators so far having been officially identified.[39][55]

United States government officials stated that there had been no intelligence reports that indicated such a bombing would take place. Representative Peter King, member of the House Intelligence Committee said: "I received two top secret briefings last week on the current threat levels in the United States, and there was no evidence of this at all."[56]

The FBI reported that this pressure cooker fragment is part of one of the explosive devices.

Though not treated as suspects, several people who were near the scene of the blast and the surrounding area were taken into custody and questioned about the bombings, including a Saudi man that police stopped as he was walking away from the explosion, and detained when some of his responses to questions "made them uncomfortable".[57][58][59] Law enforcement searched his residence in a Boston suburb, but CNN later reported that he was found to have no connection to the attack, with an unnamed U.S. official saying "he was just at the wrong place at the wrong time."[60][39][61]

A person who was briefed on the investigation said at least one of the devices was made from a pressure cooker packed with shards of metal, nails and bearing balls to inflict maximum casualties and was placed in a backpack.[60] The lid of one pressure cooker was found on a nearby rooftop.[62] Investigators found remains of an electronic circuit board that was possibly used in the timer of the bomb.[63] Gunpowder was most likely used in the explosive devices.[64]

Suspects

File:The-tsarnaev-suspects-fbi-photo-release.jpg
FBI-released photo of suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

On April 18, in a 5:20 p.m. news conference the FBI released photos and a video of two suspects, and sought the public's help in identifying them.[65][66] The FBI said that one of the suspects had been seen placing a backpack at the bombing scene minutes before the second bomb exploded.[67] Jeff Bauman, who lost both legs, said he provided detailed descriptions to authorities of a suspect who left a bag beside him two and a half minutes before the blast.[68]

Authorities identified two brothers as the suspects: 26-year-old Tamerlan Tsarnaev (Cyrillic script: Тамерлан Царнаев) and 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (Cyrillic script: Джохар Царнаев).[69] Ethnic Chechens from the North Caucasus, the two emigrated to the United States in 2002.[70][71][72][73] They had been living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for the past ten years.[69] They had previously lived in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan, and Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia.[74][75] Both brothers are Muslims.[76][77][70]

Tamerlan Tsarnaev (October 21, 1986 – April 19, 2013) was killed during a massive manhunt launched in the early hours of April 19.[78][79][69][80] He was born in the Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union.[81] He had been arrested in 2009 for domestic assault and battery after assaulting his girlfriend.[80] He was not a U.S. citizen, but was a permanent resident.[73] He had been quoted as saying, "I don't have a single American friend, I don't understand them."[69]

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (born July 22, 1993) at the time of the incident was a student at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, with a major in marine biology.[82][83][84] He was born in Kyrgyzstan.[81] He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012.[73] On television, his uncle, living in Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with Dzhokhar to turn himself in.[85] He was found and taken into federal custody following a standoff on the evening of April 19.[86][87][88]

Manhunt and capture

File:Tamerlan-and-Dzokhar-Tsarnaev-suspect-photos.jpg
Tamerlan (left) and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (right), the two brothers, suspected of being behind the Boston marathon bombings

After the suspects' photos were released, the suspects inflicted multiple gunshot wounds on Sean Collier, 26, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department officer from Somerville, Massachusetts,[89] who was seated in his police car on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, near the Stata Center (Building 32) on April 18 at 10:48 p.m. EDT (02:48 UTC, April 19).[90][91] [92] Collier was taken to Massachusetts General Hospital in nearby downtown Boston, where he was pronounced dead.[92][93]

The suspects next carjacked a silver Mercedes SUV in Cambridge and forced the owner to use his ATM card to obtain $800 in cash.[citation needed] They released the man after the ATM cash limit was reached. The suspects had told the man that they were responsible for the Boston bombings.[94] Police chased the vehicle to Watertown, Massachusetts.[73] Police in Watertown reported that they exchanged gunfire with two suspects following the MIT shooting,[95] with explosions and automatic weapon fire heard.[96] Later in the night, The Boston Globe reported that the shooting suspects were the same men being sought in the Marathon bombings.[90] A Watertown resident observed the two suspects exchanging gunfire with police and throwing a bomb at them, which exploded.[94] One suspect, Tamerlan, was captured; the other, Dzhokhar, managed to escape either in the SUV or by foot.[94][97] A transit police officer, identified as 33-year-old Officer Richard H. Donahue Jr.,[98] was critically wounded, and was taken to Mount Auburn Hospital, where he was described as "remain[ing] in stable condition".[99]

During the morning of April 19, after the car chase and exchange of fire with law enforcement, Tamerlan Tsarnaev was taken by police to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where he died of multiple gunshot wounds and a possible blast injury.[94][100] The FBI released additional photos of the two suspects during the Watertown incident.[101] The second suspect, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, sometimes referred to as the "white-hat suspect",[102] or "suspect 2", was "still at large".[103] Early on April 19, Watertown residents received reverse 911 calls asking them to stay indoors.[104]

Thousands of law enforcement personnel participated in a door-to-door manhunt in Watertown, as well as following up other leads, including at the house the brothers shared in Cambridge. The father of the suspected Boston Marathon bombers, Anzor Tsarnaev, speaking from his home in Makhachkala in Dagestan, encouraged his son to give up peacefully: "Give up. Give up. You have a bright future ahead of you. Come home to Russia."[105] NBC News reports seven IEDs were recovered in the searches so far: some in Watertown and some at the Tsarnaevs' house in Cambridge.[106][107]

On the morning of April 19, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick asked residents of Watertown and adjacent cities and towns (Boston, Belmont, Brookline, Cambridge, Newton, and Waltham[108]) to "shelter in place". The entire public transit network as well as most Boston taxi service was suspended, as was Amtrak service to and from Boston.[90][109] Logan International Airport remained open.[109] Universities, schools, businesses, and other facilities were closed.

The manhunt ended on the evening of April 19 when authorities surrounded Dzhokhar A. Tsarnaev, who had taken refuge under the plastic cover of a Watertown resident's boat. He was discovered by the boat's owner, David Henneberry,[110] when, shortly after the "shelter-in-place" order was rescinded, Henneberry stepped outside of his home at 67 Franklin St.[111] in Watertown and noticed that the tarp covering the boat was loose, and the cords securing the tarp had been cut. When Henneberry lifted the tarp and looked into the boat, he saw a human form lying in a pool of blood, and promptly notified police.[112] Tsarnaev's presence was later verified through thermal imaging cameras.[73] He was taken into custody around 8:42 p.m. EDT after a standoff,[86][87] and transported to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center where he was listed in serious condition.[113]

Reactions

Law enforcement, local and national politicians, and various heads of state reacted quickly to the bombings.[114][115]

Local

As a safety precaution, the NHL postponed a Boston Bruins home game against the Ottawa Senators at TD Garden scheduled for April 15, to April 28 instead.[116] The Boston Symphony Orchestra canceled its April 15 performance.[117] On April 16, the MBTA public transit system, which was partly shut down, was under heavy National Guard and police presence and it was shut down a second time April 19 during the manhunt.[118][90][109] The NBA's Boston Celtics game scheduled for April 16 against the Indiana Pacers was canceled since both teams' playoff seedings were already set.[116] The Boston Red Sox game at Fenway, the Bruins game, and the Big Apple Circus performance scheduled for April 19, were postponed to support efforts of law enforcement officers.[119] Boston University established a scholarship in honor of deceased student Lü Lingzi.[120]

National

President Barack Obama delivering a statement on April 15, 2013, in the aftermath of the bombings

President Barack Obama addressed the nation three hours and twenty minutes after the attack.[121] He said that, while the perpetrator(s) were still unknown, the government would "get to the bottom of this" and that those responsible "will feel the full weight of justice".[122] The President again addressed the American people the next day. He later described the bombing as terrorism, declaring, "Any time bombs are used to target innocent civilians, it is an act of terror."[123] President Obama issued a proclamation ordering flags to half-staff until April 20 on all federal buildings as "a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15, 2013, in Boston, Massachusetts."[124]

President Obama and wife First Lady Michelle Obama traveled to Boston on April 18 to attend and address an interfaith service at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross to honor the victims of the attacks.[125]

A moment of silence was observed at the openings of the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ and NYMEX on the day after the bombings.[126] Moments of silence were also held at various events across the country, including the Boston Remembrance Run held in Portland, Oregon, on April 17, which drew over 1,000 runners in a silent show of support.[127]

International

The bombings were denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders as well as leading figures from international sport.[128][129][130][131] In China, users posted condolence messages on Weibo in response to the death of Lü Lingzi.[132] Chris Buckley of The New York Times said "Ms. Lu’s death gave a melancholy face to the attraction that America and its colleges exert over many young Chinese."[133]

Organizers of the forthcoming London Marathon, planned for April 21, reviewed security arrangements for their event, despite there not being any specific threats against it.[134] Security measures were increased worldwide in the wake of the explosions in Boston.[128]

The Russian government, which is holding several international sports events in the near future, including the 2014 Winter Olympics, stated that special attention will be paid to security at those events.[135] Vladimir Putin condemned the "barbaric crime" and "stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready, if necessary, to assist in the US authorities’ investigation."[136]

When news broke that the suspects in the Boston Marathon bombings were ethnic Chechens, the Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov wrote the following on Instagram: "Today, as the media report, a certain Tsarnaev was killed during a detention attempt. It would be logical if he was detained and an investigation was conducted, all the circumstances and degree of his guilt explained. Apparently, the special forces needed a result at any price to calm society. Any attempt to make a link between Chechnya and the Tsarnaevs, if they are guilty, is in vain. They grew up in the US, their views and beliefs were formed there. The roots of evil must be searched for in America. The whole world must battle with terrorism."[137]

Akhmed Zakayev, the head of the secular wing of the Chechen rebel movement (which split from the Islamist wing in 2007), now in exile in London, also condemned the bombings as terrorist and expressed condolences to the families of the victims, while speculating that the attack benefited those who oppose Chechen independence. Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people, saying that "the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens."[138]

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