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Jelena Lazarević
Lady of Zeta; Grand Duchess of Hum
Born1365/1366
Fortress of Prilepac near Novo Brdo, Serbian Empire (modern-day Kosovo[a])
Died1443
Beška, Skadar Lake, Serbian Despotate
Spouse
IssueBalša III
House
FatherLazar of Serbia
MotherMilica of Serbia
ReligionSerbian Orthodoxy
Occupationnobility, writer

Jelena Balšić née Lazarević (Template:Lang-sr) (1365/1366 – 1443) was a medieval Serbian noblewoman and a member of the Lazarević dynasty. She had a very strong personality and significantly influenced the way her husbands, first Đurađ II Balšić and second Sandalj Hranić, and her son Balša III governed their realms. Jelena encouraged them to resist Venetian encroachment on territory belonging to Zeta, the medieval Serbian state ruled by Đurađ II and then by Balša III after Đurađ II's death. She is also known as a writer. Her three epistles are part of the Gorički zbornik (Template:Lang-sr), a medieval manuscript collection.

Name

Kruševac Fortress Keep

Jelena's nickname was Lena, Lady Lena (Template:Lang-sr) or the Learned one (Template:Lang-sr).[1] In some English sources her first name is Helen.[2] She was referred to as Jelena Lazarević because of her father's noble family. Based on her marriage to Đurađ II Balšić she was referred to as Jelena Balšić, while because of her marriage to Sandalj Hranić she was sometimes referred to as Jelena Balšić-Hranić or Jelena Hranić. In a Venetian document from 1409 she is referred to as Magnifica Domina Elena.[3]

Family

Jelena was born in 1365 or 1366 as the third daughter of Princess Milica of Serbia and Lazar of Serbia. Her mother belonged to the Nemanjić dynasty, while her father was the founder of the Lazarević dynasty. He created Moravian Serbia, the largest and most powerful state to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire. Hence, Jelena was a member of the highest Serbian aristocracy. She was born in Prilepac and spent her childhood in Kruševac, where she lived until she married her first husband, Đurađ II Balšić, in 1386. She had one child with him, a son named Balša III who was born in 1387.[4] Balša III had three children, a son whose name is not known and two daughters, Jelena and Teodora. His son died at a very young age in 1415.[5] In 1424, Balša's daughter Jelena married Stjepan Vukčić Kosača and became the mother of Queen Catherine of Bosnia and Vladislav Hercegović.[5]

Marriage to Đurađ II Balšić

Wall of Ulcinj, the seat of Đurađ II

Jelena married Đurađ II Balšić in 1386 or 1387.[6] After this marriage the suzerainty of Lazar of Serbia was accepted in most if not all of Zeta.[7] When the Sultan sent an army to invade the lands of Đurađ II at the beginning of 1392, Jelena travelled to Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian) to get out of harm's way. On 1 June 1392, the senate of Dubrovnik decided to send a galley to take her to the city.[8] Đurađ was captured by the Ottomans in October 1392 and was released only once he agreed to cede Scutari to them. He managed to recapture the town in 1395 but subsequently sold it to the Venetians, together with the surrounding fortresses.

Jelena was firmly opposed to the pro-Venetian policy of Đurađ II and his sale of Scutari and other towns to the Venetians. She did not like the Venetians because they obstructed the contacts between the Zetan Orthodox Metropolitanate and the Patriarchate of Peć, cut off Orthodox monasteries around Lake Skadar from the incomes that they were legally entitled to, and engaged in an aggressive trading policy, which significantly reduced Zeta′s earnings.[9] Even before the First Scutari War, she was in a dispute with the Venetians over the jurisdiction of the Zetan Orthodox Metropolitanate over the Orthodox churches around the river Bojana and the Church of St. Peter in Scutari.[10] The reign of 16-year-old Balša III began in April 1403 when Đurađ II died of the injuries suffered in November 1402 at the Battle of Tripolje. In this battle Đurađ II supported Stefan Lazarević in an attempt to protect the throne of Serbian Despotate from Đurađ Branković. Jelena had a significant influence on the way Balša III governed Zeta. Because he was a minor when he inherited the throne, she actually governed Zeta as his regent.[11] In a dispute between the Venetians and the Zetan Metropolitan bishop appointed by the Patriarchate of Peć, Balša III followed her instructions and protected the ancient rights of the Serbian church.[12]

First Scutari War

Further information: First Scutari War

In 1405, Balša III, supported by Jelena, launched a ten-year war against Venice.[13] At the beginning of the war, Balša managed to capture the whole Scutari region except for the Scutari fortress. The Venetians offered a 2,000-ducat reward for anyone able to kill both Balša and Jelena.[14] When the Venetians in return captured Bar, Ulcinj and Budva,[15] three of the most important ports of Zeta, Balša and Jelena fled from Ulcinj to Drivast Castle.[16]

In 1409, Jelena decided to travel to Venice to negotiate peace in person. At the end of May, she arrived in Dubrovnik but had to wait for almost two months because her hosts warned her that there were Napolitan galleys in the Adriatic Sea.[17] On 9 July 1409, while she was still waiting in Dubrovnik, Venice purchased the entire Dalmatian coast from Ladislaus of Naples for 100,000 ducats. The Kingdom of Naples was not a threat to Venetians anymore. By gaining the Dalmatian coast, Venetians further increased their influence and power in the region of the Adriatic Sea, which made Jelena's negotiating position difficult. When she finally arrived in Venice at the end of July, she was financially broken because of her long voyage. The Venetians had to support her with three ducats a day during negotiations which lasted for the next three months.[18] On 26 October 1409, a year-long peace agreement with the Venetian doge, Michele Steno, was signed without territorial changes for any of the parties.[19] Jelena traveled back to Zeta through Dubrovnik where she received 100 ducats worth of presents. Although both she and the Venetian representative swore on the Gospel to respect the truce, in reality there was no peace.[20]

Marriage to Sandalj Hranić

Blagaj, the court of Sandalj Hranić where Jelena went to live after she married him

When Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights to the kingdom of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice and retreated from the Balkans in 1409, many local nobles allied themselves with the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and accepted Ostoja as the King of Bosnia. This seriously weakened the position of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, a Grand Duke of Bosnia, whose niece Katarina was a second wife of Sandalj Hranić, a Grand Duke of Hum. In such circumstances Sandalj decided to ally with emperor Sigismund in mid 1411 and to establish closer connections with Sigismund's important ally Stefan Lazarević.[21] In December 1411 Sandalj divorced his wife Katarina and married Stefan's sister Jelena at the end of the same year.[22][23][24] Jelena married Sandalj because she wanted to strengthen the position of her son.[11] With this marriage Sandalj, the most dangerous enemy of Balša III, became his stepfather and protector.[25] Although it spoiled Sandalj's relations with Hrvoje, it also strengthened traditionally close relations with the Lazarević family.[26] Although Jelena was in her forties, Sandalj hoped they would have children and in 1413 deposited some money at a transactional account with the city of Dubrovnik for the child they would eventually have.[27]

Jelena went to live with her husband at his court in Blagaj in Herzegovina while Balša remained as the only governor of Zeta.[28] In his second marriage, concluded in 1412 or at the beginning of 1413, Balša III married Bolja, a daughter of Koja Zaharia who was a Lord of Sati and Dagnum in Albania.[29]

Sandalj had a court in Novi (modern day Herceg Novi) where he spent some time every year, usually in winter and spring. Beginning in 1424, Jelena spent a good part of the year at this court, accompanied by her sister Olivera.[30][31]

Dubrovnik

At the beginning of February 1426 a special ceremony was dedicated to Jelena and Sandalj in Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian) when they attended the feast of Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise), who is the city's patron saint.[32] Jelena intended to be buried in the church she would build in Dubrovnik. Initially, Dubrovnik was interested in accepting her wish on the condition that she help them take control of Novi, its rival in salt-trading. That is why Dubrovnik proposed to Sandalj to build an Orthodox church and home for old and sick people in 1434. Sandalj died in 1435 before he replied to their proposal. He was succeeded by his nephew Stjepan Vukčić Kosača who was a son of Sandalj's brother Vukac. After Sandalj's death Jelena did not interfere in the governing of the realm previously controlled by her husband but went to live at the seaside, probably in Novi. In September 1435 Jelena asked the Ragusans to allow her to build a church in Dubrovnik in which would be her grave. Since circumstances had changed after Sandalj's death, the Ragusans rejected Jelena's request although it was supported by her nephew, Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković. They justified their refusal with the lack of the approval of the Pope.

Gorički zbornik

Otpisanije bogoljubno, first page
Further information: Gorički zbornik

Three epistles she wrote to her spiritual adviser were included in the Gorički zbornik (Template:Lang-sr), a medieval manuscript collection. Today only one of them, known as the Otpisanije bogoljubno (Template:Lang-sr), is preserved.[33]

Jelena wrote her will on 25 November 1442. Based on its text it can be concluded that she had her own library and that in 1441 she told her chancellor Doberko Marinić to order a book cover. The book cover was made of silver and decorated with the image of Jesus. It was made by Andrija Izat, who was a famous goldsmith from Kotor.[34]

Death

Further information: Beška Monastery

On Beška island on the Skadar Lake she first reconstructed the Church of St. George built by Đurađ II and in 1439/1440 built as her endowment the Church of Holy Mother next to it.[11] She was buried in its western vault, near the southern wall of the church. The purpose of her endowment was to be her crypt and to serve as the spiritual center which would continue the orientation of the Serbian culture toward Byzantine Orthodox spirituality in this historically last period of Serbian medieval statehood. In this way Jelena confirmed her loyalty to the tradition of the Nemanjić dynasty and her father Prince Lazar in the period when she was able to make a political choice between Islam and militant Catholicism.[35] Jelena's efforts had an additional dimension taking into consideration that her work is a testimony of the presence of the Byzantine hesychasm in the Serbian Despotate.

The sacred bones of Jelena Balšić were placed in the new relic case made of stone after the Church of Holy Mother she built on Beška island was reconstructed in 2002 by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral.[36] By the decision of the 'Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral' in 2006 she was titled 'Blagovjerna' and named Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić.[37]

Legacy

Jelena Balšić was praised as an extraordinary woman who preserved the power of the Balšić family during a very turbulent period. It is obvious that she had a strong personality probably similar to her mother, Princess Milica of Serbia.[38] She managed to maintain the cultural heritage of the Kingdom of Serbia, and her writing has been evaluated highly.[39]

The literature award "Jelena Balšić" was established in 2007 by the 'Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral' and is awarded every two years. As of 2013, its laureates have been Đorđe Sladoje, Žarko Komanin, Ranko Jovović and Slobodan Rakitić.[40][41]

Legends

Legends incorrectly say that she was Jelena Obilić, a widow of Miloš Obilić.[42] One of the legends about Jelena was recorded in Herzegovina. According to that legend Sandalj asked Jelena who was her favorite husband. Her reply was that she would give away both Sandalj and Balšić just to see Miloš Obilić one more time. Sandalj was angered and Jelena had to run away from him. While she was on the way to Zeta, in some nettle, she gave birth to a boy who was a founder of Koprivica family (nettle — Template:Lang-sr).[43]

Some of the preserved legends about Jelena include Queen Jelena's Bees (Template:Lang-sr), Queen Jelena's Fishpond (Template:Lang-sr), White Stone (Template:Lang-sr) and Queen Jelena's Mowers (Template:Lang-sr).[44]

Ancestors

Vukan Nemanjić
Pribac Hrebeljanović
Lazar Hrebeljanović
Jelena
Dmitar Nemanjić
Zavida
Vratislav Nemanjić
Vratko Nemanjić
Stefan Nemanjić
Milica Nemanjić

Notes

Notes:

  1. ^ Template:Kosovo-note

References

  1. ^ Kralj, Milica (2008). "I Saw the Reflection in the Mirror". Serbia, National REview. Retrieved January 13, 2013. The medieval chronicles state that Jelena Balšić, madam Lena or the Educated one, was "tall, with a slim waist, with milky white long cheeks, golden hair, wearing a diadem with numerous brilliants and sapphires at the top of her forehead"....Because of such interests, her contemporaries called her the Educated.
  2. ^ Fine 1994, p. 389

    ...Helen (Jelena)...)
  3. ^ Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti (1867). Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. Jugoslavenska akademija zanosti i umjetnosti. pp. 149–150. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  4. ^ Veselinović 2001, p. 104

    ...а Јелену за Ђурађа Страцимировића Балшића. Са њим је Јелена имала само сина Балшу III,...)
  5. ^ a b Ekmečić, Milorad (1997). Zbornik za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, board for history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. p. 75. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Послије смрти зетског великаша Балше III иза њега није остало мушких потомака, већ само двије кћери: Јелена и Теодора које су живјеле под надзором Балшине мајке Јелене
  6. ^ Fine 1994, p. 389

    ...Helen (Jelena) married George II Stracimirovic Balsic in 1386/87...)
  7. ^ Branislav Đerić (1989). Kosovska bitka: vojno-istorijska rasprava. Naučna knjiga. p. 41. Retrieved 29 April 2013. врховно старешииство Лазарево тек од 1386. год. када је његова кћн Јелена била удата за Срацимировог сипа
  8. ^ Jorjo Tadić (1939). Promet putnika u starom Dubrovniku. Turistički savez. p. 62. Retrieved 27 January 2013. početkom 1392, ponovno ugrozile oblast Đura Balšića, on odluči da svoju ženu Jelenu, kćerku kneza Lazara, skloni u Dubrovnik. Dubrovčani su o tome raspravljali u Vijećima 1 juna 1392, pa su zaključili da pošalju svoju ga- leotu od 22 klupe
  9. ^ Fine 1994, p. 511

    ...Helen (Jelena) played an active role in Zeta′s affairs under Balša...)
  10. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    Још пре избијања Првог скадарског рата (1405-1413.), била је с њима у спору око надлежности зетског митрополита над православним црквама уз Бојану и над црквом Светог Петра у Скадру.)
  11. ^ a b c Евгениј Љвович Немировски (1996). Почеци штампарства у Црној Гори, 1492-1496. ЦНБ "Ђурђе Црнојевић". p. 137. Retrieved 27 January 2013. Jelena je u stvari postala namjesnik svom 17-godišnjem sinu. Cite error: The named reference "Немировски1996" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    Држећи се поука своје мајке Јелене Лазаревић, кћери кнеза Лазара, Балша III. иступао је пред представницима Венеције као заштитник старих права Српске цркве. Даровао је неколико православних манастира и трудио се да се не окрњи надлежност православног митрополита Зете, кога је постављао пећки патријарх.
  13. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 96

    У измењеној ситуацији после Ангорске битке породичну територију је преузео Ђурђев наследник Балша III (1403—1421), коме је помагала мајка Јелена Лазаревић. Они су се убрзо окренули против Венеције и упустили у десетогодишњи рат са њом.)
  14. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    На његовом почетку, Млечани су уценили њену и главу Балше III. са 2000 дуката.
  15. ^ Fine 1994, p. 511
  16. ^ Bešić 1970, p. 89

    Јелена и Балша III побјегли су у тврђаву Дриваста.Тада је Марин Каравело, без изузетног притиска, обећавајућистановништву зетских приморских градова да ће их ослободитисвих работа током наредне три године и да ће вратити посједесвима онима којима их је ранији господар био одузео, придобиоопштинска вијећа у Улцињу, Бару и Будви да признају властРепублике.)
  17. ^ Bešić 1970, p. 98

    Јелена Балшић се ријешила да сама оде у Млетке и настави преговоре,.. била је већ крајем маја 1409. год. у Дубровнику и ту се задржала готово два мјесеца, јер су је домаћини упозоравали на опасност од напуљских галија које су се налазиле у Јадранскоме мору.)
  18. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    Сенатори су утврдили да је "врло сиромашна", јер је, због дугог пута, све потрошила. Давали су јој, на име издржавања, по три дуката дневно, и у Венецији је остала пута три месеца.
  19. ^ Srejović 1982, p. 79

    Имала је то да искуси Јелена Балшић приликом преговора које је повела у Венецији, и који су трајали више месеци. Крајем октобра 1409. окончани су договором да се склопи мир на годину дана без територијалних промена ...)
  20. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    Крајем октобра склопила је мир и, заједно с млетачким представником, заклела се на јеванђељу да ће га поштовати. Затим се, преко Дубровника, у коме је добила богате поклоне у вредности од 100 дуката, крајем 1409. вратила у Зету.[26] У њој, међутим, и даље није било мира.
  21. ^ Bešić 1970, p. 189

    Повлачење Ладислава Напуљског нагонило јебосанског краља и обласне господаре да се приближе Жигмунду.Сандаљ Хранић је већ крајем љета 1411. год. био на његовојстрани. Садшм тим успоставио је најбоље односе са српским дес-потом Стефаном.
  22. ^ Fine 1975, p. 233

    ...Sandalj divorced Hrvoje's niece and shortly thereafter married Jelena...
  23. ^ Veselinović 2001, p. 96

    Њему се прикључио 1411 и војвода Сандаљ Хранић. Крајем те исте године Балшина мајка Јелена се преудала за војводу Сандаља.)
  24. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    ...Јелена се 1411. удала за босанског војводу Сандаља Хранића. Он је у децембру исте године напустио своју прву жену Катарину...)
  25. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    До тада најопаснији противник Балше III, постао је његов очух и заштитник.)
  26. ^ Fine 1975, p. 467

    ...This marital change reflected both Sandalj′s deteriorating relations with Hrvoje and his forging closer ties with Serbia. ... Good relations with Kosače and Stefan′s family were not new ...
  27. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    . Када је пошла новом мужу, Јелена је имала четрдесетак година....Остављајући у мају 1413. поклад у Дубровнику, предвидео је да га може подићи ако за њим остане "или син или девојка које би имао с реченом госпођом Јеленом", што показује да се није искључивала могућност да њих двоје имају деце.)
  28. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    Када је пошла новом мужу, Јелена је имала четрдесетак година.... Јелениним одласком у Босну, у Зети је остао да влада Балша III, и даље веран идејама своје мајке
  29. ^ Albanološki institut u Prištini 1968 p. 125: "Poznato je takođe da se Balša III krajem 1412 ili početkom 1413 godine oženio u drugom braku ćerkom Koe Zaharije"
  30. ^ Pomorski zbornik (in Serbian). Društvo za proučavanje i unapređenje pomorstva Jugoslavije. 1982. p. 574. Retrieved 14 January 2013. I Sandalj i Herceg Stefan imali su u Novome svoj dvor, gdje su provodili veliki dio godine, obično zimu i proljeće. Tu je provela veliki dio svoga života i Jelena Sandaljeva i njena sestra Olivera Bajazitova, ćerka kneza Lazara.
  31. ^ Bešić 1970, p. 189

    Уз Јелену је, колико се зна, већ од 1423. год., а можда и од-раније, живјела њена сестра Оливера,
  32. ^ Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108

    Дубровчани су, по посебном церемонијалу, приредили војводи Сандаљу и Јелени свечани дочек првих дана фебруара 1426. године. Том приликом, Јелена је присуствовала највећој свечаности у Дубровнику, прослави Светог Влаха)
  33. ^ Tomin 2000, p. 4

    Једина у целини сачувана Јеленина посланица у науци је позната под називом Отписаније богољубно.)
  34. ^ Elizabeth Jeffreys (12 October 2006). Byzantine Style, Religion and Civilization: In Honour of Sir Steven Runciman. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-521-83445-2. Retrieved 28 April 2013. in May 1441 through her envoy Doberko Marinić, whom she sent to the well-known goldsmith Andrija Izat in Kotor, she commissioned a silver-gilt book-cover with a figure of Christ. We learn that Doberko took the book, a model
  35. ^ Bogdanović 1970, p. 8

    ... ne samo podizanje svoje buduće grobnice.... odbrana istorijske orijentacije srpske kulture...
  36. ^ "Митрополиту Амфилохију награда града Крушевца". Serbian Orthodox Church web site. 20 July 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Митрополија црногорско-приморска је 2002. године обновила манастир Бешку, а свете остатке Јелене Балшић похранила у нови камени ћивот.
  37. ^ Nedeljković, Marija Maja D. (2010). "Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić, bogoljubna vladarka i pesnikinja" (in Serbian). Beška Monastery web site. Retrieved January 20, 2013. Како по свом животу и животном подвигу несумњиво припада Сабору Светих богоугодивших душа она је по благослову Митрополита црногорско-приморског Амфилохија 2006. године названа Благовјерна Јелена – Лазарева Балшић.
  38. ^ Godišnjak Društva istoričara Bosne i Hercegovine: Annuaire de la Société historique de Bosnie et Herzégovine (in Serbian). Društvo istoričara Bosne i Hercegovine. 1986. p. 130. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Po svemu izgleda da je Jelena bila snažna ličnost, vjerovatno slična svojoj majci, kneginji Milici. Način kako Dubrovčani o njoj govore mogao bi to da potvrdi.
  39. ^ Thomas Fleming (2002). Montenegro: the divided land. Chronicles Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-9619364-9-5. Retrieved 12 January 2013. Jelena Lazarevic was a remarkable woman, capable of maintaining Balsic authority in very difficult times while preserving some of the cultural legacy of the Nemanjic kingdom. Her correspondence (on a variety of intellectual and everyday topics) has been praised ...
  40. ^ V, R (5 April 2009). "Blagoveštenjski sabor u manastiru Beška". Blagoveštenjski sabor u Manastiru Beška. Svetigora. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  41. ^ Sonja Malavrazić (17 March 2013). "Riznica: Nagrada "Jelena Balšić" SlobodanuRakitiću". RTS website (in Serbian). Retrieved 29 April 2013. Književna nagrada "Jelena Balšić" za životno delo prožeto pravoslavnom duhovnošću dodeljena je posthumno Slobodanu Rakitiću
  42. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine; Bosnian Institute (2007). The Bosnian Church: its place in state and society from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries: a new interpretation. Saqi in association with The Bosnian Institute. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-86356-503-8. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  43. ^ Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zemaljska štamparija. 1928. p. 61. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  44. ^ Stvaranje. Obod. 1985. p. 261. Retrieved 26 January 2013.

Sources

Further reading

  • Mijatović, Čedomilj (1932), Kneginja Jelena Balšićka (in Serbian), Belgrade: Jovanović i Vujić, OCLC 35021805 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) - republished in 1997 by Pešić i sinovi
  • Mira Milojković (1997). Gospođa moli za častan mir. Euro Miss. Retrieved 18 January 2013. - a novel
  • Tošić Đuro T. (2004). "Sandaljeva udovica Jelena Hranić". Zbornik radova (PDF). Vizantološki institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti). Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  • Đidić, Ljubiša (2010), Kneginja Jelena Balšić : monodrama (in Serbian), Kruševac: Istorijski arhiv, ISBN 9788682395638, OCLC 792742923 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Nedeljković, Marija Maja D., Blagoverna Jelena Lazareva Balšić (in Serbian), Svetigora

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