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Arthur Miller

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For the director with a similar name, see Arthur Hiller.
For other people named Arthur Miller, see Arthur Miller (disambiguation).

Arthur Miller
BornArthur Asher Miller
(1915-10-17)October 17, 1915
Harlem, New York City, United States
DiedFebruary 10, 2005(2005-02-10) (aged 89)
Roxbury, Connecticut, United States
OccupationPlaywright, essayist
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Michigan
Notable worksDeath of a Salesman
The Crucible
A View from the Bridge
All My Sons
Notable awardsPulitzer Prize for Drama (1949)
Kennedy Center Honors (1984)
Praemium Imperiale (2001)
SpouseMary Slutery (1940-1956); 2 children
Marilyn Monroe (1956–1961); 2 miscarriages
Inge Morath (1962–2002; her death; 2 children)
ChildrenJane
Robert
Rebecca
Daniel
RelativesJoan Copeland (sister)
Kermit Miller (brother)
Daniel Day-Lewis (son-in-law)
Signature

Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005)[3][4] was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include plays such as All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (one-act, 1955; revised two-act, 1956), as well as the film The Misfits (1961).

Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s, a period during which he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and was married to Marilyn Monroe, especially when she miscarried twice. In 2002 he received the Prince of Asturias Award and in 2003 the Jerusalem Prize.

Biography

Early life

Arthur Asher Miller was born on October 17, 1915, in te sapo el chupo, New York City, the second of three children of Isidore and Augusta Miller, Polish Jewish immigrants.[4] His father owned a women's clothing manufacturing business employing some 400 people. He became a wealthy and respected man in the community. (BBC TV Interview; Miller and Yentob; 'Finishing the Picture,' 2004) The family, including his younger sister Joan, lived on West[5] 110th Street in Manhattan and owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens. They employed a chauffeur.[6] In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, Brooklyn.[7] As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family.[6] After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at several menial jobs to pay for his college tuition.[7][8]

At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and worked as a reporter and night editor for the student paper, the Michigan Daily. It was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain.[9] Miller switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain. The award brought him his first recognition and led him to begin to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. Miller enrolled in a playwriting seminar taught by the influential Professor Kenneth Rowe, who instructed him in his early forays into playwriting;[10] Rowe emphasized how a play is built in order to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called "the dynamics of play construction".[11] Rowe provided realistic feedback along with much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend.[12] Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater throughout the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000.[13] In 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award.[9]

In 1938, Miller received a BA in English. After graduation, he joined the Federal Theater Project, a New Deal agency established to provide jobs in the theater. He chose the theater project although he had an offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox.[9] However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939.[7] Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS.[7][9]

In 1940, he married Mary Grace Slattery.[3] The couple had two children, Jane and Robert (born May 31, 1947). Miller was exempted from military service during World War II because of a high-school football injury to his left kneecap.[7]

Early career

Miller wrote The Man Who Had All the Luck, which was produced in New Jersey in 1940 and won the Theatre Guild's National Award.[14] The play closed after four performances and disastrous reviews.[15]

In his book Trinity of Passion, author Alan M. Wald conjectures that Miller was "a member of a writer's unit of the Communist Party around 1946," using the pseudonym Matt Wayne, and editing a drama column in the magazine The New Masses.[16]

In 1946 Miller's play All My Sons, the writing of which had commenced in 1941, was a success on Broadway (earning him his first Tony Award, for Best Author) and his reputation as a playwright was established.[17] Years later, in a 1994 interview with Ron Rifkin, Miller said that most contemporary critics regarded All My Sons as "a very depressing play in a time of great optimism" and that positive reviews from Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times had saved it from failure.[18]

In 1948 Miller built a small studio in Roxbury, Connecticut. There, in less than a day, he wrote Act I of Death of a Salesman. Within six weeks, he completed the rest of the play,[9] one of the classics of world theater.[7][19] Death of a Salesman premiered on Broadway on February 10, 1949 at the Morosco Theatre, directed by Elia Kazan, and starring Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. The play was commercially successful and critically acclaimed, winning a Tony Award for Best Author, the New York Drama Circle Critics' Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. The play was performed 742 times.[7]

In 1952, Kazan appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC); unwilling to risk his promising career in Hollywood for the Communist cause that he had come to despise, Kazan named eight members of the Group Theatre, including Clifford Odets, Paula Strasberg, Lillian Hellman, Joe Bromberg, and John Garfield,[20] who in recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party.[21] After speaking with Kazan about his testimony Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692.[3] The Crucible, in which Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692,[22][23] opened at the Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953. Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its initial release, today The Crucible is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world[3] and was adapted into an opera by Robert Ward, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1962. Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended, and they did not speak to each other for the next ten years.[21] The HUAC took an interest in Miller himself not long after The Crucible opened, denying him a passport to attend the play's London opening in 1954.[9] Kazan defended his own actions through his film On the Waterfront, in which a dockworker heroically testifies against a corrupt union boss.

Miller's experience with the HUAC affected him throughout his life. In the late 1970s he became very interested in the highly publicized Barbara Gibbons murder case, in which Gibbons' son Peter Reilly was convicted of his mother's murder based on what many felt was a coerced confession and little other evidence. City Confidential, an A&E Network series, produced an episode about the murder, postulating that part of the reason Miller took such an active interest (including supporting Reilly's defense and using his own celebrity to bring attention to Reilly's plight) was because he had felt similarly persecuted in his run-ins with the HUAC. He sympathized with Reilly, whom he firmly believed to be innocent and to have been railroaded by the Connecticut State Police and the Attorney General who had initially prosecuted the case.[24][25]

1956–1964

In 1956, a one-act version of Miller's verse drama A View from the Bridge opened on Broadway in a joint bill with one of Miller's lesser-known plays, A Memory of Two Mondays. The following year, Miller revised A View from the Bridge as a two-act prose drama, which Peter Brook directed in London.[26]

In June 1956, Miller left his first wife Mary Slattery and on June 25 he married Marilyn Monroe.[3] Miller and Monroe had met in April 23, 1951, when they had a brief affair, and had remained in contact since then.[3][7]

When Miller applied in 1956 for a routine renewal of his passport, the HUAC used this opportunity to subpoena him to appear before the committee. Before appearing, Miller asked the committee not to ask him to name names, to which the chairman agreed.[27]

When Miller attended the hearing, to which Monroe accompanied him, risking her own career,[3] he gave the committee a detailed account of his political activities. Reneging on the chairman's promise, the committee demanded the names of friends and colleagues who had participated in similar activities.[27] Miller refused to comply, saying, "I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him."[27] As a result, a judge found Miller guilty of contempt of Congress in May 1957. Miller was sentenced to a $500 fine or thirty days in prison, blacklisted, and disallowed a US passport.[4] In 1958, his conviction was overturned by the court of appeals, which ruled that Miller had been misled by the chairman of the HUAC.[4]

Miller began work on The Misfits, starring his wife. Miller later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life; shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, the pair divorced.[3][9] 19 months later, Monroe died of a possible drug overdose. Miller's future wife Inge Morath worked as a photographer documenting the film's production. The film proved to be the last appearances for both Monroe and Clark Gable, and one of the last for Montgomery Clift.

Miller married photographer Inge Morath on February 17, 1962 and the first of their two children, Rebecca, was born September 15, 1962. Their son Daniel was born with Down syndrome in November 1966; he was institutionalized and excluded from the Millers' personal life at Arthur's insistence.[28] The couple remained together until Inge's death in 2002. Arthur Miller's son-in-law, actor Daniel Day-Lewis, is said to have visited Daniel frequently, and to have persuaded Arthur Miller to reunite with his adult son, Daniel.[29]

Later career

In 1964 Miller's next play was produced. After the Fall is a deeply personal view of Miller's experiences during his marriage to Monroe. The play reunited Miller with his former friend Kazan: they collaborated on both the script and the direction. After the Fall opened on January 23, 1964 at the ANTA Theatre in Washington Square Park amid a flurry of publicity and outrage at putting a Monroe-like character, called Maggie, on stage.[3] Robert Brustein, in a review in the New Republic, called the After the Fall "a three and one half hour breach of taste, a confessional autobiography of embarrassing explicitness . . . there is a misogynistic strain in the play which the author does not seem to recognize. . . . He has created a shameless piece of tabloid gossip, an act of exhibitionism which makes us all voyeurs, . . . a wretched piece of dramatic writing."[30] That same year, Miller produced Incident at Vichy. In 1965, Miller was elected the first American president of PEN International, a position which he held for four years.[31] A year later, Miller organized the 1966 PEN congress in New York City. Miller also wrote the penetrating family drama, The Price, produced in 1968.[3] It was Miller's most successful play since Death of a Salesman.[32]

In 1969, Miller's works were banned in the Soviet Union after he campaigned for the freedom of dissident writers.[9] Throughout the 1970s, Miller spent much of his time experimenting with the theatre, producing one-act plays such as Fame and The Reason Why, and traveling with his wife, producing In The Country and Chinese Encounters with her. Both his 1972 comedy The Creation of the World and Other Business and its musical adaptation, Up from Paradise, were critical and commercial failures.[33][34]

Miller was an unusually articulate commentator on his own work. In 1978 he published a collection of his Theater Essays, edited by Robert A. Martin and with a foreword by Miller. Highlights of the collection included Miller's introduction to his Collected Plays, his reflections on the theory of tragedy, comments on the McCarthy Era, and pieces arguing for a publicly supported theater. Reviewing this collection in the Chicago Tribune, Studs Terkel remarked, "in reading [the Theater Essays]...you are exhilaratingly aware of a social critic, as well as a playwright, who knows what he's talking about."[35]

In 1983, Miller traveled to China to produce and direct Death of a Salesman at the People's Art Theatre in Beijing. The play was a success in China[32] and in 1984, Salesman in Beijing, a book about Miller's experiences in Beijing, was published. Around the same time, Death of a Salesman was made into a TV movie starring Dustin Hoffman as Willy Loman. Shown on CBS, it attracted 25 million viewers.[9][36] In late 1987, Miller's autobiographical work, Timebends, was published. Before it was published, it was well known that Miller would not talk about Monroe in interviews; in Timebends Miller talks about his experiences with Monroe in detail.[3] During the early 1990s Miller wrote three new plays, The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991), The Last Yankee (1992), and Broken Glass (1994). In 1996, a film of The Crucible starring Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder opened. Miller spent much of 1996 working on the screenplay to the film.[9] Mr. Peters' Connections was staged Off-Broadway in 1998, and Death of a Salesman was revived on Broadway in 1999 to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. The play, once again, was a large critical success, winning a Tony Award for best revival of a play.[37]

In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[38] Miller was honored with the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award for a Master American Dramatist in 1998. In 2001 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected Miller for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.[39] Miller's lecture was entitled "On Politics and the Art of Acting."[40] Miller's lecture analyzed political events (including the U.S. presidential election of 2000) in terms of the "arts of performance," and it drew attacks from some conservatives[41] such as Jay Nordlinger, who called it "a disgrace," [42] and George Will, who argued that Miller was not legitimately a "scholar."[43]

In 1999 Miller was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind’s enjoyment and understanding of life."[44] On May 1, 2002, Miller was awarded Spain's Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature as "the undisputed master of modern drama." Later that year, Ingeborg Morath died of lymphatic cancer[45] at the age of 78. The following year Miller won the Jerusalem Prize.[9]

In December 2004, the 89-year-old Miller announced that he had been in love with 34-year-old minimalist painter Agnes Barley and had been living with her at his Connecticut farm since 2002, and that they intended to marry. Within hours of her father's death, Rebecca Miller ordered Barley to vacate the premises, having consistently opposed the relationship.[46] Miller's final play, Finishing the Picture, opened at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, in the fall of 2004, with one character said to be based on Barley.[citation needed] Miller said that the work was based on the experience of filming The Misfits.[citation needed]

Death

Miller died of heart failure after a battle against cancer, pneumonia and congestive heart disease at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut. He had been in hospice care at his sister's apartment in New York since his release from hospital the previous month.[47] He died on the evening of February 10, 2005 (the 56th anniversary of the Broadway debut of Death of a Salesman), aged 89, surrounded by Barley, family and friends.[48][49] He is interred at Roxbury Center Cemetery in Roxbury.

Legacy

Miller's career as a writer spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, Miller was considered to be one of the greatest dramatists of the twentieth century.[19] After his death, many respected actors, directors, and producers paid tribute to Miller,[50] some calling him the last great practitioner of the American stage,[51] and Broadway theatres darkened their lights in a show of respect.[52] Miller's alma mater, the University of Michigan opened the Arthur Miller Theatre in March 2007. As per his express wish, it is the only theatre in the world that bears Miller's name.[53]

However, some found Miller boring and overhyped.[54][55]

Christopher Bigsby wrote Arthur Miller: The Definitive Biography based on boxes of papers Miller made available to him before his death in 2005.[56] The book was published in November 2008, and is reported to reveal unpublished works in which Miller "bitterly attack[ed] the injustices of American racism long before it was taken up by the civil rights movement".[56]

Miller's papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin.

Works

Non-fiction

  • Situation Normal (1944) is based on his experiences researching the war correspondence of Ernie Pyle.
  • In Russia (1969), the first of three books created with his photographer wife Inge Morath, offers Miller's impressions of Russia and Russian society.
  • In the Country (1977), with photographs by Morath and text by Miller, provides insight into how Miller spent his time in Roxbury, Connecticut and profiles of his various neighbors.
  • Chinese Encounters (1979) is a travel journal with photographs by Morath. It depicts the Chinese society in the state of flux which followed the end of the Cultural Revolution. Miller discusses the hardships of many writers, professors, and artists as they try to regain the sense of freedom and place they lost during Mao Zedong's regime.
  • Salesman in Beijing (1984) details Miller's experiences with the 1983 Beijing People's Theatre production of Death of a Salesman. He describes the idiosyncrasies, understandings, and insights encountered in directing a Chinese cast in a decidedly American play.
  • Timebends: A Life, Methuen London (1987) ISBN 0-413-41480-9. Like Death of a Salesman, the book follows the structure of memory itself, each passage linked to and triggered by the one before.

Collections

  • Kushner, Tony, ed. Arthur Miller, Collected Plays 1944–1961 (Library of America, 2006) ISBN 978-1-931082-91-4.
  • Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978 ISBN 0-14-004903-7.
  • Steven R Centola, ed. Echoes Down the Corridor: Arthur Miller, Collected Essays 1944–2000, Viking Penguin (US)/Methuen (UK), 2000 ISBN 0-413-75690-4

Biographies and critical studies of Miller

  • File on Miller, Christopher Bigsby (1988)
  • Arthur Miller & Company, Christopher Bigsby, editor (1990)
  • Arthur Miller: A Critical Study, Christopher Bigsby (2005)
  • Remembering Arthur Miller, Christopher Bigsby, editor (2005)
  • Arthur Miller 1915–1962, Christopher Bigsby (2008, U.K.; 2009, U.S.)
  • The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller (Cambridge Companions to Literature), Christopher Bigsby, editor (1998, updated and republished 2010)
  • Arthur Miller 1962–2005, Christopher Bigsby (February 2011)

Critical Articles

  • Radavich, David. "Arthur Miller's Sojourn in the Heartland." American Drama 16:2 (Summer 2007): 28-45.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Miller, quoted in the program for the Sydney Theatre Company's production of his play Broken Glass, from an interview by Caroline Scott and Alexandra Lautenbacher in Sunday Times Magazine (1995), says, "I have no formal religion but there's a space in my head for it. Maybe I would believe in God if he believed in me. But we're living in a reality that's so hard to understand. In the last 75 years the human race has been humiliated in a way we've never known before..."
  2. ^ [1]"The two greatest plays ever written were Hamlet and Oedipus Rex, and they're both about father-son relationships"
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Obituary: Arthur Miller". The Guardian. UK. February 11, 2005. p. 25. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Missing pipe in: |first= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d "Arthur Miller Files". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 16, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1998/06/22/1998_06_22_144_TNY_LIBRY_000015831?currentPage=all
  6. ^ a b Garner, Dwight (June 2, 2009). "Miller: Life before and after Marilyn". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h The Times Arthur Miller Obituary, (London: The Times, 2005)
  8. ^ Hechinger, Fred M. "ABOUT EDUCATION; Personal Touch Helps", The New York Times, January 1, 1980. Accessed September 20, 2009. "Lincoln, an ordinary, unselective New York City high school, is proud of a galaxy of prominent alumni, who include the playwright Arthur Miller, Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, the authors Joseph Heller and Ken Auletta, the producer Mel Brooks, the singer Neil Diamond and the songwriter Neil Sedaka."
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "A Brief Chronology of Arthur Miller's Life and Works". The Arthur Miller Society. Archived from the original on October 02 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ For Rowe's recollections of Miller's work as a student playwright, see Kenneth Thorpe Rowe, "Shadows Cast Before," in Robert A. Martin, ed., Arthur Miller: New Perspectives (Prentice-Hall, 1982). Rowe's influential book Write That Play (Funk and Wagnalls, 1939), which appeared just a year after Miller's graduation, describes Rowe's approach to play construction.
  11. ^ Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life. New York: Grove Press, 1987, pp. 226–227
  12. ^ "Arthur Miller Files (UM days)". University of Michigan. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
  13. ^ "Arthur Miller and University of Michigan". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 13, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Royal National Theater: Platform Papers, 7. Arthur Miller (Battley Brothers Printers, 1995).
  15. ^ Shenton, Mark (March 14, 2008). "The man who HAS all the luck..." The Stage. The Stage Newspaper Limited. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Wald, Alan M (2007). "7". Trinity of passion: the literary left and the antifascist crusade. NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 212–221. ISBN 978-0-8078-3075-8. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
  17. ^ C. W. E. Bigsby (2005). Arthur Miller: A Critical Study. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-60553-3.
  18. ^ Rifkin, Ron, "Arthur Miller", BOMB Magazine Fall, 1994. Retrieved on [July 18, 2012.]
  19. ^ a b Staff (February 11, 2005). "Obituary: Arthur Miller". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  20. ^ Mills, Michael. "Postage Paid: In defense of Elia Kazan". moderntimes.com. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
  21. ^ a b "American Masters: Elia Kazan". PBS. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ For a frequently cited study of Miller's use of the Salem witchcraft episode, see Robert A. Martin, "Arthur Miller's The Crucible: Background and Sources," reprinted in James J. Martine, ed., Critical Essays on Arthur Miller (G. K. Hall, 1979).
  23. ^ "Are you now, or were you ever?". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved September 25, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "A Son's Confession DVD, Shows The First 48 , A&E Shop". shop.aetv.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  25. ^ Stowe, Stacey (September 3, 2004). "Records on Exonerated Man Are Kept Off Limits to Press – New York Times". query.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  26. ^ Arthur Miller, Introduction to Plays: One (London: Methuen, 1988). p. 51.
  27. ^ a b c "BBC On This Day". BBC. August 7, 1958. Retrieved October 14, 2006.
  28. ^ Suzanna Andrews (September 2007). "Arthur Miller's Missing Act". Vanity Fair. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  29. ^ Paul Scott (January 19, 2008). "The very strange life of reclusive superstar Daniel Day-Lewis". Daily Mail. London. p. 46. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  30. ^ http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/258bqlwx.asp?page=2
  31. ^ Miller, Arthur (December 24, 2003). "A Visit With Castro". The Nation. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b "Arthur Miller Files 60s70s80s". University of Michigan. Retrieved October 14, 2006.
  33. ^ "Arthur Miller Returns to Genesis for First Musical". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  34. ^ "UP FROM PARADISE – Review – Theater – New York Times". theater2.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009. [dead link]
  35. ^ Robert A. Martin, ed., The Theater Essays of Arthur Miller. Viking, 1978.
  36. ^ The Cambridge History of American Theatre: Post-World War II to the 1990s, page 296 (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
  37. ^ "Tony Awards 1999". tonyawards.com. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
  38. ^ "Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  39. ^ Jefferson Lecturers at NEH Website . Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  40. ^ Arthur Miller, "On Politics and the Art of Acting", text of Jefferson Lecture at NEH website.
  41. ^ Bruce Craig, "Arthur Miller's Jefferson Lecture Stirs Controversy," in "Capital Commentary", OAH Newsletter [published by Organization of American Historians], May 2001.
  42. ^ Jay Nordlinger, "Back to Plessy, Easter with Fidel, Miller’s new tale, &c." National Review, April 22, 2002.
  43. ^ George Will, "Enduring Arthur Miller: Oh, the Humanities!", Jewish World Review, April 10, 2001.
  44. ^ The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, official website.
  45. ^ "NYTimes on Morath's death". The New York Times. January 12, 2003. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  46. ^ Leonard, Tom (February 18, 2005). "Miller's fiancée quits his home after ultimatum from family". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  47. ^ Siegel, Ed (February 12, 2005). "Boston Globe article on Miller's death". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  48. ^ AP. "Playwright Arthur Miller dies at age 89 – THEATER – msnbc.com". msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  49. ^ Sligo bay (February 12, 2005). "Obituary in ''The Irish Independent'' (online)". The Irish Independent. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  50. ^ "Tributes to Arthur Miller". BBC. February 12, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  51. ^ "Legacy of Arthur Miller". BBC. February 11, 2005. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  52. ^ "Broadway lights go out for Arthur Miller". BBC. February 12, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  53. ^ "U-M celebrates naming of Arthur Miller Theatre". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/otoole-slams-bore-miller
  55. ^ http://old.nationalreview.com/issue/kimball200502280747.asp
  56. ^ a b c Dalya Alberge (March 7, 2008). "Unseen writings show anti-racist passions of young Arthur Miller". The Times. London. Retrieved March 7, 2008.

References

  • Bigsby, Christopher (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller, Cambridge 1997 ISBN 0-521-55992-8
  • Martin Gottfried, Arthur Miller, A Life, Da Capo Press (US)/Faber and Faber (UK), 2003 ISBN 0-571-21946-2
  • Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The Theater Essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978.
  • Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.
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