1884 in science
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The year 1884 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Chemistry
- J. H. van 't Hoff proposes the Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant, and therefore, rate of a chemical reaction.[1]
- Hermann Emil Fischer proposes structure of purine, a key structure in many biomolecules, which he later synthesized in 1898. Also begins work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars.[2]
- Henry Louis Le Chatelier develops Le Chatelier's principle, which explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses.[3]
Mathematics
- Gottlob Frege publishes Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik ("The Foundations of Arithmetic") presenting a theory of logicism.
- Edwin Abbott Abbott (as "A Square") publishes Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, a mathematical novella.
Medicine
- Dr Takaki Kanehiro of the Imperial Japanese Navy conducts a controlled experiment demonstrating that deficient diet is the cause of beriberi, but mistakenly concludes that sufficient protein alone would prevent it.[4]
- Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler formulate Koch's postulates on the causal relationship between microbes and diseases. Loeffler also discovers the causative organism for diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
- Ophthalmologist Karl Koller announces his use of a local anesthetic (cocaine) in surgery;[5] Jellinek also demonstrates cocaine's effects as an anesthetic on the respiratory system.
- Friedrich Schultze first describes the disorder that will become known as Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.[6]
- Among the papers on brain function published by Vladimir Bekhterev is a study on the formation of the human conception of space.[7]
Physics
- Ludwig Boltzmann derives the Stefan–Boltzmann law on blackbody radiant flux from thermodynamic principles.
Technology
- May 16 – Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine.[8]
- October – Hiram Maxim first demonstrates the Maxim gun, the first self-powered machine gun.[9]
- Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs make a fully controllable free-flight in French Army airship La France with an electric motor.[10]
Other events
- September 24 – Smeaton's Tower opened to the public on Plymouth Hoe as a monument to the history of civil engineering.[11]
- October – International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.
- Sophie Bryant becomes the first woman in England to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Science, by the University of London. Also in this year, she is the first woman to publish a paper with the London Mathematical Society.
- Sofia Kovalevskaya is appointed "Professor Extraordinarius" in mathematics at Stockholm University and becomes the editor of Acta Mathematica.[12]
Awards
- Copley Medal: Carl Ludwig
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Albert Jean Gaudry
Births
- January 28
- Auguste Piccard (died 1962), Swiss physicist and explorer.
- Jean Piccard (died 1963), Swiss-born chemist and explorer.
- July 2 – Alfons Maria Jakob (died 1931), German neuropathologist
- February 23 – Casimir Funk (died 1967), Polish biochemist, coined the term vitamin.
- August 5 – Ludwik Hirszfeld (died 1954), Polish microbiologist and serologist.
- August 31 – George Sarton (died 1956), Flemish historian of science.
- November 8 – Hermann Rorschach (died 1922), Swiss psychiatrist.
Deaths
- January 6 – Gregor Mendel (born 1822), geneticist.
- May 10 – Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (born 1817), chemist.
- May 13 – Cyrus McCormick (born 1809), inventor.
- July 18 – Ferdinand von Hochstetter (born 1829), geologist.
- July 20 – Sir Caesar Hawkins (born 1798), surgeon.
- November 11 – Alfred Brehm (born 1829), zoologist.
- November 25 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (born 1818), chemist.
References
- ^ Arrhenius equation – IUPAC Goldbook definition
- ^ "Emil Fischer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921. Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
- ^ "Henry Louis Le Châtelier". World of Scientific Discovery. Thomson Gale. 2005. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
- ^ Rosenfeld, L. (1997). "Vitamine—vitamin: the early years of discovery". Clin Chem. 43: 680–5. PMID 9105273.
- ^ At a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany, September 15. Honegger, H.; Hessler, H. (September 1970). "[Discovery of local anesthesia by Karl Koller. I]". Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde (in German). 157 (3). West Germany: 428–38. ISSN 0023-2165. PMID 4922411.
- ^ Enersen, Ole Daniel. "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease". Whonamedit?. Archived from the original on une 28, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Petrunkevitch, Alexander (1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences. 23: 232.
- ^ #33/256. Bollettino delle privative industriali del Regno d’Italia 2nd Series 15 (1884) pp. 635–655.
- ^ McCallum, Iain (1999). Blood Brothers – Hiram and Hudson Maxim: Pioneers of Modern Warfare. London: Chatham Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-86176-096-8.
- ^ Winter, Lumen; Degner, Glenn (1933). Minute Epics of Flight. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. pp. 49–50.
- ^ Moseley, Brian. "Plymouth, Smeaton's Tower". Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Cooke, Roger (1984). The Mathematics of Sonya Kovalevskaya. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-96030-2.