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Jabba the Hutt

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Template:SW Character Jabba the Hutt is a fictional character in the science fiction saga Star Wars. Created by writer and director George Lucas, the character originally appeared in the script of the film Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977); however, due to budget constraints those scenes were not completed in post-production. The character was not seen on film until Lucas featured him in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983) as an obese, slug-like alien. Jabba the Hutt has appeared on film both as an immense puppet and a computer-generated image. Besides the Star Wars films, the character appears in Expanded Universe literature where he is sometimes referenced by his full name, Jabba Desilijic Tiure.[1]

The character's role in the Star Wars universe is primarily that of antagonist. He is depicted as a 600-year-old Hutt crime lord and gangster who employs a retinue of criminals, bounty hunters, smugglers, assassins, and bodyguards to collect debts, deal illicit drugs, and operate his criminal empire in general. Jabba the Hutt's palace on the desert planet Tatooine is a former B'omarr monastery that is also the home to myriad criminals, entertainers, slaves, droids, and alien creatures. Jabba has a grim sense of humor, a bellicose laugh, an insatiable appetite, and an affinity for gambling, slave girls, and torture.[1]

The Jabba the Hutt character was incorporated into the Star Wars merchandising campaign that corresponded with the release of Return of the Jedi. The character has since played an influential role on Western popular culture, particularly in the United States. The name has become a literary device and caricature in social satire and politics. References to Jabba the Hutt in popular culture represent stereotypes for morbid obesity and corruption.[citation needed]

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Appearances

Although a relatively minor character in Star Wars fiction, Jabba the Hutt has appeared in three of the Star Wars films. The character has a recurring role in Expanded Universe literature and is the protagonist of the comic book anthology Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (1998), a collection of comics published between 1995 and 1996.

Star Wars films

Jabba the Hutt's first appearance on film came in 1983 with the third installment of the original Star Wars trilogy, Return of the Jedi. Directed by Richard Marquand and written by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas, the first act of Return of the Jedi features the attempts of Princess Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher), the Wookiee Chewbacca, and Jedi knight Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) to rescue their friend, Han Solo, who had been imprisoned in carbonite in the previous film, Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980).

File:Jabba 3.jpg
The original Jabba the Hutt in the film Return of the Jedi (1983).

The captured Solo is delivered to Jabba by the bounty hunter Boba Fett (Jeremy Bulloch) and placed on display in the crime lord's throne room. Friends of Solo such as Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams), droids C-3PO (Anthony Daniels) and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker), Princess Leia, and Chewbacca manage to infiltrate Jabba's palace as part of a plot to save him, but Princess Leia is captured herself and enslaved to the Hutt. Luke arrives to "bargain for Solo's life", but is instead dropped into the pit of the monstrous rancor, just below Jabba's throne room. After Luke slays the beast, Jabba condemns Luke, Solo, and Chewbacca to a slow death in the belly of the Sarlacc, a large alien creature in Tatooine's Dune Sea. This results in the Skirmish at Carkoon where Luke escapes execution with the help of R2-D2 and defeats Jabba's guards. Princess Leia strangles the Hutt to death with her chains shortly before Jabba's sail barge explodes, killing all inside.

The second film appearance of Jabba the Hutt is in the Special Edition of A New Hope which was released in 1997 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the original Star Wars. Han Solo has a confrontation in a Mos Eisley cantina with a Rodian bounty hunter named Greedo (Paul Blake and Maria De Aragon) that ends with Greedo's death. In a scene that had been cut from the 1977 original, Jabba and an entourage of bounty hunters are seen in a hangar bay outside Solo's ship, the Millennium Falcon, trying to find the smuggler. Dialogue between the characters reveals that Jabba had sent Han Solo on a Kessel run to smuggle spice, an illicit drug in Star Wars fiction. Solo, however, was forced to dump the spice when an Imperial search team boarded his ship. Jabba had demanded that Solo pay the value of the cargo and when he failed to do so, the Hutt put a large bounty on his head that attracted bounty hunters like Greedo and Boba Fett. Solo promises to compensate Jabba for the cargo as soon as he receives payment after delivering "goods" to the planet Alderaan. Due to circumstances beyond Solo's control, however, this never happens.

Jabba the Hutt's final film appearance is in the 1999 prequel, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. The character's scene is minor and has little to do with the plot of the film. During the Boonta Eve Classic podrace at Mos Espa on Tatooine, in which nine-year-old Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) wins his freedom, Jabba the Hutt is featured in his grandstand accompanied by Gardulla the Hutt (a Hutt female) and his Twi'lek majordomo Bib Fortuna (Matthew Wood). Although he is a main sponsor of the race, Jabba is totally uninterested and even dozes off, missing the race's conclusion.

Expanded Universe

File:JabbaComic1.jpg
Expanded Universe comics like Jabba the Hutt: The Gaar Suppoon Hit (1995) detail how Jabba built his criminal empire.

The first appearances of Jabba the Hutt in Star Wars Expanded Universe literature was in Marvel Comics's non-canonical adaptations of A New Hope. Six Against the Galaxy (1977) by Roy Thomas and What Ever Happened to Jabba the Hut? (1979) and In Mortal Combat (1980), both by Archie Goodwin, depict Jabba the Hutt (mispelled Hut) as a tall humanoid with a walrus-like face, a topknot, and clad in a bright uniform. The Marvel artists based Jabba on the character Mosep Binneed, an alien visible only briefly in the Mos Eisley cantina scene of A New Hope.[2][3][4][5] The 1977 mass market paperback novelization of George Lucas's Star Wars script describes Jabba as a "great mobile tub of muscle and suet topped by a shaggy scarred skull", but gives no further detail as to the character's physical appearance or species.[6]

File:MosepBinneed.jpg
The first depictions of Jabba the Hutt in the Expanded Universe were based on Mosep Binneed, a barely visible character in A New Hope (1977).

Later Expanded Universe novels and comics published after Jabba the Hutt's appearance in Return of the Jedi adopt the character's image as seen in the film. They also elaborate on the character's background prior to the events of the Star Wars films. For example, Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (1992), a young adult novel by Paul and Hollace Davids, reveals that Jabba's father is a powerful crime lord called Zorba the Hutt and that Jabba was born in the Star Wars year 596 BBY, making the character around 600-years-old at the time of his death in Return of the Jedi.[7] Science fiction writer Ann C. Crispin's novel The Hutt Gambit (1997) explains how Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo become business associates as well as the events that lead to a bounty being placed on Solo's head.[8] A number of other Expanded Universe stories—especially the anthology of Dark Horse comics by Jim Woodring called Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (1998)—likewise detail Jabba the Hutt's rise to the head of the Desilijic clan, his role in the criminal underworld of the Star Wars universe, and the establishment of his crime syndicate on Tatooine in the Star Wars galaxy's Outer Rim Territories.[9]

Tales from Jabba's Palace (1996), a collection of short stories edited by science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson, pieces together the lives of Jabba the Hutt's various minions in his palace and their relationship to him during the last days of his life. The stories reveal that few of the Hutt's henchmen were loyal to him and most were in fact plotting to have him assassinated. When Jabba the Hutt is killed during the Skirmish of Carkoon, those who survive the conflict along with Jabba's rivals on Tatooine and his family on the Hutt homeworld Nal Hutta make claims to his palace, fortune, and criminal empire.[10] Timothy Zahn's novel Heir to the Empire (1991) tells that a smuggler named Talon Karrde eventually replaces Jabba as the "big fish in the pond", moving the headquarters of the Hutt's criminal empire off Tatooine.[11]

Characteristics

File:Jabbandhaninmoseisley.jpg
In this scene from A New Hope, Han Solo sarcastically tells Jabba the Hutt, "You're a wonderful human being."

According to film historian Murray Pomerance, Jabba the Hutt is one of many stereotypes in Star Wars that represents violence and negativity.[12] Known throughout the Stars Wars universe as a "vile gangster", Jabba the Hutt embodies characteristics such as vice, lust, greed, and gluttony. The character amuses himself by torturing and humiliating his subjects. He surrounds himself with scantily-clad slave girls of all species, chaining many of them to his dais. None of the residents of his palace are safe from his desire to dominate and torture. Jabba would send even his most loyal servants and prized possessions to their deaths.[13] For example, the Twi'lek slave dancer Oola is fed to the rancor monster because she failed to satisfy his lust.[14]

Jabba the Hutt's physical appearance is as grotesque as his character and reinforces his personality as a criminal and deviant. As Han Solo puts it in Return of the Jedi, Jabba is a "slimy piece of worm-ridden filth". Science fiction writers Tom and Martha Veitch describe Jabba's body as a "miasmic mass" of flesh that shakes as he laughs. The character has an unmistakable smell: "The Hutt's lardaceous body seemed to periodically release a greasy discharge, sending fresh waves of rotten stench" into the air. His "swollen tongue" drips with saliva as he feeds on creatures that resemble frogs and maggots.[15] Jabba's appetite is insatiable and he is not discriminatory about his diet. For example, his court jester, the Kowakian monkey-lizard Salacious Crumb, must make the Hutt crime lord laugh once a day, every day, or Jabba theatens to eat him.[16][17]

Despite Jabba's overall negative personality and character, the Hutt at times demonstrates rare instances of charity. For instance, in one Expanded Universe story, Jabba the Hutt prevents a Chevin named Ephant Mon from freezing to death on an ice planet by covering him with his bloated layers of fat; the two are eventually rescued, and Ephant Mon becomes totally loyal to the crime lord, making him the only resident of Jabba's palace that is completely trusted by the Hutt.[18]

Concept and creation

One aspect of Jabba the Hutt that draws the most attention is the character's grotesque image. Film critic Roger Ebert described Jabba the Hutt as "a cross between a toad and the Cheshire Cat",[19] and astrophysicist and science fiction writer Jeanne Cavelos gives Jabba the "award for most disgusting alien".[20] Regardless, George Lucas and his crew designed the character to represent the seedier aspects of the Star Wars universe.[citation needed] The character's appearance underwent several changes between different versions of the films. The shift in the concept of Jabba the Hutt as a furry creature to a slug and from a puppet to computer-generated image (CGI) represent two of the more glaring changes to the character in the concept and creation process.

Episode IV: A New Hope

The original script to A New Hope describes Jabba as a "fat, slug-like creature with eyes on extended feelers and a huge ugly mouth",[5] but Lucas stated in an interview that the initial character he had in mind was much furrier and resembled a Wookiee. When filming the scene in A New Hope in 1976 between Han Solo and Jabba, Lucas employed North Irish actor Declan Mulholland to play the stand-in and read Jabba the Hutt's lines wearing a shaggy brown suit. Lucas planned to later replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop motion creature. The scene was meant to connect A New Hope to Return of the Jedi and explain why Han Solo was imprisoned at the end of The Empire Strikes Back.[21] Nevertheless, Lucas decided to leave the scene out of the final film on account of budget and time constraints and because he felt that it did not add anything to the film's plot.[22]

File:FordandMulholland.jpg
Harrison Ford (left) and Declan Mulholland, Jabba the Hutt's stand-in, in an uncompleted scene from A New Hope in 1976.

Lucas revisited the scene in the 1997 Special Edition release of the film, restoring the sequence and replacing Mulholland's body with a CGI version of Jabba the Hutt and the English dialogue with the fictional Huttese language. Joseph Letteri, the visual effects supervisor for the Special Edition, explained that the ultimate goal of the revised scene was to make it look as if Jabba the Hutt was actually on the set talking to and acting with Harrison Ford and that the crew had merely photographed it. Letteri also stated that the new scene consisted of five shots that took over a year to complete.[23][24] The scene was polished further for the 2004 release on DVD, improving Jabba's appearance with advancements in CGI techniques, although neither release looks exactly like the original Jabba the Hutt puppet.[25]

Lucas confesses that some people were upset about the CGI Jabba's appearance, most complaining that the character (and others like it) looked "fake". Lucas dismisses this, stating that whether a character is portrayed as a puppet or as CGI, it will always be "fake" since the character is not real. He also says he sees no difference between a puppet made of latex and one made on a computer.[26] The CGI character performed actions that the puppet could not, such as "walking". Jabba's last film appearance in The Phantom Menace was as a CGI character based on the character from A New Hope.

Episode VI: Return of the Jedi

Concept artwork of Jabba the Hutt for Return of the Jedi.

The CGI Jabba the Hutt of A New Hope was based on the character as he originally appeared in Return of the Jedi. In this film, the character is an immense, sedentary, slug-like creature designed by George Lucas's Industrial Light and Magic Creature Shop. According to the 1985 documentary From Star Wars to Jedi, Lucas rejected initial designs of the character. One made Jabba appear too human—almost like a Fu Manchu character—while a second made him look too snail-like. Lucas finally settled on a design that was a hybrid of the two.[27] Designed by visual effects artist Phil Tippett,[28] the inspiration for Jabba the Hutt came from the anatomy of several species of animals. The body structure and reproductive processes of Jabba was based on annelid worms, hairless animals that have no skeleton and are hermaphrodites. Jabba's head was modeled after that of a snake, complete with mouth that can open wide to swallow large prey. His bulbous eyes were also inspired by snake's eyes. The skin was primarily amphibian-inspired. Jabba's design would come to represent almost all members of the Hutt species in the Star Wars saga.[29]

In Return of the Jedi, Jabba is portrayed by a one-ton puppet that took three months and half a million dollars to construct. In fact, during filming the puppet had its own makeup artist. The puppet required three puppeteers to operate, making it one of the largest ever used in a motion picture.[27] Stuart Freeborn designed the puppet, while John Coppinger sculpted the actual latex, clay, and foam pieces. Puppeteers included David Alan Barclay, Toby Philpott, and Mike Edmonds, who were members of Jim Henson's Muppet group. Barclay operated the right arm and mouth and read the character's English dialogue, while Philpott controlled the left arm, head, and tongue. Edmonds, the shortest of the three men (he also played the Ewok Logray in later scenes) was responsible for the movement of Jabba's tail. The eyes and facial expressions were operated by radio control.[27][26][5]

File:In jabba.jpg
Design of the Jabba the Hutt puppet for Return of the Jedi.

Jabba the Hutt's voice and Huttese-language dialogue were performed by voice actor Larry Ward. A heavy, booming quality was given to Ward's voice by pitching it an octave lower than normal and processing it through a sub-harmonic generator.[30] A soundtrack was also recorded to accompany the movement of the puppet's limbs and mouth. The sounds mostly involved recordings of a hand running through a bowl of cheese casserole and a muddy towel scraping along the inside of a garbage can.[31]

Lucas voiced displeasure in the puppet's appearance and immobility, complaining that the puppet had to be moved around the set to film different scenes. In the DVD commentary to the Special Edition of Return of the Jedi, Lucas notes that if the technology had been available in 1983, Jabba the Hutt would have been a CGI character similar to the one that appears in the Special Edition scene of A New Hope.[26]

Jabba the Hutt's musical theme throughout the film is played by a tuba and composed by John Williams. One reviewer of Return of the Jedi's soundtrack comments, "Among the new thematic ideas [of the score is] Jabba the Hutt's cute tuba piece (playing along the politically incorrect lines of tubas representing fatness) ...."[32] Williams later turned the theme into a symphonic piece performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra featuring a tuba solo by Chester Schmitz. The role of the piece in film and popular culture has become a focus of study by musicologists such as Gerald Sloan who says Williams's piece "blends the monstrous and the lyrical."[33]

Following the release of Return of Jedi in 1983, Jabba the Hutt became an icon in American popular culture. Beginning with the merchandising campaign that accompanied the film, Jabba the Hutt's image became indelibly bound to the Star Wars saga. The character was produced and marketed as a series of action figure playsets by Kenner/Hasbro from 1983 to 2004. A complete Jabba the Hutt playset sold by Kenner in 1983 was valued at $70 in 2003 by collectors if in mint condition and with original packaging.[34] In the 1990s, Jabba the Hutt became the protagonist in his own comic book series collectively titled Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal. In this medium, Jabba in essence becomes an anti-hero.[citation needed]

File:JabbatheHuttPlayset.jpg
Packaging for the Jabba the Hutt action figure playset distributed by Kenner in 1983 as part of the merchandising campaign for Return of the Jedi.

Jabba's role in popular culture also began to extend beyond the Star Wars universe and its fans. In writer and director Mel Brooks's Star Wars spoof Spaceballs (1987), Jabba the Hutt is parodied as the character Pizza the Hutt, a cheesy blob shaped like a slice of pizza. His name is also a pun of the name of the restaurant franchise Pizza Hut. Pizza the Hutt possesses qualities similar to Jabba the Hutt, such as being a loan shark and mobster. Pizza the Hutt meets his demise at the end of Spaceballs when he "eats himself to death".[35]

Recognizing the role of the Jabba the Hutt character in shaping popular culture, the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., included a display on Jabba the Hutt in the temporary exhibition Star Wars: The Myth of Magic, which closed in 1999. Jabba's display was called "The Hero's Return," referencing Luke Skywalker's journey toward becoming a Jedi.[36]

Usage

Since Return of the Jedi was released, the name Jabba the Hutt has become synonymous in popular literature with repulsive obesity and corruption. The name is frequently used as a literary device—either as a simile or metaphor—to illustrate character flaws. For example, in Marian Keyes's book, Under the Duvet (2001), she uses Jabba's name to reference a problem with gluttony. Keyes writes "wheel out the birthday cake, I feel a Jabba the Hutt moment coming on."[37] Likewise, in the novel Steps and Exes: A Novel of Family (2000), Laura Kalpakian uses Jabba the Hutt to emphasize the weight of a character's father: "The girls used to call Janice's parents Jabba the Hutt and the Wookie [sic]. But then Jabba (Janice's father) died, and it didn't seem right to speak of the dead on those terms."[38] William G. Ouchi uses the term to describe what he sees as the ineffecient bureaucracy of the public school system. Ouchi states, "With all of these unnecessary layers of organizational fat, school districts have come to resemble Jabba the Hutt—the pirate leader in Star Wars".[39]

In his book of humor and popular culture, The Dharma of Star Wars (2005), writer Matthew Bortolin attempts to show similarities between Buddhist teachings and aspects of Star Wars fiction. Bartolin insists that if a person makes decisions that Jabba the Hutt would make, then that person is not practicing the proper spiritual concept of dharma. Bortolin's book reinforces the idea that Jabba's name is synonymous with negativity:

One way to see if we are practicing right livelihood is to compare our trade with that of Jabba the Hutt. Jabba has his fat, stubby fingers in many of the pots that led to the dark side. He dealt largely in illegal "spice" trade—an illicit drug in the Star Wars galaxy. He also transacts business in the slave trade. He has many slaves himself, and some he fed to the Rancor, a creature he kept caged and tormented in his dungeon. Jabba uses deception and violence to maintain his position.[40]

Outside literature, the character's name has become an insulting term of disparagement. To say that someone "looks like Jabba the Hutt" is commonly understood as a slur to impugn that person's weight and/or appearance.[41] The term is often employed by the mass media as an attack on prominent figures. For instance, actress and comedian Roseanne endured what W. C. Goodman called "vitriolic attacks based on her weight" at the hands of New York Observer columnist Michael Thomas who often compared her with "Star Wars blob monster" Jabba the Hutt.[42] In an episode of the animated television series South Park titled "Starvin' Marvin in Space" that aired in 1999, Christian Children's Fund spokeswoman Sally Struthers is portrayed as Jabba the Hutt and accused of gorging herself on food relief meant for starving Ethiopians.[43]

File:311 sallys.jpeg
Actress and spokeswoman Sally Struthers is parodied as Jabba the Hutt in an episode of South Park in 1999.

In another sense of the term, Jabba the Hutt has also come to represent greed and anarchy, especially in the business world.[44] For instance, Michael Jordan biographer Mitchell Krugel uses the term to disparage Chicago Bulls's general manager Jerry Krause after Krause made a comment about Jordan and other players' multi-million dollar contracts: "Krause added to his Jabba the Hutt image during the media gathering that preceded the opening of camp when he answered a question about the prospect of rebuilding the Bulls without Phil or Michael in the imminent future by saying, 'Organizations win championships. Players and coaches are parts of organizations.'"[45]

Jabba the Hutt has likewise become a popular caricature in American politics. For example, opponents of California Democratic legislator Jackie Goldberg commonly depict the politician as the Star Wars character. The Los Angeles Daily News has caricatured her in cartoons as a grotesquely overweight Jabba the Hutt-like figure and the New Times LA referred to Goldberg as "a human Jabba the Hutt who consumes the good while producing the bad".[46]

References

  1. ^ a b "Jabba Desilijic Tiure (Jabba the Hutt)", in Sansweet, Star Wars Encyclopedia, pp. 146-147. Cite error: The named reference "Sansweet" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Roy Thomas, Marvel Star Wars #2: Six Against the Galaxy (Marvel, August 1977).
  3. ^ Archie Goodwin, Marvel Star Wars #28: What Ever Happened to Jabba the Hut? (Marvel, October 1979).
  4. ^ Archie Goodwin, Marvel Star Wars #37: In Mortal Combat (Marvel, July 1980).
  5. ^ a b c Jabba the Hutt, Behind the Scenes, Star Wars Databank.
  6. ^ George Lucas, Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (New York: Del Rey, 1977), p. 107, ISBN 0345260791.
  7. ^ Paul Davids and Hollace Davids, Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1992), ISBN 0553158899.
  8. ^ A. C. Crispin, The Hutt Gambit (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1997), ISBN 0553574167.
  9. ^ Jim Woodring, Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (Dark Horse Comics, 1998), ISBN 1569713103.
  10. ^ Kevin J. Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1996), ISBN 0553568159.
  11. ^ Timothy Zahn, Heir to the Empire (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1991), p. 27, ISBN 0553296124.
  12. ^ Murray Pomerance, "Hitchcock and the Dramaturgy of Screen Violence", in Steven Jay Schneider, ed., New Hollywood Violence (Manchester, Eng.: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. 47, ISBN 0719067235.
  13. ^ Jabba the Hutt, The Movies, Star Wars Databank.
  14. ^ Kathy Tyers, "A Time to Mourn, A Time to Dance: Oola's Tale", in Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace, p. 80.
  15. ^ Tom Veitch and Martha Veitch, "A Hunter's Fate: Greedo's Tale", in Kevin J. Anderson, ed., Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1995), pp. 49-53, ISBN 0553564684.
  16. ^ Ryder Windham, This Crumb for Hire, in A Decade of Dark Horse #2 (Dark Horse Comics, 1996).
  17. ^ Esther M. Friesner, "That's Entertainment: The Tale of Salacious Crumb", in Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace, pp. 60-79.
  18. ^ Ephant Mon, Expanded Universe Star Wars Databank.
  19. ^ Roger Ebert, review of Return of the Jedi, Chicago Sun-Times, 25 May 1983, at RogerEbert.com.
  20. ^ Jeanne Cavelos, "Just Because It Goes 'Ho Ho Ho' Doesn't Mean It's Santa", The Science of Star Wars: An Astrophysicist's Independent Examination of Space Travel, Aliens, Planets, and Robots as Portrayed in the Star Wars Films and Books (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 57, ISBN 0312209584.
  21. ^ George Lucas interview, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (VHS, 20th Century-Fox, 1997).
  22. ^ George Lucas commentary, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century-Fox, 2004).
  23. ^ Joseph Letteri interview, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (VHS, 20th Century-Fox, 1997).
  24. ^ "A New Hope: Special Edition - What has changed?: Jabba the Hutt", 15 January 1997, at StarWars.com.
  25. ^ "Star Wars: The Changes - Part One" at DVDActic.com.
  26. ^ a b c George Lucas commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century-Fox, 2004).
  27. ^ a b c From Star Wars to Jedi: The Making of a Saga, narrated by Mark Hamill (1985; VHS, CBS Fox Video, 1992).
  28. ^ Biography of Phil Tippett at StarWars.com.
  29. ^ "Hutt", Sansweet, Star Wars Encyclopedia, p. 134.
  30. ^ Tomlinson Holman, Sound for Film and Television (Burlington, Mass.: Focal Press, 2002), p. 11, ISBN 0240804538.
  31. ^ Ben Burtt commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century-Fox, 2004).
  32. ^ Review of Return of the Jedi soundtrack by Filmtracks.com.
  33. ^ Gerald Sloan, "Yuba Meets Jabba: The Expanding Role of Tuba in Film Music", TUBA Journal, quoted in "Evening The Score: UA Professor Explores Tuba Music In Film", 27 June 2000, at University of Arkansas Daily Digest.
  34. ^ Geoffrey T Carlton, Star Wars Super Collector's Wish Book: Identification & Values (Paducah, Ky.: Collector Books, 2003), p. 13, ISBN 1574323342.
  35. ^ Mel Brooks, Spaceballs (MGM, 1987).
  36. ^ "The Hero's Return", Star Wars: The Myth of Magic exhibition at National Air and Space Museum.
  37. ^ Marian Keyes, Under the Duvet: Shoes, Reviews, Having the Blues, Builders, Babies, Families and Other Calamities (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 199, ISBN 0060562080.
  38. ^ Laura Kalpakian, Steps and Exes: A Novel of Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 58, ISBN 0380806592.
  39. ^ William G. Ouchi, Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), p. 96, ISBN 0743246306.
  40. ^ Matthew Bortolin, The Dharma of Star Wars (Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2005), p. 139, ISBN 0861714970.
  41. ^ For example, see "Fat Wars: The Obesity Empire Strikes Back" at Center for Consumer Freedom.
  42. ^ W. C. Goodman, The Invisible Woman: Confronting Weight Prejudice in America (Carlsbad Calif.: Gürze Books, 1995), p. 57, ISBN 0936077107.
  43. ^ "Starvin' Marvin in Space", Episode 311, South Park, 17 November 1999 (DVD, Paramount, 2003).
  44. ^ Koenraad Kuiper, "Star Wars: An Imperial Myth," Journal of Popular Culture 21.4 (Spring 1988): p. 78.
  45. ^ Mitchell Krugel, One Last Shot: The Story of Michael Jordan's Comeback (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), p. 55, ISBN 0312992238.
  46. ^ Patrick Mallon, California Dictatorship (Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2004), p. 235, ISBN 1413467970.

All URLs last accessed 30 April 2006 unless otherwise stated.

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